Induction of antitumor immunity after cure of pulmonary metastases, using staphylococcal enterotoxin B and bispecific antibody

The combination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and anti-p97 x anti-CD3 bispecific antibody (bsAb) cures 60%-80% of mice with established pulmonary metastases of the syngeneic p97+ murine melanoma, CL62. We investigated the ability of cured mice to generate protective antitumor immunity. In tumor rechallenge experiments, CL62-cured mice developed protective immunity against rechallenge with CL62. The majority of mice also rejected the p97-negative parental cell line, K1735, indicating an immune response to tumor antigens common to both cell lines that were not bsAb-targeted. A significant humoral response developed against p97 antigen, but not against other antigens common to both CL62 and K1735. That the majority of cured mice nevertheless rejected K1735 suggests that tumor immunity is not antibody-dependent. Evidence of cellular immunity was obtained from the results of delayed-type hypersensitivity, proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, which revealed the presence of tumor-specific memory in bsAb-treated, CL62-cured mice. CD8+ T cells from cured, but not control mice were able to lyse tumor; however, memory CD4 cells had no cytolytic function. In vivo, however, both CD4 and CD8 T cells were required for effective protective immunity. These studies demonstrate that treatment with SEB and bsAb not only confers passive immune effects of tumor eradication, but also actively promotes the generation of a host antitumor immune response.     

大肠杆菌热稳定肠毒素与霍乱毒素B亚单位融合蛋白免疫原性的评价

构建了霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)和大肠杆菌热稳定肠毒素(ST）的重组表达载体pMCST1、pMCST2。二的不同是,前为单拷贝ST,后为双拷贝ST。在大肠杆菌DH50α中融合蛋白高效表达。用这两种重组蛋白分别免疫小鼠,都诱导产生了高滴度的抗CTB和抗ST的血清。表明这两组融合蛋白具有良好的CTB和ST的免疫原性,为进一步构建抗CTB和抗ST的产毒性细菌腹泻疫苗打下了基础。     

Short-term activation induces multifunctional dendritic cells that generate potent antitumor T-cell responses in vivo

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have emerged as a promising strategy to induce antitumoral cytotoxic T cells for the immunotherapy of cancer. The maturation state of DC is of critical importance for the success of vaccination, but the most effective mode of maturation is still a matter of debate. Whereas immature DC carry the risk of inducing tolerance, extensive stimulation of DC may lead to DC unresponsiveness and exhaustion. In this study, we investigated how short-term versus long-term DC activation with a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist influences DC phenotype and function. Murine DC were generated in the presence of the hematopoietic factor Flt3L (FL-DC) to obtain both myeloid and plasmacytoid DC subsets. Short activation of FL-DC for as little as 4 h induced fully functional DC that rapidly secreted IL-12p70 and IFN-α, expressed high levels of costimulatory and MHC molecules and efficiently presented antigen to CD4 and CD8 T cells. Furthermore, short-term activated FL-DC overcame immune suppression by regulatory T cells and acquired high migratory potential toward the chemokine CCL21 necessary for DC recruitment to lymph nodes. In addition, vaccination with short-term activated DC induced a strong cytotoxic T-cell response in vivo and led to the eradication of tumors. Thus, short-term activation of DC generates fully functional DC for tumor immunotherapy. These results may guide the design of new protocols for DC generation in order to develop more efficient DC-based tumor vaccines.     

Adoptive-transfer therapy of tumors with the tumor-specific primary cytotoxic T cells induced in vitro with the B7.1-transduced MCA205 cell line

We show that the tumor-specific primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induced in vitro with the MCA205 fibrosarcoma cells transduced with the B7.1 (CD80) gene are highly effective in adoptive-transfer therapy of the parental tumors. The MCA205 fibrosarcoma cell line was transduced with the retroviral vectors encoding the B7.1 gene and tested for their efficiency as stimulators in short-term (5 days) mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell cultures with highly purified syngenic, unprimed T cells as responders. The induction of the CTL required the presence of a low dose of interleukin-2 (25 U/ml). The injection of the CTL prevented colony formation by the intravenously injected tumor cells in a lung colonization assay in which the CTL were injected after inoculation of tumor cells. We also showed that the adoptive transfer of the same T cells was effective in delaying the growth of the subcutaneously injected tumor cells. These results imply that the short-term mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell culture with the tumor cells transduced with the gene for the B7.1 costimulatory molecule is potentially a good source of CTL for adoptive-transfer therapy of tumors. Received: 30 June 1998 / Accepted: 5 August 1998     

金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

【目的】建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的金黄色葡萄球菌A型肠毒素(Staphylococcal enterotoxin A,SEA)检测方法。【方法】以原核表达的可溶性重组SEA蛋白为免疫原,获得特异性强、亲和力高的单克隆抗体作为捕获抗体,同时制备抗SEA兔多抗血清作为检测抗体建立双抗体夹心ELISA(Double antibody sandwich ELISA,DAS-ELISA)检测方法。【结果】该方法对SEA的线性检测区间为2-128μg/L(y=1.102x-0.07,R2=0.994),检测下限为1.89μg/L,与SEB、SEC2和SED之间无交叉反应;鲜奶SEA人工污染试验测定回收率为94%-114%,变异系数小于10%。应用该方法对46株金黄色葡萄球菌水产品分离株和164株奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的体外培养上清进行检测,阳性率分别为4.4%和50.6%,表明SEA污染普遍存在。【结论】建立的DAS-ELISA方法特异性、灵敏度和稳定性好,为检测SEA的食源性污染提供了有效手段。     

葡萄球菌肠毒素A全长基因的克隆和序列测定

分析和克隆超抗原（SAg）葡萄球菌肠毒素A（SEA）全长基因,为进行SAg基因应用于肿瘤导向治疗和基因治疗的研究奠定基础。设计并合成一对针对SEA全长基因的特异性引物,用PCR反应从产SEA的标准葡萄球菌菌株的基因组中扩增出SEA全长基因。PCR产物与克隆载体pGEM-T连接后进行基因序列测定。成功地从标准葡萄球菌菌株的基因组中扩增出一条约770bp的条带。基因序列测定表明,与巳发表的SEA全长基国序列完全一致。     

Inhibitory effects of food additives derived from polyphenols on staphylococcal enterotoxin A production and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus

In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of 14 food additives derived from polyphenol samples on staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) production and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Tannic acid AL (TA), Purephenon 50 W (PP) and Polyphenon 70A (POP) at 0.25 mg/mL and Gravinol®-N (GN), Blackcurrant polyphenol AC10 (BP), and Resveratrol-P5 (RT) at 1.0 mg/mL significantly decreased SEA production by S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05). TA, GN, BP, and RT significantly inhibited the expression of the sea gene in S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05), while suppression attempts by PP and POP proved unsuccessful. After result analysis, it can be derived that TA, GN, BP, and RT inhibit the production of SEA. Of the six samples, each one significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.05). Food additives derived from polyphenols have viability to be used as a means to inhibit the enterotoxin production and control the biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens.     

Mesenchymal stem cells preconditioned by staphylococcal enterotoxin B enhance survival and bacterial clearance in murine sepsis model

Sepsis, a health-threatening progressive infectious disease, is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cell therapy using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an innovative strategy with excessive therapeutic potential in the treatment of sepsis. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) preconditioning aims to prolong the interval of survival of transplanted MSCs which induces the production of cytoprotective agents, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. The MSCs were preconditioned with an optimum dose of SEB (470 μmol/L). The expression levels of apoptosis genes and antibacterial activity of MSC and SEB-MSC and their conditioned medium (CM), as well as cell survival, were studied in vitro in an oxidative stress and serum deprivation condition. Following treatment of the septic mice with MSCs and SEB-MSCs, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines, hematological factors, bacterial clearance and animal survival were assessed. The apoptotic and pro-inflammatory cytokine's genes expression was down-regulated while antibacterial peptides and anti-inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated in SEB-MSC–treated mice. The animal survival rates were improved; bacterial clearance was enhanced in the peritoneal fluids, blood and organs; aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were reduced in blood, compared with saline and MSCs alone. This research concludes that transplantation of SEB-MSCs presents improved therapeutic effects on a live bacterial model of sepsis.     

葡萄球菌B型肠毒素突变体的分子设计、高效表达与活性初步研究

葡萄球菌B型肠毒素（SEB0是重要的超抗原,依据SEB分子的晶体结构并结合表面分析,模拟设计了与MHCⅡ类分子和TCR VB区亲合力降低的三位点突变体mSEB(Y89A,C93S,Y94A)。通过PCR重叠延伸法获得突变体基因,导入PBV220载体中,于E.coliDH5α中获得高效表达,纯化的突变毒素T细胞激活活性仅为野生型毒素的1/5左右。     

Release of chromaffin granular content from staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-treated and-untreated PC12 cells

Summary The release of chromaffin granular content from staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-treated and-untreated PC12 cells was studied by electron microscopy. The treatment of the cells with SEB at the concentration of 20 μg/ml caused marked increase of the chromaffin granules that either bound to the plasma membrane by the characteristic rods, measuring 15 to 20 nm in length and showing a tubular structure, or budded off at the free cell surface, surrounded by a layer of rod-containing cytoplasm and enclosed by the plasma membrane. The binding between the granular and plasma membranes by the rods did not lead to membrane fusion and exocytosis of the granular content. Many of the bound granules showed vesiculation with loss of the electron-dense core material; at the same time, some of the binding rods contained intraluminal electron-dense material similar to the granular core material. These findings suggested that the electron-dense material (i.e., norepinephrine) of the bound granules was released extracellularly through channels within the rods. Although the granules were bound to the plasma membrane with equal frequency at the free and contiguous cell surfaces, the granular budding occurred only at the free cell surface, indicating that it occurred incidentally to some granules bound at the free cell surfaces. On the basis of the morphological observations, it is postulated that the electron-dense material of the bound granule is selectively released extracellularly through the rods, leaving the vesiculated granules behind in the cytoplasm. The same mode of release of the granular content was observed, though less frequently, in the untreated control cells. No morphological evidence that indicated that the granular content was released extracellularly by exocytosis was found in the treated and control cells. The present observations indicated that the SEB treatment of PC12 cells stimulated the binding of chromaffin granules to the plasma membrane by the rods and the budding of the bound granules at the free cell surface.     

T cell activation and retargeting using staphylococcal enterotoxin B and bispecific antibody: An effective in vivo antitumor strategy

 The aim of this work was to test for cure and immunity in a micrometastatic tumor model using in vivo T cell activation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and retargeting with antitumor×anti-CD3 F(ab′)₂ bispecific antibodies (bsAb). All studies were performed in C3H/HeN mice using syngeneic tumor cell lines. For survival studies, mice were injected intravenously on day 0 with CL62 (a p97-transfected clone of the K1735 murine melanoma tumor). Day-3 treatments included saline (control), SEB (50 γg intraperitoneal) with or without bsAb (5 μg i.v.). Cured mice, surviving beyond 60 days, were rechallenged with subcutaneous CL62, K1735, or a nonmelanoma control, AG104. SEB activation studies were performed with pulmonary tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from 10-day established CL62 tumors. Maximal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cytotoxicity was demonstrated 24 h following SEB injection, therefore bsAb treatments were administered 24 h after SEB. When survival was examined at 60 days, there were significantly more survivors in the group receiving SEB plus bsAb (70%) compared to the group receiving SEB alone (30%), and the controls (0%) (P=0.02 and P<0.01, respectively). Mice cured of CL62 using SEB alone or with bsAb demonstrated equal immunity to CL62, however, mice treated with SEB plus bsAb were more often immune to the p97^– parental cell line, K1735(P=0.001). Ag104 consistently grew in all mice. Results of these studies demonstrate that SEB plus bsAb can be effective, not only in curing tumors but also in providing protective immunity against targeted and nontargeted tumor antigens. Accepted: 14 October 1997     

Structural basis for the neutralization and specificity of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B against its MHC Class II binding site

Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) B is among the potent toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus that cause toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which can result in multi-organ failure and death. Currently, neutralizing antibodies have been shown to be effective immunotherapeutic agents against this toxin, but the structural basis of the neutralizing mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we generated a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 3E2, against SEB, and analyzed the crystal structure of the SEB-3E2 Fab complex. Crystallographic analysis suggested that the neutralizing epitope overlapped with the MHC II molecule binding site on SEB, and thus 3E2 could inhibit SEB function by preventing interaction with the MHC II molecule. Mutagenesis studies were done on SEB, as well as the related Staphylococcus aureus toxins SEA and SEC. These studies revealed that tyrosine (Y)46 and lysine (K)71 residues of SEB are essential to specific antibody–antigen recognition and neutralization. Substitution of Y at SEA glutamine (Q)49, which corresponds to SEB Y46, increased both 3E2’s binding to SEA in vitro and the neutralization of SEA in vivo. These results suggested that SEB Y46 is responsible for distinguishing SEB from SEA. These findings may be helpful for the development of antibody-based therapy for SEB-induced TSS.     

超抗原葡萄球菌肠毒素A、B和C1的T细胞抗原HLA表位预测

为预测超抗原葡萄球菌肠毒素（SE）家族中的SEA、SEB和SEC1的HLAⅠ和HLAⅡ抗原结合表位,并对其活化T细胞作用的机理进行探讨,根据已发表的SEA、SEB和SEC1基因全序列,用T细胞抗原表位预测软件Guotif2.0对其进行T细胞抗原表位预测,统计与HLAⅠ和HLAⅡ各抗原位点结合的SEA、SEB和SEC1肽段的出现次数。结果显示,SEA、SEBT SEC1具有共同的特点,即都是主要与HLAⅠ类分子的A3位点和HLAⅡ类分子的DR1位点具有较强的结合。说明SEA、SEB和SEC1与HLAⅠ类分子和HLAⅡ类分子都有很强的结合性。三者在HLAⅠ和HLAⅡ结合位点上具有较强的同源性。本研究为SE活化T细胞作用机制的功能实验提供了依据。     

Facile synthesis and photophysical characterization of luminescent CdTe quantum dots for Forster resonance energy transfer based immunosensing of staphylococcal enterotoxin B

Aqueous phase synthesis of CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with surface functionalization for bioconjugation remains the best approach for biosensing and bioimaging applications. We present a facile aqueous phase method to prepare CdTe QDs by adjusting precursor and ligand concentrations. CdTe QDs had photoluminescence quantum yield up to ≈33% with a narrow spectral distribution. The powder X‐ray diffraction profile elucidated characteristic broad peaks of zinc blende cubic CdTe nanoparticles with 2.5–3 nm average crystalline size having regular spherical morphology as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Infra‐red spectroscopy confirmed disappearance of characteristic absorptions for –SH thiols inferring thiol coordinated CdTe nanoparticles. The effective molar concentration of 1 : 2.5 : 0.5 respectively for Cd²⁺/3‐mercaptopropionic acid/HTe^– at pH 9 ± 0.2 resulted in CdTe quantum dots of 2.2–3.06 nm having band gap in the range 2.74–2.26 eV respectively. Later, QD₅₂₃ and QD₆₀₁ were used for monitoring staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; a bacterial superantigen responsible for food poisoning) using Forster resonance energy transfer based two QD fluorescence. QD₅₂₃ and QD₆₀₁ were bioconjugated to anti‐SEB IgY antibody and SEB respectively according to carbodiimide protocol. The mutual affinity between SEB and anti‐SEB antibody was relied upon to obtain efficient energy transfer between respective QDs resulting in fluorescence quenching of QD₅₂₃ and fluorescence enhancement of QD₆₀₁. Presence of SEB in the range 1–0.05 µg varied the rate of fluorescence quenching of QD₅₂₃, thereby demonstrating efficient use of QDs in the Forster resonance energy transfer based immunosensing method by engineering the QD size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A monoclonal antibody against staphylococcal enterotoxin B superantigen inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry in vitro

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Structural basis for abrogated binding between staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen vaccine and MHC-IIalpha

Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are superantigenic protein toxins responsible for a number of life-threatening diseases. The X-ray structure of a staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) triple-mutant (L48R, D70R, and Y92A) vaccine reveals a cascade of structural rearrangements located in three loop regions essential for binding the alpha subunit of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. A comparison of hypothetical model complexes between SEA and the SEA triple mutant with MHC-II HLA-DR1 clearly shows disruption of key ionic and hydrophobic interactions necessary for forming the complex. Extensive dislocation of the disulfide loop in particular interferes with MHC-IIalpha binding. The triple-mutant structure provides new insights into the loss of superantigenicity and toxicity of an engineered superantigen and provides a basis for further design of enterotoxin vaccines.     

Induction of cell-mediated immunity against B16-BL6 melanoma in mice vaccinated with cells modified by hydrostatic pressure and chemical crosslinking

In the preceding paper we have demonstrated an increase in presentation of both major histocompatibility complex antigens (MHC) and a tumor-associated antigen of the weakly immunogenic B16 melanoma by a straight-forward technique. The method consists in modulating the tumor cell membrane by hydrostatic pressure and simultaneous chemical crosslinking of the cell-surface proteins. In B16-BL6 melanoma, the induced antigenic modulation was found to persist for over 48 h, which permitted the evaluation of the ability of modified B16-BL6 cells to induce immunity against unmodified B16-BL6 cells. In the present study, we have shown that a significant systemic immunity was induced only in mice that were immunized with modified B16-BL6 melanoma cells, whereas immunization with unmodified B16-BL6 cells had only a marginal effect when compared to the results in control sham-immunized mice. The induced immunity was specific since a single immunization affected the growth of B16-BL6 tumors but had no effect on MCA 106, an antigenically unrelated tumor. The addition of interleukin-2 to the immunization regimen had no effect on the antitumor responses induced by the modified B16-BL6 cells. The cell-mediated immunity conferred by immunization with treated B16-BL6 cells was confirmed in experiments in vitro where splenocytes from immunized mice could be sensitized to proliferate by the presence of B16-BL6 cells. In addition, the altered antigenicity of these melanoma cells appeared to correlate with their increased susceptibility to specific effectors. Thus,⁵¹Cr-labeled B16-BL6 target cells, modified by pressure and crosslinking, in comparison to control labeled target cells, were lysed in much greater numbers by effectors such as lymphokine-activated killer cells and allogeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes (anti-H-2^b), while such cells remained resistant to lysis by natural killer cells. Our findings indicate that the physical and chemical modifications of the tumor cells that are described here may be considered as a simple yet effective method for the preparation of tumor vaccines, which could be applied in tumor-bearing hosts.     

A murine B cell lymphoma expressing human HER2/neu undergoes spontaneous tumor regression and elicits antitumor immunity

 In the present study we describe a novel murine tumor model in which the highly malignant murine B cell lymphoma 38C13 has been transduced with the cDNA encoding human tumor-associated antigen HER2/neu. This new cell line (38C13-HER2/neu) showed stable surface expression but not secretion of human HER2/neu. It also maintained expression of the idiotype (Id) of the surface immunoglobulin of 38C13, which serves as another tumor-associated antigen. Surprisingly, spontaneous tumor regression was observed following s.c. but not i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu cells in immunocompetent syngeneic mice. Regression was more frequently observed with larger tumor cell challenges and was mediated through immunological mechanisms because it was not observed in syngeneic immunodeficient mice. Mice that showed complete tumor regression were immune to challenge with the parental cell line 38C13 and V1, a variant of 38C13 that does not express the Id. Immunity could be transferred with sera, suggesting that an antibody response mediated rejection and immunity. Continuously growing s.c. tumors as well as metastatic tumors obtained after the i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu maintained expression of human HER2/neu, which can serve as a target for active immunotherapy. As spontaneous tumor regression has not been observed in other human murine models expressing human HER2/neu, our results illustrate the enormous differences that can exist among different murine tumors expressing the same antigen. The present model provides a useful tool for the study of the mechanisms of protective immunity to B cell lymphoma and for the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches based on the stimulation or suppression of the immune response. Received: 2 August 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000