大气混合污染物对Wistar大鼠呼吸道微生态的影响研究

探讨大气混合污染物对呼吸道影响的机理,为预防大气污染对人体健康的损害提供理论依据。采用模拟现实大气污染方法,用Wistar大鼠制备大气污染物动物模型,对大鼠口咽部菌群进行定位、定性、定量研究。大气污染Wistar大鼠动物模型口咽部微生态发生改变(P<0.05)。受污染后与污染前相比致病菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、厌氧菌、死亡梭菌等检出率明显增高(P<0.05)。染尘染毒前后自身比较,厌氧细菌菌群密度有明显增加(P<0.05),随着染尘染毒时间的延长,细菌的密度呈上下波动,表现出代偿状态。且需氧菌密度的变化较为明显(P<0.05)。大气污染可导致大鼠口咽部细菌密集度增高、致病菌增加以及细菌量的变化,呼吸道微生态改变可作为大气污染对机体危害的敏感指标。     

Understanding the pollution sensitivity of lichens

RICHARDSON, D. H. S. 1988. Understanding the pollution sensitivity of lichens. Lichens have been widely used to monitor air quality in urban and industrial situations. This review summarizes the effects of the various components of air pollution including metals, sulphur dioxide and acid rain. The mechanisms leading to the accumulation of elements by lichens or induction of damage by air pollutants are discussed.     

基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法与原则

对目前国内外较为常用的基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法及其设计原则进行了系统的评述 ,以促进其推广应用并提高其污染控制效果。还通过分析这些方法在我国的应用前景 ,强调了探索适合我国国情的景观格局优化方法对于控制非点源污染的重要意义。     

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的我国大气污染防治重点区域环境空气质量与经济增长关系研究

改革开放以来,中国经济迅猛发展,但大气污染等环境问题日益突出。进入21世纪,我国通过颁布实施多项大气污染防治政策,将京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区等大气污染较严重的区域划定为重点区域,针对性制定治污措施和实施减排工程,努力推动区域环境空气质量改善。基于2000-2019年我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）（以下简称31个省份）GDP,以及SO₂、PM₁₀、NO₂三项大气污染物浓度数据,利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC,Environmental Kuznets Curve）模型,对31个省份和京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区的经济增长情况、大气污染物浓度演变以及二者之间的关系进行了系统全面的分析评估。研究结果显示：（1）近年来实施的各项大气污染防治政策,特别是2013年以来颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》,推动环境空气质量改善的同时,促进了经济发展与环境保护长期关系协调性逐步增强,除NO₂浓度呈U型外,31个省份SO₂浓度、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP的EKC曲线呈倒U型和倒N型,并处于快速下降阶段。（2）京津冀及周边地区SO₂浓度与人均GDP呈倒U型,且处于快速下降阶段;PM₁₀和NO₂浓度均呈现U型关系,且均处于上升期。（3）长三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀浓度与人均GDP呈现倒U型和U型,但均处于下降阶段;NO₂浓度与人均GDP无相关关系。（4）珠三角地区SO₂、PM₁₀和NO₂浓度与人均GDP均呈现倒U型关系,且均处于下降阶段。为此,建议"十四五"期间我国政府要继续实施新一轮的大气污染防治行动计划,聚焦机动车NO_x污染管控,大力推动NO₂浓度稳步下降,以实现我国环境空气质量持续改善,为统筹经济高质量发展和生态环境高水平保护奠定坚实基础。     

Air pollution and the lung: epidemiological approach

Epidemiological evidence has concurred with clinical and experimental evidence to correlate current levels of ambient air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, with respiratory effects. In this respect, the use of specific epidemiological methods has been crucial. Common outdoor pollutants are particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and ozone. Short-term effects of outdoor air pollution include changes in lung function, respiratory symptoms and mortality due to respiratory causes. Increase in the use of health care resources has also been associated with short-term effects of air pollution. Long-term effects of cumulated exposure to urban air pollution include lung growth impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and probably the development of asthma and allergies. Lung cancer and COPD have been related to a shorter life expectancy. Common indoor pollutants are environmental tobacco smoke, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and biological allergens. Concentrations of these pollutants can be many times higher indoors than outdoors. Indoor air pollution may increase the risk of irritation phenomena, allergic sensitisation, acute and chronic respiratory disorders and lung function impairment. Recent conservative estimates have shown that 1.5-2 million deaths per year worldwide could be attributed to indoor air pollution. Further epidemiological research is necessary to better evaluate the respiratory health effects of air pollution and to implement protective programmes for public health.     

Phytomonitoring of air pollution in the Baikal region

Phytomonitoring of air pollution has been performed using the Scots pine as a highly sensitive bioindicator. Needles have been sampled from key plots along the macrotransect Sayansk-Irkutsk-Listvyanka (with a total length of 320 km) covering the main industrial centers of the Baikal region and stretching up to the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The content of inorganic pollutants (sulfur, fluorides, heavy metals, etc.) has been determined. The highest level of air pollution has been registered in the following industrial centers: Angarsk, Irkutsk, Usol’e-Sibirskoe, and Shelekhov. The degree of pollution is lower in industrial centers such as Sayansk and Cheremkhovo. The data provide evidence that most pollutants reach the shoreline of Lake Baikal.     

Evolutionary responses of plants to anthropogenic pollutants

There is currently great concern over the possible adverse effects of atmospheric de position and other regionally distributed pollutants on plants and plant communitics. In Europe and North America there are major research efforts to determine whether such pollutants damage plants or affect ecosystem processes. A topic of growing concern is the possibility of genetic or evolutionary effects of pollutants. Past research has demonstrated that individuals, populations and varieties of a particular species can differ in their response to pollutants. Although such differences have been documented, the importance of evolutionary responses to regional, low level but chronic pollution remains to be established. The significance of regional chronic pollution is that effects on plants may no longer be limited to heavily industrialized or populated areas, but rather may also occur in virtually all natural ecosystems.     

国家重点生态功能区县域环境空气质量时空变化分析

评估国家重点生态功能区县域空气质量改善状况,对落实国家生态文明建设与重点生态功能区转移支付制度具有现实意义。以国家重点生态功能区转移支付县域空气质量为评价对象,基于2015年至2019年的空气质量监测站点日均值数据,对环境空气质量状况和变化进行了评价分析。研究结果表明：国家重点生态功能区转移支付县域空气质量总体表现较好且仍在稳步提升,转移支付政策对2015—2019年国家重点功能区空气质量的改善有着明显的推动作用。优良天数比例超过90%的县域占比由2015年的33.77%提高到2019年的69.52%,水源涵养区的优良天数占比由2015年的72.71%提高到2019年的92.09%,空气质量改善效果最为显著。2015—2019年间,细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染占比明显下降,臭氧(O₃)污染占比大幅上升,主要超标污染物由颗粒物逐渐转为颗粒物和臭氧。当前防风固沙区的主要超标污染物为可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)和细颗粒物,其他三类生态功能区为细颗粒物和臭氧。重点生态功能区的空气质量存在着显著的空间差异,空气污染表现出显著的空间聚集特...     

景观生态学在大气污染研究中的应用

快速城市化和工业化进程造成了一系列大气污染问题,亟需在宏观尺度上解析大气污染时空分布规律。景观生态学关注格局与过程耦合,景观"源汇"理论可对应解析大气污染物的源与汇效应,将景观生态学的理论与方法引入大气污染研究中已成为解决当前区域发展与大气污染权衡的有效途径。从景观生态学视角辨识了景观与大气污染物的源汇关系,系统梳理了景观格局与大气污染的定量关系,指出当前景观格局指标仍需进一步完善以表征大气污染时空分布特征,而高质量大气污染物时空数据的缺乏是限制景观格局与大气污染过程耦合分析的重要因素,拓展应用景观"源汇"理论,定量解析景观格局对大气污染的源汇效应,同时进一步研发遥感反演技术,实现大气污染物分布格局的精细刻画,将为区域景观规划提供重要支撑。强化大气污染研究中的景观生态学分析途径,将有助于深化景观生态学格局与过程耦合研究体系,也将为景观可持续管理提供有力的科学支撑。