T-DNA转移研究进展

植物遗传转化技术近年在农作物性状改良、植物生物反应器利用以及基因功能鉴定等方面得到了广泛的应用.T-DNA转移是植物细胞农杆菌介导遗传转化整合和表达外源基因的基础.农杆菌Ti质粒vir基因编码蛋白、农杆菌一些染色体基因编码蛋白及植物细胞一些基因编码蛋白或因子均参与T-DNA转移.转移过程包括农杆菌对植物细胞的识别、附着,细菌对植物信号物质的感受,细菌vir基因的诱导表达,T复合体的形成,跨膜运输,进核运输和整合等一序列过程.植物细胞因子与农杆菌T-DNA转移相关蛋白的相互作用最近被认为在T-DNA转移过程中起重要作用.     

农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化研究进展

根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)Ti质粒转化系统的建立使植物遗传工程进入了一个飞速发展的时期。近年来,发根农杆菌(A.rhizogenes)Ri质粒毛根转化系统的研究十分迅速,展示了美好的前景,农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化已成为目前研究和应用最广泛的系统。但是,农杆菌的宿主范围一般仅限于双子叶植物和一些裸子植物,这就直接防碍着这种比较完善的基因转移技术在单子叶植物,尤其是禾谷类作物转化的应用。本文介绍了农杆菌介导的单子叶植物遗传转化的进展;对扩大农杆菌宿主范围、实现对单子叶植物转化的途径进行了探讨。 (一)农杆菌介导的单子叶植物转化的方法 目前建立的单子叶植物基因转移系统有:(1)农杆菌载体系统;(2)外源DNA     

参与在农杆菌介导遗传转化过程中的植物因子研究进展

随着农杆菌介导遗传转化过程中农杆菌一方转化机理的阐明,人们现在已经将目光转向了参与在农杆菌介导遗传转化过程中的植物因子。应用拟南芥突变体分析,酵母双杂交和cDNA的扩增片段长度多态性等技术人们已经部分阐明了参与在农杆菌向植物细胞的附着,TDNA的加工和转运,T链复合体向细胞核的转运,TDNA的整合等过程中的植物因子,并对植物基因对于农杆菌侵染的响应有了初步的了解。这些结果的获得不仅有助于人们加深对农杆菌介导遗传转化机理的认识而且有助于进一步扩大农杆菌介导遗传转化这一技术的应用范围 。     

农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化

【目的】将农杆菌介导的转化应用于重要的工厂化栽培食用菌斑玉蕈中,建立稳定的农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化技术。【方法】将构建的双元载体pYN6982转入农杆菌LBA4404菌株中,以斑玉蕈SIEF3133菌株打碎的双核菌丝为受体材料,利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化方法进行斑玉蕈转化试验。【结果】经潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR鉴定以及有丝分裂稳定性试验验证,表明潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hph)已经整合到斑玉蕈的基因组中;转基因斑玉蕈菌丝在荧光显微镜下可以观测到绿色荧光,表明增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(egfp)已经在转基因斑玉蕈菌株中获得了表达;通过PCR检测,随机挑选的8个转基因斑玉蕈菌株中有2个可以扩增出载体转移DNA(T-DNA)边界重复序列外的卡那霉素基因(kan)序列。【结论】获得了稳定遗传和表达的斑玉蕈转基因菌株,建立了农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化方法。农杆菌介导的斑玉蕈遗传转化中,存在载体T-DNA边界重复序列之外的DNA序列转移到转基因斑玉蕈中的现象,有待进一步研究。     

影响T-DNA转移的寄主植物细胞因子

在农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化过程中,寄主细胞因子参与农杆菌细胞与寄主细胞的识别与附着、毒性基因的表达以及T-DNA的跨膜运输和整合等过程.文章就这几方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

农杆菌介导的植物基因转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的植物基因转佛当今植物基因转化的主要方法之一,因而深受关注,本文从农力介导的基因转化机理,植物对农杆菌侵染的反应,转基因植物的遗传表达,以及农杆菌对单子叶植物的转化等方面论述了该领域的最新研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。     

农杆菌介导的芸苔属植物遗传转化技术的研究进展

本文从芸苔属植物遗传转化技术的几大要素：植物基因型,农杆菌株系,外植体生理状态及培养条件;筛选标记及抗生生素类型,ＡｇＮＯ３的作用;褐化及玻璃苗的防治等方面对农杆菌介导的转化技术的研究进展进行了综述。     

高等植物在发根农杆菌介导下的遗传转化

本文介绍了发根农杆菌的生物学特性、遗传转化的操作技术、RiT-DNA转化体的形态特征以及发根农杆菌转化的利用。与根癌农杆菌不同,农杆碱型发根农杆菌的RiT-DNA含有生长素合成基因、农杆碱、甘露碱合成基因,不含有细胞分裂素合成基因,它的转化体首先是转化根。发根农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化,在次生代谢产物生产,植物抗逆性育种以及细菌与植物进化关系的研究等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

农杆菌介导法与基因枪轰击法结合在植物遗传转化上的应用

根癌农杆菌介导法(Agrohacterium mediated transformation)和基因枪轰击法( particle bombardment transformation)是植物遗传转化的主要方法。两种方法各有优缺点．农杆菌介导法是一种天然的植物遗传转化系统,外源基因在转基因植物中的拷贝数低,遗传稳定性好;基因枪转化法不受材料基因型的限制。通过结合两种方法的优点,发展了3种农杆菌介导和基因枪轰击法相结合的遗传转化方法,分别为农杆枪法、基因枪轰击／农杆菌感染法、金粉或钨粉包裹菌体细胞作为微弹轰击法。对3种结合转化方法的技术途径、原理、转化受体及研究进展等方面进行了综述。     

农杆菌介导的植物遗传转化研究进展

农杆菌介导的转基因方法是目前植物遗传转化的重要方法之一。本文从农杆菌转化原理、菌株比较及载体发展入手,系统讨论了植物转化受体对转化效率的影响,同时分别综述了农杆菌介导转化技术在双子叶和单子叶植物转化应用中的最新进展。     

Genetic risk extrapolation from animal data to human disease : A taskgroup report

This report describes a model for producing quantitative genetic risk assessments for human populations. The model is patterned after current methods used in cancer risk analysis. The risk to humans is expressed as the number of additional dominant genetic disease added to the existing genetic burden, in the offspring of the exposed individuals.     

Expression of genetic and environmental variation during ageing

Summary To test for different gene activity during ageing, an experiment was set up to determine whether or not genetic variation and genetic correlations between fitness traits at different ages change in a systematic way through time. Additive genetic and environmental variance components as well as genetic correlations between different age periods were calculated for the fitness trait number of adult offspring in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetic correlations between age periods were all positive and, hence, did not support the theory postulating that genes with beneficial effects on early fitness have pleiotropic unfavourable effects on late fitness. The environmental variation as well as the additive genetic variance showed a clear increase with age. The increase of environmental variation is probably a result of the individuals' increasing difficulties in coping with environmental stress due to physiological deterioration with age. Increased additive genetic variation may be explained by more and more genes being turned on with age. Alternatively, it could be caused by accumulation of deleterious mutations with different effects and may reflect the individuals' capacity of DNA repair.     

水稻耐储藏特性研究进展

水稻的耐储藏特性存在品种间差异,从基因型着手培育耐储藏水稻新品种具有重要的意义。从评价体系、遗传因素和基因定位几个方面对近年来水稻稻耐储性的相关研究进行了较系统的综述。     

自杀行为的生物遗传因素研究

自杀是我国15-34岁人群首位重要的死亡原因。自杀行为的发生与生物学、心理学、社会学等多种因素有关。研究表明自杀行为确有一定的遗传学基础,近年来自杀行为的生物遗传因素研究发现5-HT系统相关基因、儿茶酚胺氧位甲基转移酶基因、精胺/精脒乙酰转移酶基因等候选基因单核甘酸多态性与自杀行为有明显关联。有学者认为,自杀行为的遗传学基础可能是附加于精神疾病的遗传或家庭环境诱导所致。本文就近年来国内外有关自杀的主要相关基因研究发现作一综述。     

缺齿蓑藓(Macromitrium gymnostomum)的形态和遗传变异及其地理因素分析

缺齿蓑藓(Macromitrium gymnostomum Sull.Lesq.)广布于我国东南部,形态变异较大,与近缘种关系模糊。为了正确鉴定缺齿蓑藓形态变异范围,以及形态、遗传和地理因素三者的关系,对缺齿蓑藓11个地理居群106个样本配子体的13个形态性状进行了测定。结果显示,根据形态数据可将106份样本聚类成8个形态组。用13对ISSR引物获得了150个位点,其中148个为多态位点,多态位点百分率为98.67%; Nei's基因多样性在居群内占62.22%,在居群间占37.78%;居群间基因流(Nm)为0.8235,遗传分化指数(Gst)为0.3778。11个地理居群的遗传距离在0.0873～0.2363之间,平均为0.1508。基于148个多态位点可将106份样本聚成8个遗传组。缺齿蓑藓的形态变异有一定的遗传背景(r=0.159,n=106,P 0.2),地理因素对形态(r=0.309,n=106,P 0.01)和遗传(r=0.251,n=106,P 0.01)分化产生了极显著影响。     

杂交中稻数量性状遗传因素的分析

本文主要研究了1985年到1990年间,全国杂交中稻区域试验的104个品种,并分析了13个数量性状遗传因素对杂交中稻产量的影响,得出影响杂交中稻产量的主要因素是：有效穗、总苗数、总粒数、结实率和全生育期等．还考察了在这些因素相互作用下,对杂交中稻产量的更深层次的影响.     

Adenomas – Genetic factors in colorectal cancer prevention

Colorectal cancer is the second most common type of cancer both in Europe and Poland. During the last 30 years more than a 3-fold increase has been observed in Poland due to environmental and genetic factors. Almost all colorectal malignancies are related to the formation and malignant transformation of colorectal dysplasia and adenoma. Efforts aiming to decrease the number of colorectal cancer deaths are focused on the disease early detection. Genetic diagnosis for hereditary syndromes predisposing to colorectal cancer has been developed and is a part of the routine treatment. Most cancers are sporadic. They often develop from polyps in the colon. In addition to the genetic events described in the 1990s, showing the adenoma transformation into carcinoma that has been a prime example of malignant transformation for a long time, there are also other possibilities of neoplastic transformation. The recognition of colorectal cancer risk factors make sense as their nature is lifestyle- and diet-related. In this review paper those risk factors are presented and the prevention of colorectal cancer is discussed taking into account genetic factors.     

ERF转录因子及其在烟草抗逆性改良中的应用

转录因子调控的基因表达是植物逆境应答反应的关键环节。乙烯反应因子(ERF:ethylene responsive factor)在植物抗逆反应中发挥重要的调控作用,并成为近年来植物分子生物学领域的研究前沿。本文综述目前ERF及其对烟草抗逆遗传改良的相关研究进展。     

A review on the potential effects of environmental and economic factors on sheep genetic diversity: Consequences of climate change

Climate change has a significant effect on the productivity of livestock including milk, meat, and reproduction. This could be attributed to the internal diversion of energy resources towards adaptive mechanisms. Among the climate change variables, thermal stress seems to be the major limiting factor in animal agriculture. A better understanding of the effects of climate change-influenced ecological factors on the genetic diversity of livestock species is warranted. Sheep is an ideal livestock species to be used in investigating environmental adaptation due to its wide range of agroecological habitats, genetic and phenotypic variability. There is a heavy reliance on sheep genetic diversity for future animal protein security, but the implications of climate change on their genetic diversity receive less attention.Here, the potential environmental factors influencing natural selection in sheep populations are presented. We argue that prolonged exposure to these factors plays a major role in influencing the development of adaptation traits in indigenous sheep breeds, consequently leading to the alteration of genetic diversity at specific loci. The factors discussed include hot temperatures (heat stress), insufficient water, low quantity and quality of forage, and prevalence of parasites, pests, and diseases. In addition, genetic diversity, some signatures of selection for adaptation and economic angles of selection are also briefly discussed.A better understanding of environmental factors influencing the genetic diversity of sheep populations will inform breeding and management programs and may offer an opportunity for greater production efficiency with low input costs.     

宿主遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响

随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们逐渐认识到肠道菌群与人类的健康和疾病密切相关,并发现肠道菌群受很多因素的影响。除了研究传统饮食和药物对肠道菌群的改变外,近年来,科学家也开始注重遗传因素在塑造肠道菌群中的作用。遗传因素可决定宿主的饮食偏好、肠道的生理结构、肠道屏障功能和免疫功能等,而这些都直接与肠道菌群相互作用,参与肠道微生态平衡的构建和稳定。因此,在研究肠道菌群与疾病发生相关性的过程中也需要考虑遗传因素的重要性。随着基因敲除、无菌小鼠和菌群移植等实验技术的革新,以及主成分分析、数量性状基因座和全基因组关联性分析等大数据分析手段的提高,科学家能够深入研究宿主遗传基因与肠道菌群之间的关联性,从而证明宿主遗传基因在塑造肠道微生态的过程中具有重要作用。本文将首先简述肠道菌群与疾病发生之间可能存在的联系,然后从多方面综述遗传因素对肠道菌群的影响及主要的研究进展,从而为今后该领域的深入研究提供重要的指导,也为今后预防和治疗疾病提供新思路和新方法。