双歧杆菌对母乳低聚糖利用的研究进展

母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)是一类存在于人乳中复杂的混合低聚糖,是母乳中的重要成分,在婴幼儿生长发育中起到重要作用。母乳低聚糖可作为影响肠道微生物群组成的益生元,可选择性地促进母乳喂养婴儿肠道双歧杆菌的生长。婴儿肠道内相关的双歧杆菌具有糖苷酶和转运蛋白等分子工具,使其能够代谢HMOs,且代谢过程具有菌株特异性。本文对2′-岩藻糖基乳糖、3′-岩藻糖基乳糖、3′-唾液酸乳糖、6′-唾液酸乳糖、乳糖-N-四糖、乳糖-N-新四糖等常见HMOs的结构和特点进行总结,并讨论不同双歧杆菌对不同HMOs的利用特点和机制,为开发针对不同双歧杆菌的特异性益生元提供相应的理论指导。     

妊娠期糖尿病母亲哺乳期母乳N-聚糖的 岩藻糖基化水平差异及其对新生儿肠道菌群的影响

目的比较中国妊娠期糖尿病母亲与正常母亲母乳中N-聚糖的岩藻糖基化水平差异,分析这些差异对其子代肠道微生态的影响。方法收集妊娠期糖尿病母亲和健康母亲在哺乳期第6天和第42天母乳样本各15例,及其纯母乳喂养的新生儿在同一天的粪便样本;以凝集素AAL分析母乳中N-聚糖的岩藻糖基化水平;以变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)检测两组新生儿肠道菌群差异。结果妊娠期糖尿病母亲母乳N-聚糖岩藻糖基化水平显著高于健康母亲(t=4.438,P0.01;t=3.238,P0.001);两组新生儿肠道菌群存在明显差异,其中主要的微生物群如长双歧杆菌属、肠球菌属、泛菌属等的相对丰度有所不同。结论母乳中N-聚糖岩藻糖基化水平在妊娠期糖尿病母亲母乳中显著升高,这一变化可能影响其子代的肠道菌群结构。     

仔猪肠道微生物研究进展

肠道菌群在哺乳动物及人类健康的作用正日益受到重视。仔猪的健康生长需要一个动态平衡的肠道微生态环境。然而,在猪的生命周期中,从食管到直肠的微生物分布与组成存在时间和空间的变化。健康的肠道菌群具有促进猪的营养代谢,维持肠黏膜屏障,调节免疫应答,抑制病原菌感染等功能。多种因素对猪肠道菌群的形成与稳定具有重要的作用,包括分娩方式(经过产道或剖宫产)、幼龄时期饮食(母乳或配方饲料)、抗生素或抗生素样分子的使用等。本文主要从仔猪肠道微生物组成与定植、功能、影响肠道微生物的因素等方面论述了仔猪肠道微生物与仔猪肠道健康的关系,从而加深肠道微生物对维护仔猪肠道健康作用的认识。     

母乳糖复合物对新生儿肠道菌群的影响

母乳是新生儿最理想的营养来源。母乳喂养不仅维持婴儿的发育,也促进有益的肠道微生物增殖。母乳中的糖复合物,包括游离的低聚糖、糖蛋白和糖脂,因在肠道健康和菌群调节方面起着重要作用而被越来越多的人所重视。这些糖类物质不仅能预防传染病,也可作为益生元调节肠道微生态。新生儿出生时肠道是不成熟的,复杂的母乳成分确保了肠道微环境成熟。婴儿的肠道微生物群的构成在出生后会发生连续变化。出生后的细菌定植是肠道发育和免疫系统成熟的必要条件。本文将母乳中糖物质及对婴儿肠道菌群的影响作一综述。     

唾液酸转移酶对肿瘤中唾液酸化结构的影响

随着侵袭能力的增强,肿瘤细胞表面经常会出现唾液酸化糖链结构的增加。现在已经证实许多特殊的唾液酸化结构,如TF类抗原、sLew类抗原、α2-6唾液酸化的乳糖胺结构、PSA结构、神经节苷脂结构都参与细胞间的相互作用。本文综述了与肿瘤相关的特殊的唾液酸化结构的改变与相应的唾液酸转移酶在其中发挥的作用。     

多聚唾液酸与多聚唾液酸转移酶

多聚唾液酸（PSA）是一种在神经细胞黏附分子（neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM）上表达的唾液酸聚合物,在神经发育过程中起重要作用.PSA的聚合程度会影响PSA-NCAM的功能.多聚唾液酸酶主要用于合成PSA-NCAM,两种高度同源的多聚唾液酸转移酶ST8SiaⅡ和ST8SiaⅣ都属于唾液酸转移酶家族.多聚唾液酸转移酶中NCAM的识别域和多聚唾液酸化域是截然不同的,且一些异构酶在NCAM多聚唾液酸化中起明显的负作用.多聚唾液酸酶与很多疾病都有关系,以多聚唾液酸转移酶为标靶设计的药物也将成为神经系统及肿瘤治疗的新型药物.     

母乳微生物群结构及其组成和活性的影响因素CSCD

肠道微生物在人体代谢和免疫中的潜在作用十分巨大。微生物是提供特异性信号以指导免疫系统发育和成熟的最重要的环境因素之一。微生物群组成和活性的变化可能会对人类健康产生不良影响。母体微生物环境影响新生儿的免疫发育及其生命早期和晚期的健康。母体微生物群目前被认为是影响儿童健康的重要决定因素,其可能受到特定围产期因素的影响,这些因素也会改变婴儿微生物群的发育。母体微生物群对婴儿的生长、微生物定植和免疫系统的成熟起着重要的作用,而婴儿的肠道菌群定植过程将影响其新陈代谢和免疫反应,这反过来又可能对婴儿以后的健康产生长远的影响。本文总结了会影响微生物群通过母乳从母亲传给婴儿的各种因素,进而为设计饮食和营养工具以调节母乳微生物群提供了新的目标,从而降低非传染性疾病的风险并促进母乳喂养。     

人类肠道微生物组与相关疾病研究进展

人体肠道共生着数以万亿计的微生物,肠道微生物在维持宿主正常生理功能中发挥重要作用,其成分和功能变化可导致严重的肠道和全身性疾病。以新一代测序技术和生物信息学分析为基础的元基因组学研究不仅极大地推动了对人类肠道微生物的整体认识,还加深了对肠道微生物代谢产物促进人类健康机理的理解,为肠道炎症、代谢性疾病和癌症等人类疾病的诊断与治疗提供了新思路。就肠道微生物元基因组学与肠道相关疾病的研究进展作一综述。     

细胞表面糖链末端唾液酸和岩藻糖与某些细胞生物学行为的关系

用神经氨酸酶和a-L-岩藻糖苷酶分别切除人肝癌细胞株7721细胞表面糖链中的末端唾液酸(SA)和岩藻糖(Fuc)残基来研究表面聚糖结构和某些细胞生物学行为之间的关系.选择细胞对纤连蛋白(Fn)、层黏蛋白(Ln)和人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的黏附能力、细胞趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭作为细胞行为的指标.结果表明表面糖链末端SA对细胞黏附至Fn并不必需,对细胞黏附至Ln和细胞的趋化性侵袭却至为重要,而对细胞黏附至HUVEC以及趋化性迁移则为关键性残基.与SA相比,Fuc可能参与细胞Fn、Ln和HUVEC的黏附,但对趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭并不重要.细胞对HUVEC的黏附以及趋化性迁移和侵袭可被唾液酸化Lewis X(SLex)的单抗抑制,但不被未唾液酸化的Lewis X(Lex)单抗抑制,这一结果支持SA在上述三种细胞过程中较Fuc残基重要.     

肠道微生物对肥胖影响

肠道微生物是哺乳动物最密集的微生物群落,也是最多样化的微生物群落之一。随着宏基因组学的不断发展,肠道微生物成为热门的研究领域。肠道微生物具有保护和代谢等功能,在胰岛素抵抗和肥胖等疾病中发挥重要作用。本文介绍了肠道微生物及其代谢物通过调节食欲、神经递质合成分泌、炎性反应进而调节肥胖,探讨了肠道微生物的影响因素,展望了肠道微生物对治疗人类肥胖的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.