重症监护室患者血流感染菌谱构成及耐药性分析

目的 了解综合性医院重症监护室患者血流感染病原菌分布及其耐药性.方法 回顾性调查2011年6月至2012年6月南昌大学第二附属医院ICU患者血培养情况,对分离菌株及其药敏结果进行统计分析,所有数据采用WHONET 5.5软件分析.结果 1764例患者血培养共分离获得482株病原菌,总阳性率为27.32％.其中革兰阳性球菌占39.83％(192/482),革兰阴性杆菌占51.04％ (246/482),真菌占8.09％ (39/482).最常见的感染菌分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌.金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的耐甲氧西林发生率分别为88.24％及90.48％,对青霉素的耐药率均为100％,未检测到耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌.金黄色葡萄球菌与表皮葡萄球菌比较,耐药率有统计学意义的只有复方新诺明,耐药率分别为5.88％和63.49％,金黄色葡萄球菌对复方新诺明(5.88％)和夫西地酸(11.76％)耐药率较低;大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率最低的是亚胺培南,分别为13.04％及11.11％;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为20.00％,而鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率高达92.68％.结论 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等是重症监护室患者血流感染的常见病原菌,其耐药及多重耐药性均较严重.     

葡萄球菌医院感染临床分布与耐药率动态变迁特征分析

目的:分析我院5年来葡萄球菌耐药性变化,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法:采用K-B纸片扩散法对临床标本分离的葡萄球菌进行抗菌药物敏感性测试.结果:对耐甲氧西林的葡萄球菌保持抗菌活性较强的抗菌药物有万古霉素,利副平,四环素等.但5年来葡萄球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有普遍增高的趋势,其中对头孢唑林,环丙沙星,左氧氟沙星等抗生素的耐药率变化明显.结论:葡萄球菌的耐药率有较明显的上升趋势,MRS的多重耐药现象严重,应高度重视MRS的检测和报告,为临床医师提供可靠的诊断和治疗依据,及时有效的检测和控制葡萄球菌医院感染.     

norA基因mRNA表达水平与表皮葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮耐药性的关系

目的:探讨表皮葡萄球菌多药转运蛋白norA基因表达水平与氟喹诺酮耐药性的关系.方法:收集临床分离表皮葡萄球菌菌株,用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer)检测50株表皮葡萄球菌对抗茵药物的敏感性,筛选出耐药和敏感菌株,以标准菌株ATCC12228作为对照;提取表皮葡萄球菌的总RNA,应用荧光实时定量RT-PCR检测表皮葡萄球茵多药转运蛋白norA基因mRNA表达水平.结果:所有菌株均检测到norA基因,临床分离耐药菌株norA基因mRNA表达水平明显高于敏感菌株,统计学分析差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:对氟喹诺酮类耐药的表皮葡萄球菌norA基因过度表达,其可能是表皮葡萄球茵耐药的原因之一.     

金黄色葡萄球菌D试验和耐药性分析

目的 了解本地区金黄色葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 用K-B琼脂扩散法检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及双纸片法(D试验)检测红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型,用VITEK 2 Compact进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验.结果 156株金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA有51株,占32.7％.红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药共29株,占18.6％,其中MRSA有10株,甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSS)有19株.金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物具有不同的耐药性,对青霉素的耐药性超过95％,对万古霉素、奎努普汀/达福普汀、利奈唑烷和替加环素敏感.结论 临床微生物实验室应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌中克林霉素诱导耐药的检测,临床治疗中也应加强抗菌药物的合理应用以防多耐药菌株的产生.     

葡萄球菌盒式染色体在耐药中的作用

金黄色葡萄球菌可通过获得携带mec基因的葡萄球菌盒式染色体（SCCmec）产生对甲氧西林和其他多种抗生素的耐药.SCCmec是一种不同于噬菌体和转座子的可移动元件.本文详细介绍了SCCmec的结构和分型,并对其发现、起源及其与耐药的关系等进行综述.     

2008-2010年舟山某院金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性变迁

目的 分析舟山医院三年来金黄色葡萄球菌分布及耐药性变迁,并对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)与甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的耐药性差异做对比.方法 用ATB Expression半自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验,用K-B法测红霉素、克林霉素、头孢西丁、苯唑西林直径,比较耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)与甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的耐药性差异.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、红霉素、四环素和克林霉素的耐药率有上升的趋势;MRSA对苯唑西林、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、克林霉素、红霉素、青霉素、喹奴普汀-达福普汀、利福平和四环素的耐药率都明显高于MSSA的耐药率,二者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),D-试验阳性71株,占72.45％.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性逐渐升高,特别是对MRSA应引起临床的重视,检测克林霉素诱导型耐药具有重要的临床应用价值.     

耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌

目前认为万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株一般从苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌转变而来。万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者往往长期使用万古霉素或有慢性疾病。目前还没有系统检测万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌的试验。如果用万古霉素治疗苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染失败,临床医生应警觉是否为万古霉素中度耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌感染。     

耐万古霉素葡萄球菌的研究进展

万古霉素是治疗耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染的惟一有效药物,但临床已经发现了对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌,这已经引起全球的关注.目前对耐万古霉素葡萄球菌的研究,如细胞壁的代谢、万古霉素的作用位点、胞质蛋白以及耐药基因的研究等尚不能完全阐明其对万古霉素的耐药机制,对耐药性的检测还缺乏简便、特异的手段.尽管已经新研制出一些药物,但其治疗前景仍需进一步的观察.     

MRSA中mecA及femB基因的检测与耐药相关性

研究femB、mecA基因在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)中的表达与耐药的关系.运用PCR对MRSA的femB、mecA基因进行检测,MRSA耐药检测采用头孢西丁纸片法.40 株金黄色葡萄球菌(下简称金葡菌)通过头孢西丁纸片法,检出 30 株耐头孢西丁的菌株,通过PCR检测这 40 株金葡菌mecA基因,30 株MRSA全部为阳性, femB基因在 30 株MRSA中全部表达,而甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)的未表达.结果可见,PCR能快速准确地鉴定MRSA, mecA基因是MRSA的耐药基因,femB基因是MRSA的耐药相关基因.     

急性乳腺炎病原菌分布与耐药分析

目的 调查导致急性乳腺炎感染的病原菌分布及其对常用抗生素的耐药情况以指导临床合理选用抗菌药物.方法 穿刺法收集186例门诊和住院急性乳腺炎患者脓液标本进行细菌分离培养和药敏试验,采用全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定,药物敏感试验采用K-B纸片法.β-内酰胺酶检测采用头孢硝噻吩纸片法.结果 标本细菌检出率为54.3％(101/186).其中96株为需氧或兼性厌氧菌,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(81.2％);5株为厌氧菌,均为口腔正常菌群.药敏结果显示葡萄球菌对复方新诺明、红霉素、阿齐霉素及左氧氟沙星有较高耐药率,尤其对青霉素有极高耐药率;而对苯唑西林、二代/三代头孢菌素、丁胺卡那及呋喃妥因较为敏感;未发现万古霉素耐药的菌株.葡萄球菌产β-内酰胺酶率为14.7％,其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)产酶率(46.2％)远高于金黄色葡萄球菌(9.8％).此外,MRCNS流行率亦远高于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA).结论 急性乳腺炎的主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,其对青霉素高度耐药,但对苯唑西林或二代以上头孢菌素较为敏感.因此,苯唑西林或二代以上头孢菌素是目前治疗急性乳腺炎的首选药物.     

Peptidoglycan hydrolases-potential weapons against Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are common pathogens responsible for a broad spectrum of human and animal infections and belong to the most important etiological factors causing food poisoning. Because of rapid increase in the prevalence of isolation of staphylococci resistant to many antibiotics, there is an urgent need for the development of new alternative chemotherapeutics. A number of studies have recently demonstrated the strong potential of peptidoglycan hydrolases (PHs) to control and treat infections caused by this group of bacteria. PHs cause rapid lysis and death of bacterial cells. The review concentrates on enzymes hydrolyzing peptidoglycan of staphylococci. Usually, they are characterized by high specificity to only Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components; however, some of them are also able to lyse cells of other staphylococci, e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis-human pathogen of growing importance and also other groups of bacteria. Some PHs strengthen the bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity of common antibiotics, and as a result, they should be considered as component of combined therapy which could definitely reduced the development of bacterial resistance to both enzymes and antibiotics. The preliminary research revealed that most of these enzymes can be produced using heterologous, especially Escherichia coli expression systems; however, still much effort is required to develop more efficient and large-scale production technologies. This review discusses current state on knowledge with emphasis on the possibilities of application of PHs in the context of therapeutics for infections caused by staphylococci.     

Novel phenol-soluble modulin derivatives in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus identified through imaging mass spectrometry

Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of human disease ranging from localized skin and soft tissue infections to potentially lethal systemic infections. S. aureus has the biosynthetic ability to generate numerous virulence factors that assist in circumventing the innate immune system during disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have uncovered a set of extracellular peptides produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) with homology to the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) from Staphylococcus epidermidis. CA-MRSA PSMs contribute to skin infection and recruit and lyse neutrophils, and truncated versions of these peptides possess antimicrobial activity. In this study, novel CA-MRSA PSM derivatives were discovered by the use of microbial imaging mass spectrometry. The novel PSM derivatives are compared with their parent full-length peptides for changes in hemolytic, cytolytic, and neutrophil-stimulating activity. A potential contribution of the major S. aureus secreted protease aureolysin in processing PSMs is demonstrated. Finally, we show that PSM processing occurs in multiple CA-MRSA strains by structural confirmation of additional novel derivatives. This work demonstrates that IMS can serve as a useful tool to go beyond genome predictions and expand our understanding of the important family of small peptide virulence factors.     

Mobile Genetic Element-Encoded Cytolysin Connects Virulence to Methicillin Resistance in MRSA

Bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance have a significant influence on disease severity and treatment options during bacterial infections. Frequently, the underlying genetic determinants are encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In the leading human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, MGEs that contain antibiotic resistance genes commonly do not contain genes for virulence determinants. The phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are staphylococcal cytolytic toxins with a crucial role in immune evasion. While all known PSMs are core genome-encoded, we here describe a previously unidentified psm gene, psm-mec, within the staphylococcal methicillin resistance-encoding MGE SCCmec. PSM-mec was strongly expressed in many strains and showed the physico-chemical, pro-inflammatory, and cytolytic characteristics typical of PSMs. Notably, in an S. aureus strain with low production of core genome-encoded PSMs, expression of PSM-mec had a significant impact on immune evasion and disease. In addition to providing high-level resistance to methicillin, acquisition of SCCmec elements encoding PSM-mec by horizontal gene transfer may therefore contribute to staphylococcal virulence by substituting for the lack of expression of core genome-encoded PSMs. Thus, our study reveals a previously unknown role of methicillin resistance clusters in staphylococcal pathogenesis and shows that important virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants may be combined in staphylococcal MGEs.     

金黄色葡萄球菌病防治研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)被认为是最常见的食源性致病菌之一,引起人畜的感染性疾病,导致皮肤、软组织和血液感染,引发脓毒症和中毒性休克综合征。随着抗生素的滥用,金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性逐渐增强,导致耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)的出现,并且在全球范围内散播,严重危害公共卫生安全。目前亟需有效控制SA感染的新疗法,因此本文对金黄色葡萄球菌防治技术的研究进展进行综述,并对其防治前景进行了分析,以期对金黄色葡萄球菌尤其是MRSA的控制提供理论指导。     

Safety-related properties of staphylococci isolated from food and food environments

Aims: To test some safety‐related properties within 321 staphylococci strains isolated from food and food environments. Methods and Results: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus xylosus. Decarboxylase activity was quite common for the various Staphylococcus spp., and tyrosine was the most frequently decarboxylated amino acid. The frequency of antibiotic resistance was highest in Staph. pasteuri and Staph. xylosus. Several of the isolates were tolerant to QAC compounds, and in some cases, QAC tolerance was present in antibiotic‐resistant strains. Most of the strains displayed moderate to high adhesion rates to stainless steel and Teflon^®. The strains that readily formed biofilms belonged to the species Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Staph. pasteuri. Conclusions: An high incidence of some safety hazards was found within the staphylococcal strains of food origin tested in this study. In particular, amino acid decarboxylase activity and biofilm‐forming ability were common within strains, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance to QAC‐based compounds occurred frequently as well. These characteristics are an important safety concern for food industry. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work gives a first picture of safety hazards within staphylococcal species isolated from food environments. The presence of disinfectant‐resistant staphylococci is a concern because resistance can be genetically transferred between the various Staphylococcus species. This could lead an increase and spread of resistant enterotoxic staphylococci and/or pathogenic staphylococci.     

Staphylococcal alpha‐phenol soluble modulins contribute to neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis

Staphylococcus aureus community‐acquired (CA) MRSA strains are highly virulent and can cause infections in otherwise healthy individuals. The most important mechanism of the host for clearing S. aureus is phagocytosis by neutrophils and subsequent killing of the pathogen. Especially CA‐MRSA strains are very efficient in circumventing this neutrophil killing. Interestingly, only a relative small number of virulence factors have been associated with CA‐MRSA, one of which are the phenol soluble modulins (PSMs). We have recently shown that the PSMs are functionally inhibited by serum lipoproteins, indicating that PSMs may exert their cytolytic function primarily in the intracellular environment. To further investigate the intracellular role of the PSMs we measured the effect of the α‐type and β‐type PSMs on neutrophil killing after phagocytosis. Using fluorescently labelled S. aureus, we measured bacterial survival after phagocytosis in a plate reader, which was employed next to flow cytometry and time‐lapse microscopy. Phagocytosis of the CA‐MRSA strain MW2 by human neutrophils resulted in rapid host cell death. Using mutant strains of MW2, we demonstrated that in the presence of serum, the intracellular expression of only the psmα operon is both necessary and sufficient for both increasedneutrophil cell death and increased survival of S. aureus. Our results identify PSMα peptides as prominent contributors to killing of neutrophils after phagocytosis, a finding with major implications for our understanding of S. aureus pathogenesis and strategies for S. aureus vaccine development.     

Production of an Attenuated Phenol-Soluble Modulin Variant Unique to the MRSA Clonal Complex 30 Increases Severity of Bloodstream Infection

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of morbidity and death. Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are recently-discovered toxins with a key impact on the development of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Allelic variants of PSMs and their potential impact on pathogen success during infection have not yet been described. Here we show that the clonal complex (CC) 30 lineage, a major cause of hospital-associated sepsis and hematogenous complications, expresses an allelic variant of the PSMα3 peptide. We found that this variant, PSMα3N22Y, is characteristic of CC30 strains and has significantly reduced cytolytic and pro-inflammatory potential. Notably, CC30 strains showed reduced cytolytic and chemotactic potential toward human neutrophils, and increased hematogenous seeding in a bacteremia model, compared to strains in which the genome was altered to express non-CC30 PSMα3. Our findings describe a molecular mechanism contributing to attenuated pro-inflammatory potential in a main MRSA lineage. They suggest that reduced pathogen recognition via PSMs allows the bacteria to evade elimination by innate host defenses during bloodstream infections. Furthermore, they underscore the role of point mutations in key S. aureus toxin genes in that adaptation and the pivotal importance PSMs have in defining key S. aureus immune evasion and virulence mechanisms.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arcanobacterium pyogenes</Emphasis>: molecular pathogenesis of an animal opportunist

Arcanobacterium pyogenes is a commensal and an opportunistic pathogen of economically important livestock, causing diseases as diverse as mastitis, liver abscessation and pneumonia. This organism possesses a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenic potential. A. pyogenes expresses a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pyolysin, which is a haemolysin and is cytolytic for immune cells, including macrophages. Expression of pyolysin is required for virulence and this molecule is the most promising vaccine candidate identified to date. A. pyogenes also possesses a number of adherence mechanisms, including two neuraminidases, the action of which are required for full adhesion to epithelial cells, and several extracellular matrix-binding proteins, including a collagen-binding protein, which may be required for adhesion to collagen-rich tissue. A. pyogenes also expresses fimbriae, which are similar to the type 2 fimbriae of Actinomyces naeslundii, and forms biofilms. However, the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of A. pyogenes infections remains to be elucidated. A. pyogenes also invades and survives within epithelial cells and can survive within J774A.1 macrophages for up to 72 h, suggesting an important role for A. pyogenes interaction with host cells during pathogenesis. The two component regulatory system, PloSR, up-regulates pyolysin expression and biofilm formation but down-regulates expression of proteases, suggesting that it may act as a global regulator of A. pyogenes virulence. A. pyogenes is a versatile pathogen, with an arsenal of virulence determinants. However, most aspects of the pathogenesis of infection caused by this important opportunistic pathogen remain poorly characterized.     

Bone grafts as vancomycin carriers in local therapy of resistant infections

The level of an antibiotic capable of inhibiting the etiological agent at the site of infection is an essential prerequisite for successful antibiotic therapy. In some cases, locally applied antibiotics may compensate for limitations of systemic administration and shorten systemic therapy. We aimed at verifying to what extent vancomycin (Van) bound to ground bone grafts is usable in the treatment of serious infections. The levels of released Van significantly exceeded the Van minimum inhibitory concentration, which can suppress Van-sensitive staphylococci and Van intermediate Staphylococcus aureus, for the whole period of a 16-day measurement. Our results indicate that bone grafts can be used as Van carriers in therapy of osteomyelitis caused by Van-sensitive Staphylococcus strains.     

植入物动物感染模型在葡萄球菌生物膜研究中的应用与进展

葡萄球菌生物膜引起的持续性感染及耐药性问题一直是临床治疗的难题,围绕生物膜形成分子机制的研究成为防治葡萄球菌生物膜相关感染的关键。建立葡萄球菌感染动物模型有利于研究体内生物膜形成、扩散、致病机制及药物的体内抗生物膜效果评估等。然而,动物体内生物膜形成的影响因素多,如动物种类、植入材料、接种部位、感染剂量、观察时间及评估方法等均会影响体内生物膜形成。结合本课题研究,系统地总结了近40年来葡萄球菌生物膜感染动物模型,重点综述动物模型的建立方法、适用范围及优缺点,为葡萄球菌生物膜感染的防治提供理论依据。