诺如病毒新型GII.4流行株Sydney2012在上海地区的检出和鉴定

为了解上海地区诺如病毒相关急性胃肠炎疫情的流行病学特点及流行株基因型的演化情况,2012年3月至2013年2月,收集上海市两处哨点医院成人急性胃肠炎粪便样本进行诺如病毒的分子检测并对其基因特征进行系统分析。在502份样本中,GI群共检出19例,检出率3.78%,呈现低位流行、全年散发的状态,无明显的季节分布;GII群检出86例,检出率17.13%,在10¹2月出现高位流行,并发现中老年人群GII群诺如病毒检出率显著高于青年个体（P<0.05）。同时首次于2012年9月在上海地区检出新型GII.4变异株Sydney₂012,证实是该变异株引发了2012年秋冬季诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的高位流行。序列分析表明该变异株为GII.e型开放阅读框（Open reading frame,ORF）1与GII.4型ORF2的重组体,目前已成为本地区的优势流行株。研究发现,2012年上海地区出现GII.4新型变异株Sydney₂012,并引发秋冬季诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的高位流行。     

基于GII.4型诺如病毒P蛋白的GII型广谱单克隆抗体制备及应用

人源诺如病毒(Human noroviruses,HuNoVs)是全球引起急性胃肠炎的重要传染病原.该病毒遗传多样性丰富,包括了5个基因群以及39种基因型,免疫学检测受限.因此,本研究旨在制备广谱性的HuNoV单克隆抗体,并建立可检测多种基因型的双抗体夹心ELISA方法.本研究通过表达纯化流行毒株GII.4型HuNoVs衣壳蛋白P颗粒免疫Balb/c小鼠,筛选出3株能稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,制备单克隆抗体并进行评价.利用辣根过氧化物酶对抗体进行标记及配对筛选,建立了HuNoVs双抗夹心ELISA检测方法,并进行验证.结果 显示:BI0、1D6、1C1细胞株可分泌广谱性单克隆抗体.所建立的双抗夹心ELISA方法酶标抗体最佳工作浓度为1∶5000,捕获抗体最佳包被浓度为2.0μg/mL,该方法检测GII.4型P颗粒最低检出限为125.0ng/mL,对常见HuNoVsGII.2、GII.3、GII.4、GII.6、GII.17基因型样本均能检出,而与轮状病毒、星状病毒、肠道病毒、札幌病毒无交叉反应.批间与批内重复变异系数均小于7％.临床样本检测结果显示,本方法与荧光定量RT-PCR结果的符合率为84％.本研究成功制备了广谱性的HuNoVs衣壳蛋白单克隆抗体,建立了可应用于HuNoVs流行毒株基因型的双抗夹心ELISA检测方法,为HuNoVs的诊断及流行病学调查提供了一种简便、特异的免疫学方法.     

GII.3型诺如病毒GZ31597株变异情况及与受体组织血型抗原结合模式分析

诺如病毒(Noroviruses,NoVs)是引起非菌型胃肠炎暴发流行的主要病原体之一。为了解我国GII.3型NoVs毒株的变异以及受体结合模式,本研究对来自2015年一起中国广州NoVs胃肠炎暴发的GII.3型毒株GZ31597株进行聚合酶区和完整VP1区基因扩增、序列测定和序列分析,并表达VP1突出区蛋白(P蛋白),通过P蛋白与不同血型唾液样本的酶免疫分析法(EIA)测定实验确定其组织血型抗原(Histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs)结合模式。GZ31597株聚合酶和VP1基因系统进化分析表明,GZ31597株为GII.P12/GII.3-SubD基因型(聚合酶/衣壳区),该毒株较先前的GII.3毒株相比,在既是抗原表位又是HBGAs受体结合位点的氨基酸385残基发生了氨基酸转换。根据Western Blotting结果,证实P蛋白成功表达。唾液结合分析结果显示,该毒株P蛋白与A、B、AB、O型分泌型以及O型非分泌型唾液均可以结合,但结合值相对低。本研究表明该GII.P12/GII.3-SubD亚型的GII.3毒株在长期的流行过程中,通过氨基酸的转换,改变抗原性和受体结合活性,使GII.3型毒株在人群中继续流行。通过探索GII.3型NoVs在人群中长期广泛流行的原因,为GII.3型诺如病毒性胃肠炎的预防和控制提供重要依据。     

西安市4起急性胃肠炎疫情中诺如病毒的分子特征分析

诺如病毒（Norovirus,NoV）属于杯状病毒科诺如病毒属,能造成急性肠胃炎暴发,在全球流行广泛,但其在西安市的流行情况不明。为明确2018年10月西安市4起幼儿园急性肠胃炎疫情的病原及其基因特征,本研究采集了患者肛拭子,用实时定量PCR检出诺如病毒阳性核酸,对其扩增部分多聚酶区和衣壳区基因并测序。将所得序列上传分型网站以明确基因型,并用软件分析系统进化、重组位点和正选择位点。共检出GII组阳性核酸31份,测序成功25份。4起疫情均由GII.2[P16]型诺如病毒引起。疫情株扩增序列全长、部分多聚酶区和衣壳区的序列与2018年美国流行株（MK773571）的核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%、99.5%和100%。疫情株与GII.2[P16]型中国参考序列（KY421122、KY806296和MG763377）的核苷酸同源性为99.6%,氨基酸同源性为100%。重组位点约在基因组的5 075bp。疫情株基因组的1 613～1 790aa没有正选择位点。及时的流行病学、分子流行病学研究和全基因组测序对控制诺如病毒相关疫情是必要的。     

一起旅游团中急性胃肠炎的暴发与GII. 17型诺如病毒相关

为了解2016年夏季一起发生在某赴内蒙古旅游团游客中的急性胃肠炎暴发流行的病毒病原。分别采集此次胃肠炎暴发流行中两名患病游客腹泻症状发生后第3天、5天和7天的粪便标本,提取核酸后首先用荧光定量PCR扩增诺如病毒核酸进行检测,阳性标本分别用RT-PCR扩增病毒VP1基因和RdRp区域基因,通过基因测序和序列比对进行基因分型,构建进化树确定进化同源性。通过荧光定量PCR法检测到两名患者的粪便标本均为诺如病毒阳性,提示此次胃肠炎暴发流行的病原为诺如病毒,进一步的RT-PCR扩增病毒基因分析显示检测到的诺如病毒为GII.P17-GII.G17型;构建系统进化树分析显示本次与2014~2015年度广州、中国香港、中国台湾和日本等地的病毒亲缘关系更为接近;氨基酸序列分析显示该基因型与2014年以来流行的毒株同源性较近,与2014年之前流行的毒株相比变异较大,氨基酸变异主要出现在主要衣壳蛋白的P结构域。提示GII.P17-GII.G17型诺如病毒也是引起内蒙地区急性胃肠炎暴发流行的病毒病原。     

广州地区GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31]型诺如病毒GZ2013-L10毒株病毒样颗粒功能和免疫原性鉴定

【背景】诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)是全球范围内引起急性胃肠炎暴发的主要病原体之一,其中GII.4型通过不断变异在人群中持续存在并占据诺如病毒感染的主导地位,尤其GII.4 Sydney2012[P31]变异株自2012年出现以来在全球各地持续流行至今。【目的】制备广州地区GII.4 Sydney2012[P31]型诺如病毒毒株GZ2013-L10的病毒样颗粒(virus like particle,VLP),并系统表征其功能及免疫原性特点。【方法】从毒株GZ2013-L10中扩增ORF2基因并克隆构建重组转座载 PFastBac1-L10-ORF2,进一步转化至大肠杆菌DH10Bac构建重组杆状病毒质粒,进而在昆虫细胞sf9中表达病毒样颗粒并通过超速离心纯化,最后经透射电镜、Western blotting和受体结合实验对病毒样颗粒进行表征。此外,将免疫小鼠获得的病毒抗血清通过间接酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)和受体结合阻断试验进行验证。【结果】成功构建了重组杆状病毒质粒Bacmid-L10-ORF2并获得病毒样颗粒,电镜结果表明病毒样颗粒直径约为30 nm,SDS-PAGE和Western blotting显示蛋白大小约为58 kDa。受体结合实验结果显示,病毒样颗粒能与A/B/O等分泌型唾液受体及猪胃黏膜蛋白结合,而与非分泌型唾液受体均不结合。免疫小鼠获得效价为1.3×105的抗血清,但ELISA结果显示其与不同基因型诺如病毒衣壳蛋白无交叉免疫活性。此外,抗血清对同型病毒样颗粒具有受体中和阻断作用,但对不同型别病毒样颗粒(包括GII.8、GII.17和GII.3)无中和效果。【结论】本研究制备并系统表征了广州地区GZ2013-L10毒株的病毒样颗粒及其抗血清,其研究结果可为解析其流行原因以及疫苗研发提供参考。     

2019-2022年南京市急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中诺如病毒分子流行病学分析

诺如病毒是引起急性胃肠炎的主要病原体之一，本研究通过分析2019-2022年南京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的流行特征和主要基因型变化，为疫情防控提供依据。收集2019年9月至2022年8月南京市疑似诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发样本，通过荧光定量PCR和一步法RT-PCR检测，对阳性样本进行序列测定并分型，挑选48株南京代表株与国内外参考株进行同源性分析。2019-2022年南京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的高峰为冬春季，场所主要分布在小学和幼儿园，暴发以诺如病毒GII为主，共检测到11种基因型，包括4种GI和7种GII。主要流行株在三个流行季间有所变化，GII.2[P16]为2019-2021年的优势流行株，2021/2022流行季中GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16]亚型、GII.17[P17]亚型占比最大，多种亚型毒株共存。同源分析发现，2021年2株GII.6[P7]南京株分属于两类不同来源的GII.6衣壳基因型，2019-2022年的GII.2[P16]和GII.4 Sydney 2012[P16]南京株的部分聚合酶区序列变化较衣壳蛋白区大。2019-2022年间南京市诺如病毒急性...     

重组西尼罗病毒NS5融合蛋白依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶特性鉴定

西尼罗病毒(West Nile virus, WNV)非结构蛋白NS5是病毒基因组复制的关键蛋白.以病毒全长cDNA克隆为模板,PCR扩增获得NS5的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)活性区（NS5pol）及该蛋白完整的编码序列（NS5F）,分别克隆于原核表达载体pET-28a 并转化至大肠杆菌E.coliBL21（DE3）中诱导表达.表达的可溶性重组蛋白经Ni柱亲和层析纯化后进行SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定.结果显示,二者均为病毒特异蛋白,且纯度均在90%以上.进一步的体外RdRp分析及EMSA的结果表明,NS5pol和NSF5均有较高的RdRp活性,且该活性具有RNA模板序列和二级结构的特异性.获得的具有RdRp活性的NS5pol和NS5F为西尼罗病毒基因组复制相关元件的研究奠定了基础.     

丙型肝炎病毒依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)研究进展

由于缺乏合适的HCV感染细胞模型,严重制约了HCV复制,特别是HCV复制的关键因子依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶(RdRp)的研究.对HCV序列比较分析并通过异源表达证明NS5B是HCV复制的RdRp.NS5B C端疏水性氨基酸区域以及NS5B与细胞膜形成复合体等影响NS5B溶解性.在合适的反应条件下NS5B可以多种RNA分子为模板催化RNA复制,特别是能有效复制HCV全长(+)RNA.高浓度GTP激活HCV RdRp活性.NS5B N/C端缺失突变和保守性A、B、C区中的点突变影响RdRp活性,但D区345位精氨酸突变为赖氨酸时RdRp活性明显升高.HCV RdRp的发现及其功能研究为HCV药物研究提供了新型靶标.     

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒RdRp基因dsRNA干扰的研究

中蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus,CSBV)可以引起中蜂幼虫死亡,给中蜂的养殖造成严重的威胁。其RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRp)是病毒复制中必不可少的中心酶,控制着病毒的复制和翻译过程。本研究以CSBV RdRp基因为靶标,选取两个干扰区域RdRp-1和RdRp-2,并构建相应的dsRNA表达载体,获取dsRNA后进行RNAi实验,通过qRT-PCR检测CSBV RdRp基因的表达情况。实验结果显示:干扰片段RdRp-1不能显著下调RdRp基因的转录,而干扰片段RdRp-2可显著性下调RdRp表达并具有剂量依赖性,当添食2μg dsRdRp-2时,在72 h RdRp基因表达下调了85%,CSBV的衣壳蛋白VP1基因下调表达78%,幼虫死亡率降低60%,表明RdRp基因可以作为RNA干扰的靶标用于CSBV防治,本研究为后期在养蜂场进行蜜蜂病毒病的防治奠定了基础。     

Detection of the pandemic norovirus variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 in Rio Branco,state of Acre,northern Brazil

Noroviruses (NoVs) are important cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Genotype GII.4 is responsible for the majority of outbreaks reported to date. This study describes, for the first time in Brazil, the circulation of NoV GII.4 variant Sydney 2012 in faecal samples collected from children aged less than or equal to eight years in Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil, during July-September 2012.     

Nucleotide composition and synonymous codon usage of open reading frames in Norovirus GII.4 variants

Abstract

Norovirus GII.4 variants, a genotype in genogroup II belonging to the genus Norovirus, is a single-strand positive sense RNA containing three open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3) and is the most important pathogen causing nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks. By using bioinformatic softwares such as Codon W, SPSS and so on, a total of 292 strains of the viruses isolated from 1974 to 2016 were analyzed for nucleotide composition and synonymous codon usage in each ORF. The result shows that it is enriched for A over the other bases in nucleotide composition, G behind the other bases in the 3^rd site of all synonymous codons in the three ORFs. The patterns of nucleotide composition and codon bias of ORF2 are similar to those of ORF3 and different from those of ORF1. There are generally UpA motif and CpG motif in the codons with the lowest proportion. Correspondence analysis indicates that the codon usage may be changing over a certain time period for ORF1 in 2006 and 2012, ORF2 in 2012, and ORF3 in 2013. ENC (effective number of codons) plot and other analyses indicate that both natural selection and mutational pressure play partly roles in the ORFs, but natural selection is more important for ORF2 and ORF3. Besides, we also found all optimal codons in the ORFs. The study provides a basic understanding of the mechanism for norovirus GII.4 codon usage bias. Abbreviations ORF Open Reading Frame

ENC Effective Number of Codons

COA correspondence analysis

RSCU Relative Synonymous Codon Usage

CAI Codon Adaptation Index

CBI Codon Bias Index

Fop frequency of optimal codons

L_sym number of synonymous codons

L_aa length amino acids

GRAVY grand average of hydropathicity

Aroma aromaticity

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Phosphorylation of eIF4GII and 4E-BP1 in response to nocodazole treatment: A reappraisal of translation initiation during mitosis

Translation mechanisms at different stages of the cell cycle have been studied for many years, resulting in the dogma that translation rates are slowed during mitosis, with cap-independent translation mechanisms favored to give expression of key regulatory proteins. However, such cell culture studies involve synchronization using harsh methods, which may in themselves stress cells and affect protein synthesis rates. One such commonly used chemical is the microtubule de-polymerization agent, nocodazole, which arrests cells in mitosis and has been used to demonstrate that translation rates are strongly reduced (down to 30% of that of asynchronous cells). Using synchronized HeLa cells released from a double thymidine block (G₁/S boundary) or the Cdk1 inhibitor, RO3306 (G₂/M boundary), we have systematically re-addressed this dogma. Using FACS analysis and pulse labeling of proteins with labeled methionine, we now show that translation rates do not slow as cells enter mitosis. This study is complemented by studies employing confocal microscopy, which show enrichment of translation initiation factors at the microtubule organizing centers, mitotic spindle, and midbody structure during the final steps of cytokinesis, suggesting that translation is maintained during mitosis. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of translation in response to extended times of exposure to nocodazole reflects increased eIF2α phosphorylation, disaggregation of polysomes, and hyperphosphorylation of selected initiation factors, including novel Cdk1-dependent N-terminal phosphorylation of eIF4GII. Our work suggests that effects on translation in nocodazole-arrested cells might be related to those of the treatment used to synchronize cells rather than cell cycle status.     

Comparative evolution of GII.3 and GII.4 norovirus over a 31-year period

Noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. Genotype II.3 is one of the most frequently detected noroviruses associated with sporadic infections. We studied the evolution of the major capsid gene from seven archival GII.3 noroviruses collected during a cross-sectional study at the Children's Hospital in Washington, DC, from 1975 through 1991, together with capsid sequence from 56 strains available in GenBank. Evolutionary analysis concluded that GII.3 viruses evolved at a rate of 4.16 × 10(-3) nucleotide substitutions/site/year (strict clock), which is similar to that described for the more prevalent GII.4 noroviruses. The analysis of the amino acid changes over the 31-year period found that GII.3 viruses evolve at a relatively steady state, maintaining 4% distance, and have a tendency to revert back to previously used residues while preserving the same carbohydrate binding profile. In contrast, GII.4 viruses demonstrate increasing rates of distance over time because of the continued integration of new amino acids and changing HBGA binding patterns. In GII.3 strains, seven sites acting under positive selection were predicted to be surface-exposed residues in the P2 domain, in contrast to GII.4 positively selected sites located primarily in the shell domain. Our study suggests that GII.3 noroviruses caused disease as early as 1975 and that they evolve via a specific pattern, responding to selective pressures induced by the host rather than presenting a nucleotide evolution rate lower than that of GII.4 noroviruses, as previously proposed. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of prevalent noroviruses is relevant to the development of effective prevention and control strategies.     

Evolutionary Phylodynamics of Korean Noroviruses Reveals a Novel GII.2/GII.10 Recombination Event

Viral gastroenteritis is the most common causal agent of public health problems worldwide. Noroviruses cause nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans of all ages. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of norovirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to university hospitals in South Korea. We also analyzed the genetic diversity of the viruses and identified novel recombination events among the identified viral strains. Of 502 children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to our three hospitals between January 2011 and March 2012, genotyping of human noroviruses was performed in 171 (34%) norovirus-positive samples. Of these samples, 170 (99.5%) were in genogroup II (GII), while only one (0.5%) was in genogroup I (GI). The most common GII strain was the GII.4-2006b variant (n = 96, 56.5%), followed by GII.6 (n = 23, 13.5%), GII.12 (n = 22, 12.9%), GII.3 (n = 20, 11.8%), GII.2 (n = 6, 3.5%), GII.b (n = 2, 1.2%), and GII.10 (n = 1, 0.6%). Potential recombination events (polymerase/capsid) were detected in 39 GII strains (22.9%), and the most frequent genotypes were GII.4/GII.12 (n = 12, 30.8%), GII.4/GII.6 (n = 12, 30.8%), GII.4/GII.3 (n = 8, 20.5%), GII.b/GII.3 (n = 3, 7.7%), GII.16/GII.2 (n = 2, 5.1%), GII.4/GII.2 (n = 1, 2.6%), and GII.2/GII.10 (n = 1, 2.6%). For the first time, a novel GII.2/GII.10 recombination was detected; we also identified the GII.16/GII.2 strain for the first time in South Korea. Our data provided important insights into new recombination events, which may prove valuable for predicting the emergence of circulating norovirus strains with global epidemic potential.     

Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus evolution

Since the late 1990s norovirus (NoV) strains belonging to a single genotype (GII.4) have caused at least four global epidemics. To date, the higher epidemiological fitness of the GII.4 strains has been attributed to a faster rate of evolution within the virus capsid, resulting in the ability to escape herd immunity. Four key factors have been proposed to influence the rate of evolution in NoV. These include host receptor recognition, sequence space, duration of herd immunity, and replication kinetics. In this review we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of these four mechanisms in relation to GII.4 evolution.