动物的的变态

变态是动物学中一个较重要的专用名词,有关内容在中学课本也多处涉及到。现择要介绍一点动物变态的知识,供动物学教学参考。何谓动物的变态动物由于外在和内在的原因,个体形态发生变化,这叫变态。但动物学所讲的变态,是狭义地从发生学角度理解,即胚胎不直接转变为成体,而是在后期发育过程中,先形成形态、生理、生态方面特殊的幼体,行独立生活和生长,以后在某阶段发生急剧变化,转变为成体。青     

活的不可培养的细菌的研究进展

活的不可培养微生物(VBNC)即一些微生物明显地丧失了可培养的特性,但是保留了自身原有的代谢活力,并且在一定条件下,又可以回复到可培养的状态。从VBNC细菌的诱导条件、生物学特性和检测方法3个方面对VBNC细菌研究进展做一综述。     

真核细胞的基因的组织

一、真核细胞基因的基本结构 1.转录单位: 从已知的数十种基因的顺序,可得出一个具有功能的基因的共同规律,在基因5’端-25至-75区,有CCAAT和TATAAA区(后者又称ATA box或Hogness box),相当于促进子区(Promotor),为体外转录所必需。     

高频率的波动对于种子的萌发和植物的发育的影响

本文主要是以理论和试验来说明音波对植物的生长发育和种子萌发所起的影响。在农业实践上音波所起的作用,据现在所知:有缩短植物成熟期,加速萌芽和增强植物的生长发育等。这一些非但具有理论和实践上的意义,同时在今後把物理科学应用到农业科学中开辟了极广阔的前程。     

由吸附的缩氨酸诱导的细胞膜的形变

研究了由一系列相互平行的吸附在细胞膜上的缩氨酸引起的膜的弹性形变,以及膜对缩氨酸的包裹行为,得到膜的平衡方程,用它可以来处理大尺度的形变,弯曲能量、吸附能量和弹性形变的相互竞争导致膜对缩氨酸发生从不吸附到部分吸附乃至完全包裹的结构转变．在膜的形变很小的时候,可以得到系统能量的解析解。     

远古的人们是怎样认识自己的起源的

人是从那里来的? 回答这个问题,你也许会说这有什么困难——人是从古猿变来的;甚至你还会进一步说,在这个从猿到人的转变过程中,劳动起着决定性的作用。然而这个现在看来比较明了的道理,恰是经历了多么漫长的认识过程才达到的呵!现在让我们首先来谈谈,远古的人们是怎样认识自己的起源的。最初的原始人可能还想不到自己的起源在人类诞生的最早时期,“最初的、从动物界分离出来的人,在一切本质方面是和动物本身一样不自由的”(恩格斯:《反杜林论》),这些最初的原始人为艰苦     

敲除pckA基因的结核杆菌引起的免疫反应的研究

研究结核杆菌pckA基因编码的磷酸烯醇型丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)诱导机体产生的保护性免疫反应。用敲除pckA基因的牛结核杆菌BCG和野生型BCG分别感染小鼠,取肝、肺、脾进行病理分析,并进行脾细胞培养,检测CD4 、CD4 /CD8 、细胞因子IFNI-γI、L-12和TNF等。用敲除pckA基因的BCG感染的小鼠比野生型BCG感染的小鼠体内产生的结核结节少且不典型,炎性程度低。野生型BCG感染的小鼠脾脏内的CD4 T细胞和CD4 /CD8 、细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12、TNF均明显高于敲除pckA基因BCG感染的小鼠。pckA基因为结核杆菌生长所必需,其编码产物PEPCK能够刺激机体产生免疫反应,是一种很好的疫苗候选分子。     

分离的蚕豆细胞核的RNA聚合酶活力的研究

利用Triton X-100对叶绿体膜的作用,可快速地从蚕豆幼叶制备较纯净的细胞核,它具有较高的RNA聚合酶活力。比较了两种分离核的方法,证明利用匀浆法制备的核具有较高的活力。核活力与发育时期有关系,茎端和第1对幼叶的核活力显著高于第2和第3对叶片的核活力。此外,核活力明显地受反应液内锰离子的抑制。     

霸王的原生质体培养的研究

目的：为利用原生质体融合技术转移霸王抗旱基因。方法：采用酶解法分离霸王原生质体,比较了霸王子叶和愈伤组织游离原生质体的产量和活力,不同渗透压和起始密度对原生质体分裂频率的影响。结果：愈伤组织游离的原生质体产量和活力均高于子叶,原生质体产率可达2.4×106个/g.FW,活力达89%。采用液体浅层培养,在附加2,4-D（2mg/L）、6-BA（1.0mg/L）、2%蔗糖和甘露醇（0.4mol/L）的DPD培养基中,原生质体分裂频率最高,达68.6%。转移到附加2-iP（3mg/L）、KT（1.0mg/L）、6-BA（1.0mg/L）的分化培养基上,获得2个再生苗。结论：采用酶解法游离霸王愈伤组织,可获得高活力和高分裂频率的霸王原生质体。     

Carbohydrate Changes during Maturation of Cucumber Fruit : Implications for Sugar Metabolism and Transport

Changes in the carbohydrate profiles in the mesocarp, endocarp, and seeds of maturing cucumber (Cucumis sativus, L.) fruit were analyzed. Fruit maturity was measured by a decrease in endocarp pH, which was found to correlate with a loss in peel chlorophyll and an increase in citric acid content. Concentrations of glucose and fructose (8.6-10.3 milligrams per gram fresh weight, respectively) were found to be higher than the concentration of sucrose (0.3 milligrams per gram fresh weight) in both mesocarp and endocarp tissue. Neither raffinose nor stachyose were found in these tissues. The levels of glucose and fructose in seeds decreased during development, but sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose accumulated during the late stages of maturation. Both raffinose and stachyose were found in the seeds of six lines of Cucumis sativus L. This accumulation of raffinose saccharides coincided with an increase in galactinol synthase activity in the seeds. Funiculi from maturing fruit were found to be high in sucrose concentration (4.8 milligrams per gram fresh weight) but devoid of both raffinose and stachyose. The results indicated that sucrose is the transport sugar from the peduncle to seed, and that raffinose saccharide accumulation in the seed is the result of in situ biosynthesis and not from direct vascular transport of these oligosaccharides into the seeds.     

Specific growth rate of bifidobacteria cultured on different sugars

The ability of six bifidobacterial strains (3 of human origin and 3 isolates from fermented milk products) to utilize glucose, lactose, melezitose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose was determined. Dairy-related bifidobacterial strains were identified asBifidobacterium animalis (2 strains) or asB. pseudolongum (1 strain). Human strains includedB. longum (2 strains) andB. breve (1 strain). All strains fermented lactose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Melezitose was utilized only byB. longum. B. pseudolongum did not ferment either glucose or melezitose. All isolates had a higher specific growth rate on raffinose and stachyose than on glucose. Dairy strains grew slowly on glucose compared to human strains.     

Imbibition and survival response of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae, to selected sugars in agar media

Fifth-stadium nymphs of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were offered several concentrations of a number of carbohydrates contained in an agar-based medium. Imbibition (gustatory) response was based on how rapidly the nymphs became red from the rhodamine B dye incorporated into the media. Survival was expressed as the cumulative hours that nymphs remained alive on the sugar-containing media.Sucrose elicited a phagostimulatory response over the range of 0.0075 to 0.4 M. Glucose was phagostimulatory at 0.12 M, and lactose at 0.2 M. Concentrations of fructose, trehalose and raffinose equal to or greater than 0.4 M were phago-inhibitory while sucrose was inhibitory at 1 M.Raffinose, trehalose, maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose and galactose all enhanced leafhopper survival, whereas lactose, rhamnose, and xylose were deleterious at concentrations of 0.12 M or greater. Four basic types of survival response are described.

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Résumé Diverses concentrations de plusieurs hydrates de carbone contenus dans un substrat alimentaire à 2% d'agar, tamponné avec O, IM d'histidine (pH 6.1) ont été offertes à des larves au 5ème stade d'Empoasca fabae. La rapidité de la réaction d'absorption (gustative) est mesurée d'après la vitesse avec laquelle les larves sont colorées en rouge par la rhodamine B à 0,005% incorporée dans l'aliment. La survie est exprimée par le nombre d'heures pendant lequel les larves restent vivantes sur le substrat alimentaire contenant le sucre.Entre 0,0075 et 0,4 M, le sucrose provoque une phagostimulation; le glucose est phagostimulant à 0,12 M, et le lactose à 0,2 M. Les concentrations de fructose, de tréhalose, et de raffinose, égales ou supérieures à 0,4 M, sont phagoinhibitrices, tandis que le sucrose est inhibiteur à 1M.Le raffinose, le tréhalose, le maltose, le sucrose, le glucose, le fructose et le galactose prolongent tous la survie, tandis que le lactose, le rhamnose et le xylose sont nuisibles à partir de 0,12 M.Quatre types fondamentaux de survie ont été observés.Type I: La survie augmente rapidement avec la concentration en sucre, atteignant un maximum ou devenant proche du maximum à 0,03 M et restant élevée aux concentrations supérieures jusqu'à 0,2 M. Le glucose, le fructose, le sucrose et le maltose provoquent une réponse de ce type.Type II: La survie augmente rapidement jusqu'à 0,03 M, et diminue ensuite rapidement. Les réponses au tréhalose et au raffinose sont de ce type.Type III: La survie augmente graduellement et reste élevée aux hautes concentrations. Le galactose produit une réponse de ce type.Type IV: La survie est inférieure ou égale à celle du témoin avec agar à toutes les concentrations examinées. Le rhamnose, le xylose et le lactose produisent ce type de réponse.

     

Free amino acids and sugars of the adult sugar cane froghopper (Aeneolamia varia saccharina) (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in relation to those of its host

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose and glucuronic acid were present in both adult froghopper excrement and in sugar cane leaf sap. Melibiose was also present in the excrement but did not occur in the plant sap. Sugars were not recovered in the salivary glands of the insect, but in the haemolymph, glucose, fructose, sucrose and trehalose were determined.Most of the amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine/cysteic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine) in the leaf sap were present in the froghopper haemolymph and salivary glands. Nine of these acids also occurred in the excrement of the insect.

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Résumé Le glucose, le fructose, le sucrose, le raffinose et l'acide glucuronique se retrouvent à la fois dans les excréments du Cercopide adulte et dans le jus extrait des feuilles de la canne à sucre. Le melibiose est présent dans les excréments de l'insecte mais non dans la sève. Aucun sucre ne fut décelé dans les glandes salivaires de l'insecte mais dans l'hémolymphe on a identifié du glucose, du fructose, du sucrose et du tréhalose.La plupart des acides aminés de l'extrait foliaire (alanine, arginine, asparagine, acide aspartique, cystéine et acide cystéique, cystine, acide glutamique, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, sérine, tryptophane, tyrosine et valine) existent aussi dans le sang du Cercopide et dans ses glandes salivaires. 9 de ces acides aminés se retrouvent également dans les excréments de l'insecte.

     

Effets des sucres sur le comportement alimentaire de Lambdina fiscellaria

Quatorze sucres (D-arabinose, L-arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, maltose, manose, mélézitose, mélibiose, raffinose, rhammose, sucrose, tréhalose, xylose) ont été étudiés en fonction de leur consommation, à différentes concentrations, par les stades IV et V de Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guén. Les indices de consommation mesurés varient avec la concentration de la solution sucrée, à l'exception du D-arabinose qui induit une consommation comparable (t_0.05) à 0.5 M, 0.1 M et 0.02 M et ce, pour les 2 stades. Une diminution de la consommation est parallèle à une diminution de la concentration des solutions de galactose et de xylose pour le stade IV, et de sucrose et xylose pour le stade V. La prise alimentaire la plus élevée pour le stade IV est mesurée avec le sucrose aux 3 molarités, tandis que celle du stade V est notée avec le sucrose et le glucose. L'écart entre les indices de comsommation des sucres diminue avec une baisse de la concentration de la solution sucrée pour les 2 stades, créant ainsi de nombreuses interrelations entre les sucres.

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Summary Fourteen sugars (D-arabionose, L-arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, trehalose, xylose) at different concentrations were studied with regard to consumption, by the fourth and fifth larval instars of Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guén. The consumption indices vary with the concentration of sugars, except for D-arabinose which induces comparable consumptions (t_0.05) at 0.5 M, 0.1 M and 0.02 M in both larval instars. A reduction in the consumption of sugars parallels decreases of galactose and xylose concentrations for the fourth larval instar, and sucrose and xylose concentrations for the fifth larval instar. According to food intake data, the fourth larval instar prefers sucrose while the fifth larval instar shows increased glucose responses, and even prefers glucose at 0.02 M. The differences among sugar consumption indices decrease when the sugar concentration is reduced.

     

Cryoprotection by glucose, sucrose, and raffinose to chloroplast thylakoids

Differential cryoprotection is afforded to chloroplast thylakoids against freeze-induced uncoupling of cyclic photophosphorylation by equimolar concentrations of glucose, sucrose, and raffinose. This differential protective effect appears to be due to nonideal activity-concentration profiles exhibited by the sugars during freezing. When cryoprotection is analyzed as a function of the mole fraction of NaCl to which the membranes are exposed during freezing, the pattern of protection to cyclic photophosphorylation and its component reactions is not dependent upon the chemical identity of the protective solute. Cryoprotective efficiency of glucose, sucrose, and raffinose can be accounted for by proposing an activity dependent alteration in the freezing environment rather than specific solute-membrane interactions.     

Efficient free fatty acid production in engineered Escherichia coli strains using soybean oligosaccharides as feedstock

To be competitive with current petrochemicals, microbial synthesis of free fatty acids can be made to rely on a variety of renewable resources rather than on food carbon sources, which increase its attraction for governments and companies. Industrial waste soybean meal is an inexpensive feedstock, which contains soluble sugars such as stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, and fructose. Free fatty acids were produced in this report by introducing an acyl‐ACP carrier protein thioesterase and (3R)‐hydroxyacyl‐ACP dehydratase into E. coli. Plasmid pRU600 bearing genes involved in raffinose and sucrose metabolism was also transformed into engineered E. coli strains, which allowed more efficient utilization of these two kinds of specific oligosaccharide present in the soybean meal extract. Strain ML103 (pRU600, pXZ18Z) produced ～1.60 and 2.66 g/L of free fatty acids on sucrose and raffinose, respectively. A higher level of 2.92 g/L fatty acids was obtained on sugar mixture. The fatty acid production using hydrolysate obtained from acid or enzyme based hydrolysis was evaluated. Engineered strains just produced ～0.21 g/L of free fatty acids with soybean meal acid hydrolysate. However, a fatty acid production of 2.61 g/L with a high yield of 0.19 g/g total sugar was observed on an enzymatic hydrolysate. The results suggest that complex mixtures of oligosaccharides derived from soybean meal can serve as viable feedstock to produce free fatty acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis acts as a much more efficient treatment than acid hydrolysis to facilitate the transformation of industrial waste from soybean processing to high value added chemicals. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:686–694, 2015     

摘除雌花对甜瓜成熟叶片中糖及相关酶活性的影响

甜瓜有果株的成熟叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量与无果株的无显著差异,水苏糖与棉子糖含量略低于无果株,肌醇半乳糖苷(合成水苏糖的前体)含量显著低于无果株,蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和肌醇半乳糖苷合成酶活性与无果株的无显著差异,水苏糖合成酶活性显著高于无果株。     

Sexual process in eight-spored ascus-forming yeast, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus II. Dependency of the sexual process on the carbon source

The carbon-source dependency of the sexual process in Schizosaccharomycesjaponicus was studied. Schiz. japonicus grew well in vegetativemedia containing glucose, sucrose, fructose or raffinose, anddid poorly in one containing mannose. On the other hand, itssexual process proceeded well in sporulation media containingglucose, sucrose or mannose, and was markedly delayed in thosecontaining fructose or raffinose. Neither vegetative growthnor sexual process occurred when non-fermentable carbon sources,such as glycerol, were used. The amount of glucose in the sporulationmedium sufficient for completion of the sexual process varieddepending on the cell-population density. Glucose was requiredfor both zygote and ascus formation but not for spore liberation.Cells were committed to sporulation shortly after the stageof zygote formation. (Received August 3, 1978; )     

Degradation of the endosperm cell walls of Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids

The timing of mobilisation of lipid, sucrose, raffinose and phytate in lettuce seeds (achenes) (cv. Grand Rapids) has been examined. These reserves (33%, 1.5%, 0.7%, 1.4% of achene dry weight, respectively) are stored mostly in the cotyledons. Except for a slight degradation of raffinose and increase in sucrose, there is no detectable reserve mobilisation during germination. The endosperm (8% of seed dry weight), which has thick, mannan-containing cell walls (carbohydrate, 3,4% of seed dry weight), is completely degraded within about 15h following germination. Mannanase activity increases about 100-fold during the same period and arises in all regions of the endosperm. Also during this period sucrose and raffinose are degraded and fructose and glucose accumulate in the embryo. The endosperm hydrolysis products are taken up by the embryo, and are probably used as an additional reserve to support early seedling growth. However, endosperm cell-wall carbohydrates, such as mannose, are not found as free sugars. Lipid and phytate are degraded in a later, second phase of mobilisation. Low levels of sucrose are present in the embryo, mostly in the cotyledons, and large amounts of fractose and glucose (14% of seedling dry weight at 3 days after sowing) accumulate in the hypocotyl and radicle. It is suggested that sucrose, produced in the cotyledons by gluco-neogenesis, is translocated to the axis and converted there to fructose and glucose.