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1.
Self and outcross pollination treatments were applied toNeolloydia intertexta. Two distinct patterns of seed production were found, and are correlated with self-pollinated outcrossed treatments. The outcrossed result resembles the field exposed crop. The untouched controls produce a similar pattern to the actively selfed group. The self treatments produce substantially less seed than the outcrosses; thus, self-compatability is incomplete.  相似文献   

2.
Morphogenetic status of cactus Mammillaria gracillis Pfeiff. tissue culture was studied by light and electron microscopy. In vitro propagated shoots spontaneously developed callus. This callus regenerated normal and hyperhydric shoots without exogenous hormones. Tumour tissue induced by wild or rooty strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens never expressed any morphogenetic potential. Light microscopy showed cellular characteristics of morphologically different tissues. Ultrastructural studies revealed changes in plastids: secondary dedifferentiation of mature chloroplasts, thylakoid swelling and disruption, phytoferritin accumulation, plastid elongation and increase in size. Changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid content were in accordance with degradation of the thylakoid system. Plastids were confirmed as very sensitive organelles to an artificial hyperhydric environment as well as to Agrobacteria-mediated cell transformation.  相似文献   

3.
Trichocereus has 4 species in central Chile. Population analyses indicate that introgressive hybridization has occurred betweenT. chilensis andT. litoralis in the Valparaíso and Santiago coast ranges. A taxonomic key is presented.  相似文献   

4.
The phenology, compatibility system, and pollinator fauna ofOpuntia polyacanthaHaw. andO. phaeacanthaEngelm. in southern Colorado were studied and compared. The total blooming periods overlap, but the peak of blooming differs between the species withO. polyacantha blooming first and for longer. Neither species is apomictic,O. polyacantha is largely self-incompatible andO. phaeacantha is self-compatible but may not automatically fully self-pollinate. Examination of flowering structures showed that the former has larger flowers with more perianth parts and heavier (but fewer) anthers. Further the flowers of the allogamous species are visited by greater diversity (but similar abundance) of pollinators. Medium to large bees of the generaDiadasia, Lithurge, Melissodes, Bombus, Agapostemon andMegachile were found to be effective pollinators of the Opuntias studied. The two species were compared as to their floral attributes, breeding systems, and pollinators, and the possible role of competition for pollinators is discussed with respect to its role in their evolutionary paths.  相似文献   

5.
A new subgenus ofGymnoalycium is described; its distribution and position within the genus are briefly discussed.
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6.
Adventitious bud formation in Alhagi graecorum   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Various parts of seedlings and in vitro propagated shoots of Alhagi graecorum Boiss were cultured on different media with different 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN) concentrations to compare their potential to regenerate shoots. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2.5 μM BA and hypocotyl gave the best results. Callus was obtained from stem segments on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM BA, 5 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Shoot formation from callus occurred upon its transfer to MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM BA. Mature explants which showed a relatively low potential for adventitious buds or callus formation, regenerated shoots abundantly using the tiny-mature-explant method. The regenerated shoots were rooted on half strength MS medium supplemented with 5 μM 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

7.
The cacti of the American Southwest, defined as the region from southern California to Texas, are surveyed for types of pollination systems and their frequencies. Four types of pollination systems are known to occur in the southwestern cactus flora: bee, hummingbird, hawkmoth, and bat pollination. Two other modes are suspected but not documented: miscellaneous smallinsect pollination and autogamy.—Bee flowers comprise a wide and nearly continuous series of size classes from very small to very large. The large bee flowers, with perianths 5.5 to 12.5 cm in diameter, form a prominent but arbitrarily delimited subcategory in the bee pollination system. Promiscuous flowers and autogamous flowers, if they occur, are included with the medium-sized and small bee flowers in our present classification, due to lack of information, and will have to be separated out when our knowledge is more complete. The overwhelming majority of species in the southwestern cactus flora are bee flowers. Between 39 and 44% of the species are large bee flowers. Another 50 to 56% of the species are classified as medium-sized and small bee flowers; while some of these may turn out to be promiscuous flowers and autogamous flowers, most of them are undoubtedly bee flowers.—Hummingbird, hawkmoth, and bat pollination are conspicuous but statistically minor components of the pollination spectrum, occurring in only one or a few species (see Table 2). Hummingbird pollination has arisen from bee pollination in the Southwest. The species or species groups with hawkmoth and bat pollination, on the other hand, are basically tropical groups which developed their advanced pollination systems in the tropics.Pollination of North American Cacti, V. See alsoGrant & Grant (1979a),Grant & al. (1979),Grant & Grant (1979b),Grant &Hurd (1979).  相似文献   

8.
The effects of factors influencing sunflower protoplast isolation yield, plating efficiency (PE) and the early differentiation into embryoids (embryogenic capacity, EC) have been studied. Only hypocotyl-derived protoplasts divided. The variations of PE and EC in the various treatments did not seem to be linked to the protoplast yields. From statistical analysis of the data, we concluded that, the sunflower genotype, the age and height of seedlings, the part of hypocotyl used, the incubation time (from 6 to 16 hours) in enzymes of explants or of protoplasts alone, influenced PE but large variations were detected for EC. A comparison of the factors effecting EC suggested an origin, inside the hypocotyl, of cells able to give rise, after induction, to embryogenic protoplasts.  相似文献   

9.
Flaveria trinervia (Compositae) leaves are used for the treatment of jaundice and fever. From the leaf callus cultures regeneration of plantlets has been achieved. The results showed that BAP greatly stimulated the bud formation in concentrations ranging from 2–5 mg l–1 than at very low concentrations (0.2–1.0 mg l–1). Roots developed on the regenerated shoots, over a range of treatments, but were most prolific in the medium containing 1 mg l–1 IAA. Histological observations revealed that cultured spongy cells of the mesophyll were greatly enlarged and underwent repeated cell divisions leading to the formation of hard nodular callus from which shoot buds differentiated. The shoots obtained were readily rooted and transplanted into glass houses. Cytological studies of the callus showed abnormalities such as bridges, endomitosis and multinucleolate conditions. Root tip squashes of the regenerated plants showed no variations and were diploid in chromosome number.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - NAA napthalene acetic acid - IAA indole acetic acid - BAP 6-benzyl aminopurine - Kn kinetin  相似文献   

10.
A total of 108 rice varieties were examined for their tissue culture responses. Callus tissues were initiated from the seed, radicle, coleoptile and anther explants. Our results indicated that genotypes differed in the ability to develop vigorously growing callus. The callus growth responses in seed, radicle and coleoptile cultures were intercorrelated, but were not correlated with that in anther culture.  相似文献   

11.
Opuntia brunneogemmia andO. viridirubra occur sympatrically in the Serra do Sudeste, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Their flowers have 450–600 thigmonastic stamens and provide large amounts of pollen and nectar for bees. Bees of 41 species were registered at the flowers ofO. brunneogemmia and 30 at the flowers ofO. viridirubra. Females of three oligolectic species are the only effective pollinators:Ptilothrix fructifera (Anthophoridae),Lithurgus rufiventris (Megachilidae), andCephalocolletes rugata (Colletidae). During their visits inOpuntia-flowers, bees touch the filaments and stimulate the movement of the stamens to the centre of the flower. At the end of this movement, the anthers are densely packed around the style. As a consequence the pollen is presented in an easily accessible upper layer of anthers and various, nearly inaccessible lower layers. The lower layers contain about 80% of the pollen reward. Only females of the three oligolectic pollinators exploit the pollen from the lower layers and reach the nectar furrow. Therefore, through their stamen movements,Opuntia flowers hide most of their pollen from flower visitors but favour effectively pollinating, oligolectic bees.  相似文献   

12.
Three strains of thermophilic bacteria producing extracellular protease have been isolated from hot springs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The bacterium producing the highest amount of protease has been selected and identified as belonging to the genusThermus, and is tentatively calledThermus 2S. The isolate is a Gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium. It exhibited maximum growth around 60°C at pH 7. Entrapment of the microbial cells in calcium alginate maintained the cell viability. Protease production from immobilized cells using 2 g wet cells per 10 ml 3% (w/v) sodium alginate was higher than that from a free-cell system using 2% inoculum.  相似文献   

13.
    
Kawashima  Yukio  Tokuda  Hiroshi 《Hydrobiologia》1990,(1):375-380
Explants from stipes and meristems of Ecklonia cava were incubated on six media under several culture conditions. Both stipe and meristem explants developed calluses three to six weeks after inoculation onto all media except AS PC-1. Calluses developed on stipe explants but did not develop on meristem explants at a temperature of 23 °C. Temperatures from 8 to 13 °C were favorable for callus development. Callus development on meristem explants required light but callus development on stipe explants did not.  相似文献   

14.
Improved Regeneration Efficiency from Mature Embryos of Barley Cultivars   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
A reliable protocol for plant regeneration from mature embryo derived calli of nine barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars has been developed. The auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, picloram and dicamba proved effective in inducing callus from mature embryos of most of the barley cultivars. The induced primary callus was loose, friable and translucent. It ultimately yielded creamy white and compact callus after 2 - 3 transfers on fresh medium of the same composition. Callus induction and regeneration capacity were highly cultivar dependent. Addition of a high concentration of picloram (4 mg dm-3) promoted regeneration in 3 cultivars (Tallon, Grimmett and Sloop). In cv. Arapiles, abscisic acid and betaine were crucial in generating morphogenic callus from the mature embryos. Plants regenerated from these calli were hardy and developed roots readily when transferred to hormone free medium. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

15.
Summary A plant regeneration system applicable to 17 cowpea genotypes was developed. Cotyledons were initiated on 1/3 MS medium containing 15 to 35 mg N6-benzyladenine (BA) per 1 (66.6 to 155.3 μM) for 5 to 15 d. For shoot regeneration, the explants were transferred to a medium containing 1 mg BA per 1 (4.4 μM). Within 1 wk, shoot formation was visible at the proximal end of the cotyledons. Regeneration percentages (1% to 11%) and the numbers of shoots (4 to 12 per explant) were significantly influenced by genotype. Culture duration and BA concentration in the initiation stage significantly affected regeneration capacity. Explants initiated on media containing 15 mg BA per 1 for 5 d resulted in the highest percentage of explants capable of regeneration. Conversely, the highest number of shoots was obtained from explants initiated on media supplemented with 35 mg BA per 1. Whole plants were obtained on a plant growth regulator-free medium. To our knowledge, this is the first report of plant regeneration from U.S. commercial cowpea cultivars and breeding lines. This system is adaptable to diverse cowpea genotypes and will facilitate cowpea genetic transformation. Published with the approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.  相似文献   

16.
A critical review is given about the isolation and cultivation methods of Frankia species fromAlnus glutinosa root-nodules. The best results so far are obtained with a combination of sucrose (60% w/v)-sedimentation of root-nodule homogenate and subsequent suspension in the top-layer of a doubleagar layer system. The top-layer needs to contain a suitable C-source, in this study often a lipid factor from an alcoholic root-extract and an organic N-source.The isolation and cultivation of Sp(–) and Sp(+) strains fromAlnus glutinosa root nodules and a Frankia from the root-nodules ofMyrica gale is reported. The regular observation of growing colonies appears to be very important for the interpretation of results. The latter was illustrated by the remarkable diauxic growth of the strains isolated fromAlnus glutinosa Sp(+) root nodules.  相似文献   

17.
In the US, soybean genotypes are classified into maturity groups (MG; total of 13) that represent areas of adaptation generally correlated with latitude bands. To determine if one regeneration procedure could regenerate representatives from diverse areas of adaptation, 18 soybean genotypes representing nine MG were compared for organogenic adventitious regeneration and plant formation from hypocotyl explants following the procedure previously tested on representatives from only three MG. Responding explants were those capable of producing shoots on the acropetal end of the explant from either the outer edge plus central region or the central region only. This enabled determination of the contribution of cotyledonary nodal tissue (outer edge) to shoot regeneration and by discounting those explants, it also enabled estimates of true adventitious regeneration. All 18 genotypes were capable of producing meristemoids/shoots solely from the central region with responses ranging from 28.5 to 64.3% after 4 weeks in culture. All genotypes were also capable of producing elongated shoots that could be successfully rooted. No morphological differences were noted among regenerants, or between them and seed-initiated plants. All regenerants produced viable seed which germinated and produced morphologically normal plants. This study confirmed the genotype- and MG-independent nature of this hypocotyl-based organogenic regeneration procedure and provided conservative estimates for responses that were truly/solely adventitious in nature.  相似文献   

18.
Plasmodia were fractionated to isolate a cell membrane rich fraction by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. The fractions were identified by electron microscopic observation, PTA-chromic acid staining and assays of marker enzymes, applying the methods for cell membranes of higher plants. The cell membranes were recovered on the density of 1.13 g·cm−3.  相似文献   

19.
Summary A system for the regeneration of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) from mature dry seed explants has been established. The response of two commercial spinach cultivars, ‘Grandstand’ and ‘Baker’, was examined. Callus proliferation was most prominent on MS medium supplemented with 9.3 μM of 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) and 3.39 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Adventitious shoot formation was observed within 8 wk after callus was transferred onto regeneration medium. Shoot regeneration was best from callus induced on 9.3 μM kinetin and 4.56 μM 2,4-D. The regeneration medium contained 9.3 μM kinetin, 0.045 μM 2,4-D, and 2.89 μM gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoots were rooted on hormone-free medium, and plants grown in a greenhouse showed normal phenotype. This system is beneficial in rapid propagation of spinach plants, particularly when only a limited number of seeds are available.  相似文献   

20.
A new procedure is described which enables gram quantities of adult Onchocerca tissue to be isolated from frozen connective tissue nodules, thus minimizing the risk of enzymatic degradation. Bovine connective tissue nodules containing adult Onchocerca gibsoni worms were obtained from Australia frozen at −70°C and sectioned while still frozen into 3 mm thick slabs. The sections were thawed immediately before use, worm segments removed, rinsed, pelleted, and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. Quality of the isolated material was demonstrated by the presence of an intact adult epicuticle as determined by electron microscopy, and by the presence of viable uterine larvae and cells. This procedure is applicable to other nodule-forming worms such as Onchocerca volvulus and is suitable for investigations which require the isolation of labile molecules or those present in minute quantities.  相似文献   

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