无苞芥NAC转录因子基因OpNAC026的克隆与分析

在新疆耐逆植物无苞芥幼苗cDNA文库的随机克隆测序结果中,发现1条与拟南芥NAC转录因子基因AtNAC026高度相似的5′端EST序列(GenBank登录号为JZ151854),对该克隆进行3′端测序,拼接得到一条全长1 327bp的cDNA序列,该序列包含一个906bp的最大开放阅读框(ORF),推测编码301个氨基酸。根据该ORF序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术对其进行克隆,将该基因命名为OpNAC026(GenBank登录号为KM457621)。理化性质分析表明,OpNAC026蛋白是一个无跨膜区域的亲水蛋白,在N端具有一段保守结构域;蛋白质二级结构预测显示,OpNAC026蛋白包含54个α-螺旋和12个β-转角。系统进化树分析表明,OpNAC026基因与拟南芥AtNAC026和AtNAM进化关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析显示,OpNAC026基因在无苞芥的各组织中都有表达,在叶中表达量最高;高盐胁迫处理24h、干旱12h、ABA 6h、4℃低温8h处理均可明显诱导OpNAC026基因的表达。研究表明,OpNAC026基因可能参与无苞芥抗逆机制的调控。     

新疆无苞芥Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因OpNHX1的克隆、表达分析与功能验证

从耐盐植物无苞芥中克隆获得了1个Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因NHX1,命名为OpNHX1(GenBank登录号:KC200248)。OpNHX1基因cDNA全长2 153 bp,包含一个1 605 bp的开放阅读框,编码534个氨基酸。系统进化树分析表明,OpNHX1编码产物与拟南芥、小盐芥亲缘关系较近,属于同一进化分支。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,该蛋白基因在无苞芥根、茎、叶、花和荚果中均有表达,其中茎中表达量最高。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因受高盐、干旱、低温及ABA的诱导上调表达。进一步将该基因在拟南芥中过量表达,显著提高了转基因植株在盐胁迫下的存活率,说明OpNHX1基因参与了植物的耐盐性。酵母功能互补试验结果显示,该基因转化酵母Δnhx1后可以补充NHX1的缺失,表明OpNHX1参与Na+/H+的转运。     

新疆无苞芥锌指蛋白基因的克隆及表达分析

利用同源克隆法从新疆无苞芥中克隆获得1个锌指蛋白基因(OpZFP)。序列分析表明,OpZFP基因的开放阅读框为684bp,推测编码含227个氨基酸的蛋白质。生物信息学分析显示,OpZFP蛋白含有1个典型的C2H2型锌指结构,在C端含有一个可能具有转录抑制功能的EAR结构域。系统进化树分析表明OpZFP编码产物与拟南芥AtZFP1、琴叶拟南芥AlZFP1的进化关系较近。分离了OpZFP基因2 095bp的启动子序列,发现该启动子与拟南芥AtZFP1基因的启动子序列只有84.4%的相似性,启动子分析表明二者存在多处不同的顺式作用元件。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,OpZFP在根、茎、叶、花和果荚中均有表达,在根中的表达量最高。OpZFP基因受高盐、干旱和低温等胁迫的诱导表达,表明该蛋白涉及多种胁迫相关的信号传导途径。     

蝴蝶兰几丁质酶基因的克隆及表达特性分析

利用RT-PCR及RACE技术,克隆到蝴蝶兰1个几丁质酶基因PhCHT(GenBank登录号为KT992851),该基因cDNA全长1 210bp,包含37bp的5′-UTR、933bp开放阅读框和240bp 3′-UTR,编码310个氨基酸;该蛋白为糖苷水解酶第19家族成员,兼具有溶菌酶活性;生物信息学分析显示,该蛋白具N-端信号肽和跨膜结构,为胞外分泌蛋白;该蛋白与海枣、谷子、油棕和拟南芥的几丁质酶类似蛋白相近,并且在系统进化树上与甘蔗和陆地棉的Ⅶ类几丁质酶同属一个分支。PhCHT基因的表达分析表明,PhCHT在蝴蝶兰营养器官和生殖器官中均有表达,根中表达量最高;13℃/8℃低温处理3、6、9和15d时该基因的表达被抑制,4℃低温处理1、2和4h表达量升高。研究表明,PhCHT基因能够响应短期的冷胁迫。研究结果为进一步研究蝴蝶兰几丁质酶的系统进化及抗性育种奠定了基础。     

高山离子芥铁转运蛋白基因编码序列的克隆及其抗逆性表达的实时定量分析

铁转运蛋白 (iron transport protein,IRT)是具有跨膜运输离子功能的特殊蛋白质,属于金属离子转运家族的成员．本研究运用RACE方法从高山离子芥（Chorispora bungeana）中克隆得到完整的铁转运蛋白cDNA,命名为CbIRT（基因登录号为EU330924）．该基因全长1 290 bp,包含1个1 035 bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码344个氨基酸的蛋白．系统进化树分析显示,该基因与拟南芥AtIRT1和遏蓝菜TcIRT-G的亲缘关系最近,同源性分别达到了87.4%和86.5%,而在氨基酸序列水平与拟南芥AtIRT1的同源性达到了89%,表明克隆得到的CbIRT属于金属离子转运体家族成员．实时荧光定量方法对高山离子芥CbIRT基因在不同温度和铁营养水平条件下的表达情况进行分析表明,CbIRT对零下低温和零上低温的表达水平呈截然不同的反应;正常铁营养状态下,CbIRT是微量表达的,而缺铁及低温处理都可以大幅度地促进该基因的表达,富铁可以抑制该基因的表达．显示了该蛋白在转运Fe离子方面的重要作用．     

小麦Na+/H+反转运蛋白基因的克隆和特性

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.) Na+/H+反转运蛋白cDNA片段为探针,从小麦盐胁迫cDNA文库中筛选和克隆了2个小麦Na+/H+反转运蛋白基因,分别命名为TaNHX1 和 TaNHX2.序列分析表明TaNHX1为2 029 bp,包含一个完整的1 638 bp的ORF,编码546个氨基酸,其中含有DIFFIYLLPPI跨膜区.TaNHX2为1 693 bp,包含部分ORF及808 bp的3′-UTR.这2个基因与已知的水稻、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thialiana)和滨藜(Atriplex gmelini)中的同类基因NHX的相似性约为70%.RT-PCR分析表明小麦苗经400 mmol/L NaCl处理1 h后,TaNHX1的转录水平有所提高.     

苹果乙烯不敏感基因EIN2片段的克隆及序列分析

分别以苹果果实总DNA和cDNA为模板,采用PCR、RT-PCR方法扩增、克隆乙烯不敏感基因(ethyleneinsensitive 2,EIN2),并利用生物信息学方法分析其核苷酸序列和蛋白质结构。结果表明:(1)以DNA和cDNA为模板的扩增结果完全相同,扩增的EIN2基因片段为4 378bp,尚未发现有内含子,开放阅读框全长3 282bp,编码1 093个氨基酸;苹果EIN2相对分子质量为118.9kD,等电点为5.52,其蛋白可能为脂溶性疏水蛋白。(2)所克隆苹果EIN2基因编码的氨基酸序列与拟南芥(AAD41077.1)、碧桃(ACY78397.1)和葡萄(CAN66374.1)EIN2基因编码的氨基酸序列一致性分别为52%、79%、62%。(3)构建的EIN2基因进化树显示,拟南芥、小盐芥、甜瓜、杨毛果EIN2基因亲缘关系较近,聚为一类;葡萄为一类;蒺藜苜蓿为一类;碧桃、矮牵牛、西红柿聚为一类;苹果单独为一类。而且苹果EIN2基因与碧桃等同源基因的亲缘关系相对较近,与拟南芥、小盐芥同源基因的亲缘关系相对较远。     

小麦盐胁迫相关基因TabHLH13的克隆与分析

在对小麦全长cDNA克隆进行大规模测序及转录因子功能研究过程中,筛选到一个与盐胁迫相关的bHLH转录因子基因,将其命名为TabHLH13。TabHLH13的全长cDNA序列为1072 bp,开放阅读框为720 bp,编码一个具有240个氨基酸残基的bHLH转录因子;对TabHLH13的基因组和cDNA序列比较分析表明该基因包括5个外显子和4个内含子;同源序列分析发现,TabHLH13与来自大麦和短柄草中的bHLH蛋白序列相似性最高,分别为96.2%和90.5%;电子定位发现TabHLH13位于小麦第7同源群的7DL上;亚细胞定位结果表明,TabHLH13编码一个定位在细胞核中的蛋白;组织表达特性分析表明该基因在小麦根、茎、叶、颖壳、雌蕊和花药中均有较强的表达;半定量RT-PCR与qRT-PCR结果表明TabHLH13是一个受盐胁迫诱导表达的基因。     

拟南芥盐胁迫应答相关基因AtGRP9的克隆及表达

利用拟南芥cDNA文库在裂殖酵母中的功能性表达 ,从拟南芥中分离了一个编码富甘氨酸蛋白 (glycine richprotein ,GRP)的cDNA克隆 (其基因被命名为AtGRP9)。在裂殖酵母中大量表达AtGRP9cDNA能显著提高细胞的耐盐性。在拟南芥中 ,AtGRP9基因的表达受盐胁迫诱导 ,其表达具有根器官特异性 ;而且 35S启动子组成形成超量表达植株的耐盐性明显提高。这些实验结果表明拟南芥AtGRP9可能是一盐胁迫应答相关基因。     

盐芥EsABCG25的克隆及其表达分析

旨在揭示盐芥(Eutrema salsugineum)ABCG25的结构及其对干旱、盐害以及温度等胁迫的响应。以山东生态型盐芥作为材料,通过电子克隆以及RT-PCR技术,获得一个腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白G(ABCG)家族成员基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为EsABCG25,GenBank登录号为KY111263。EsABCG25全长2 154 bp,含1 983 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个含有660氨基酸的蛋白分子。该基因定位于盐芥第5染色体,含有4个外显子和3个内含子。EsABCG25蛋白具有一个核苷酸结合结构域(NBD)和一个跨膜结构域(TMD),与来源于同科植物芜菁的ABCG25亲缘关系最近。对高通量测序数据分析表明该基因在盐芥的茎部表达最为丰富,在莲座叶中表达丰度最低,且在不同组织中均有可变剪接事件。Real-time PCR结果显示,该基因表达受多种逆境影响,尤其受到ABA的明显诱导。EsABCG25具有ABCG家族的典型序列特征;该基因在盐芥不同组织中的表达丰度存在差异,表达受到多种逆境的诱导,与盐芥的抗逆性关系密切。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。