不同光照条件下4种满江红（Azolla）品系体内多酚氧化酶活性的变化

在生物学观察到测定基础上,引入生化测定方法探讨了不同光照条件下卡洲满江红３００１,小叶满江红４０１８,杂交萍９０－４－６和回交萍ＭＨ３－１四个红萍品系丛内多酚氧化酶活性变化趋势。结果表明,光照影响各满江 红品系的生长速率与抗霉腐病能力,随着光照强度减弱,各品系的生长速率和抗霉腐病能力都下降。在低光下,供试的满江红品系生物量与体内ＰＰＯ活性的相关性显著。     

双孢蘑菇不同品种感染有害疣孢霉后防御酶活性变化

通过测定同一时期不同品种双孢蘑菇子实体接种和未接种情况下,子实体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)等4种防御酶活性变化,为研究双孢蘑菇品种对有害疣孢霉Mycogone perniciosa的抗病性差异提供科学数据。结果表明:以双孢蘑菇As258、As2796和W192为材料,在接种处理后,各品种双孢蘑菇子实体内苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化不同。双孢蘑菇W192品种4种酶活峰值最高,其次是As2796和As258。说明这4种酶与双孢蘑菇抗有害疣孢霉有一定的关联。     

高压静电场对银杏愈伤组织生长的影响

银杏愈伤组织经１ ．０ｋＶ／ ｃｍ 强度的高压静电处理后, 愈伤组织生长速率提高, 超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 活性和蛋白质及糖含量增加,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ） 和吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ） 氧化酶活性下降。实验表明,正高压静电场促进银杏愈伤组织细胞的生长,与ＨＶＥＦ 影响体内ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ 和ＩＡＡ 氧化酶活性以及蛋白质和糖含量的变化相关     

几种同工酶与猕猴桃品种对溃疡病抗性关系的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、同工酶分析技术分别研究了猕猴桃植株体内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酯酶(EST)同工酶谱带的变化,结果表明:自然感染溃疡病前后,此6种同工酶谱带特征在不同抗感品种中表现出一定的差异.未感染溃疡病菌前,抗(感)品系枝条、叶片POD同工酶均有2条酶带,PPO同工酶有3条酶带,但感病品种酶带颜色深且粗,而抗病品种酶带颜色浅且细,叶片酶带颜色深于枝条;SOD、CAT同工酶谱带均为1条,Rf值分别为0.38、0.28,感性品种较抗耐品种谱带亮度高活性强;自然发病后,抗(感)品系POD、PPO同工酶谱带数都增加,分别为4、3条和5、4条,且抗病品种新酶带出现较感病品种早且酶带粗颜色深活性强,感病品系虽也有新酶带出现,但酶带少活性弱,抗病品系枝条、叶片POD、PPO同工酶新谱带的Rf值分别为0.63、0.67和0.85、0.87;抗感病品种SOD、CAT同工酶都被诱导产生了1条新的同工酶谱带,Rf分别为0.32和0.27,新酶带现色时间迟,且酶带颜色浅活性弱,但抗耐品种较感性品种谱带亮且活性强;EST同工酶于自然发病前后变化不大,与抗病性关系不很明显.     

AM真菌对紫花苜蓿茎点霉叶斑病及豌豆蚜为害的影响

苜蓿茎点霉(Phoma medicaginis)叶斑病和豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)是紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生产中重要的病虫害,在自然条件下常混合发生。本研究以紫花苜蓿为植物材料,探究接种AM真菌后,紫花苜蓿被苜蓿茎点霉侵染时,植物自身的防御机制,以及对后续豌豆蚜为害的影响,以期明确AM真菌对其调控机制。结果表明:AM真菌可显著降低植株茎点霉叶斑病病情指数(P<0.05);AM真菌促进了紫花苜蓿生长(P<0.05),改变了植株抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT))活性以及植物激素信号物质(水杨酸(SA))含量(P<0.05);病原菌侵染会诱导植物抗氧化防御系统活性增强,包括过氧化物酶(POD)、SOD、CAT和多酚氧化酶(PPO)(P<0.05),从而增加植物对后续虫害的抗性;AM真菌在植物受到病原菌胁迫时会发挥积极作用,显著提高植株的SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05),有效抑制病原菌侵染对植株造成的危害;而蚜虫为害则进一步加重了植物受到的损害,抑制了AM真菌对植物抗病性的正向调控。研究结果对于利用AM真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长、提高植物抗逆性具有积极的实践和理论意义。     

小麦赤霉病菌细胞壁提取物(HCW)的生物活性

从小麦赤霉病菌－禾谷镰孢ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｇｒａｍｉｎｅａｒｕｍＳｃｈｗ．强致病力（Ｆ15）和弱致病力（Ｈ２８）菌株的菌丝细胞壁制备获得提取物（ＨＣＷ）,分别在抗病和感病小麦品种上对其生物活性进行了测定。结果表明,ＨＣＷ可显著提高小麦黄化芽鞘、愈伤组织和穗组织等的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）和黄化芽鞘组织的脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）的活力,但不影响小麦黄化芽鞘的生长。强、弱致病力菌株的ＨＣＷ的生物活性无明显差异,抗、感病品种对ＨＣＷ的反应也基本一致。禾谷镰孢产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素－脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）也具有类似的生物活性．ＨＣＷ和ＤＯＮ均可抑制病菌的生长,但这种抑制作用又可部分互相抵消．     

低温下硼对巨尾桉叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响

以木本植物巨尾桉幼苗为材料,研究在低温下,硼对巨尾桉叶片膜脂过氧化及体内保护系统的影响.结果表明:在低温(5℃,以25℃为对照)下,缺硼或低硼(≤10 umol/L)导致巨尾桉叶片相对电导率、超氧物阴离子自由基(O2-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性增加;抗坏血酸(ASA)和可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降.而15 u mol/L硼可以减轻低温对巨尾桉幼苗的伤害,提高巨尾桉幼苗的抗寒能力.     

致腐真菌侵染对梨果实愈伤组织防御机制的影响

以梨果实愈伤组织为材料,对轮纹病原菌(Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola,BBP)和褐腐病原菌(Monilinia fructigena Honcy,MFH)侵染后的组织细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和防御酶系活性进行了测定,试图从细胞水平探讨防御酶系活性变化与组织感病进程的关系及其在组织生理防卫机制中的作用.结果表明:（1）接种褐腐病菌的组织出现褐变早,腐烂扩展速度和严重程度均明显高于接种轮纹病菌的组织;接菌后其相对电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且接种褐腐病菌的组织上升程度也远高于轮纹病菌侵染的组织.（2）愈伤组织接菌后120 h内,过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,但各种酶活性高峰峰值和出现的时间不同;轮纹病菌侵染的组织内各种防御酶活性均显著高于褐腐病菌侵染的组织,这与其受侵染组织腐烂慢、褐化程度低相对应.研究发现,防御酶系在组织对病原菌侵染的生理防卫反应中发挥了重要作用,其活性变化与果实防腐能力呈正相关.     

根肿病胁迫下外源SA对不结球白菜抗性诱导和生理生化的影响

以不结球白菜‘新矮青’为试验材料,采用菌土接种法接种根肿病菌,研究不同浓度(0.2~0.8mmol·L~(-1))的外源水杨酸(SA)对根肿病胁迫下不结球白菜植株抗性诱导和感病植株生长的影响,以及植株叶片和根系中防御酶系统的变化规律,探讨外源SA对防治不结球白菜根肿病的可行性。结果显示:(1)根肿病显著影响不结球白菜的生长,加剧植物的膜脂过氧化程度;适宜浓度的外源SA能不同程度地缓解不结球白菜所受根肿病的侵害,并以0.6mmol·L~(-1) SA处理效果最好。(2)外源SA显著降低了根肿病的发病率和病情指数,提高了抗根肿病的诱抗效果,并缓解感病对不结球白菜的生长抑制,显著促进感病植株的生长。(3)外源SA提高了不结球白菜叶片和根系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶(APX)的抗氧化酶活性,以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的防御酶活性;显著降低了植株叶片和根系中的MDA、H2O2含量及O-·2产生速率。研究表明,外源SA诱导不结球白菜对根肿病的抗性,缓解根肿病的伤害,且具有剂量效应,以根部灌施0.6mmol·L~(-1)SA的效果最好;在根肿病的胁迫下,SA可提高不结球白菜植株抗氧化酶和防御酶的活性,增强渗透调节能力和细胞活性氧清除能力,降低根肿病对植株的伤害,从而促进生长。     

植物源诱导剂对甜瓜叶片防卫酶活性的影响

以甜瓜主栽品种‘银帝'(抗病)和‘卡拉克赛'(感病)幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了几种植物源诱导剂对其接种古巴假霜霉菌叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶(CHI)和葡聚糖酶(GLU)活性的影响,以阐释植物源诱导剂提高甜瓜抗病性的生化机制.结果显示:苯丙噻二唑(BTH)、侧柏叶提取液(CB)和中草药制剂(ZY)处理对甜瓜霜霉菌具有显著的预防效果;诱导处理或接菌后甜瓜叶片中上述抗病相关酶活性都显著上升,抗病品种‘银帝'的PPO、PAL、CHI、GLU活性增幅大于感病品种‘卡拉克赛',‘卡拉克赛'的POD活性增幅则较‘银帝'大.研究表明,叶面喷施两种植物源诱抗剂对甜瓜叶片防卫酶活性增强具有系统诱导作用,而叶片防卫酶活性增强可能是诱导剂处理后甜瓜对霜霉抗性提高的重要生化机制.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.