利用柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂的适宜冷贮虫期和温度

我国普遍利用柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵大量繁殖和释放赤眼蜂防治多种农林害虫。对赤眼蜂进行冷贮有助于其商品化生产、运输和释放应用。为了全面评价冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响,作者采用柞蚕卵为寄主,以贮存温度（4℃、7℃、10℃和13℃）、贮存虫期（卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹期）和贮存时间（2周、4周、6周和8周）为参试因子,研究了冷贮对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比的影响。结果表明,3个因素均可单独或互作显著影响羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数,尤以贮存虫期的影响更为明显;但3个因素对单卵出蜂性比影响不大。综合各冷贮虫期对低温的反应,松毛虫赤眼蜂对10℃反应最敏感,各虫期羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数明显降低,不适宜长期冷贮;对7℃反应相对较不敏感,最适宜长期贮存。在适宜长期冷贮温度（4℃和7℃）条件下,适宜贮存虫期有所不同,4℃下为幼虫期和蛹期,7℃下为卵期和蛹期,在这些虫期和贮存温度条件组合下羽化出峰率和单卵出蜂数相对于其他虫期受冷贮的不利影响较小。从对羽化出蜂率的影响来看,于卵期7℃下冷贮为最适宜;从对单卵出蜂数的影响来看,于蛹期在4℃和7℃冷贮为适宜。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系在不同品种柞蚕卵中的寄生和生长发育表现

[目的]明确两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi在不同品种柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵中的寄生及发育表现,为以柞蚕卵为替代寄主更好地规模化繁育赤眼蜂提供依据.[方法]测定两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系雌蜂在6个品种柞蚕卵[抗大(KD)、大四(DS)、高新(GX)、9...     

9个水稻栽培种和1个水稻组培种对稻螟赤眼蜂和赤眼卵蜂的互利作用（英文）

采用培养皿法对营养生长期和开花期的9个水稻栽培种（Pusa Sugandh-2, Pusa Basmati-1, Pusa-2511, Pusa Basmati-370, Pusa-1077, Karnal Local, PRR-78, Jaya, Pusa-1238）和1个组培种（Culture No.34）的正己烷提取物进行了生测,以调查它们对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead和赤眼卵蜂Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii)平均寄生活性指数（PAI）和平均寄生百分率的影响。将不同水稻品种的正己烷提取物进行气相 液相色谱,来测定饱和碳氢化合物。其中,营养生长期的Pusa Sugandh-2叶片提取物激发两种寄生蜂产生最大的反应,平均寄生率最大。而开花期的Pusa Basmati-1使两种寄生蜂的平均寄生率最高。对营养生长阶段的叶片提取物进行的气相 液相色谱分析表明：Pusa Sugandh-2 含有25个碳原子(C25) 和29个碳原子 (C29)的2种化合物。对开花期的叶片提取物进行的气相 液相色谱分析也表明：Basmati-1 含有25个碳原子(C25)、26个碳原子(C26)和29个碳原子 (C29)的3种化合物,可激发寄生蜂产生最大的反应     

诊断引物应用于我国三种重要赤眼蜂分子鉴定的研究

本研究根据螟黄赤眼蜂rDNA-ITS2序列设计了螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii特异引物,同时采用文献中发表的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura 和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen的特异引物以及赤眼蜂属Trichogramma 特异引物对赤眼蜂成虫和寄主卵样品进行了PCR特异扩增分析。结果表明,采用上述特异引物可从单头蜂稳定地扩增出明显的目的DNA条带,并且分子鉴定结果与形态学鉴定结果完全吻合。因此,采用上述3对特异引物可以实现对我国3种重要赤眼蜂种,即松毛虫赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的分子鉴定。     

Pollen as a source of food for egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The value of corn pollen as a food source for Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was assessed in the laboratory by testing the effect of different pollen diets on the longevity, capacity of parasitism and other life-table parameters. T. brassicae females that fed on corn pollen and water (wet filter paper dusted with pollen) lived significantly longer (4.97 days) than females that fed on water alone (2.67 days), but significantly shorter than those feeding on honey alone (8.37 days) or corn pollen and honey (8.23 days), respectively, in the absence of host eggs. The presence of European corn borer eggs (Ostrinia nubilalis Huebner, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) significantly increased longevity. With host eggs available, female T. brassicae that fed on corn pollen and water lived significantly longer (4.9 days) than on water alone (2.60 days), but significantly shorter than on honey alone (12.33 days) or corn pollen and honey (12.17 days), respectively. The cumulative lifetime fecundity was 82.53 offspring pupae when fed on pollen and water, which was significantly higher than 61.70 for water alone but lower than feeding on honey alone (95.70) or corn pollen and honey (99.97), respectively. Compared to water alone, corn pollen and water increased the net reproduction rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), and finite rate of increase (λ), and reduced the doubling time (T₂), but had no effects on the emergence rate, sex ratio, and mean generation time (T_c). In another set of experiments, 13 out of 30 females reduced the number of pollen grains offered to them. The average number of pollen grains utilized per female in this 48-h test 2.46±0.40 (mean±SE). Hence, T. brassicae used corn pollen as food that significantly increased longevity and fecundity of the tested females. Pollen and honey supplied a complete diet for T. brassicae, compared to pollen and water or water alone.     

Isolation and characterisation of 26 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi. Forty-four microsatellites were isolated from a (TCG)₈-enriched genomic library and characterised. Twenty-six of these loci were polymorphic and could be used for evaluation of the genetic variation of T. dendrolimi.     

繁育寄主对三种赤眼蜂个体大小及抱卵量的影响

【目的】繁育寄主及成蜂日龄均会影响赤眼蜂体内的抱卵量,为了解繁育寄主及育出赤眼蜂个体大小与赤眼蜂抱卵量的关系,我们在室内研究了米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica（Stainton）卵和亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis （Güenée）卵作为繁育寄主对3种赤眼蜂雌蜂大小、抱卵量的影响。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度25±1℃的室内条件下,以米蛾卵、亚洲玉米螟卵作为繁育寄主,解剖不同日龄（羽化后12-72 h）松毛虫赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen以及稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead,观察雌蜂抱卵量,测量成蜂的大小,分析雌蜂抱卵量与其日龄、个体大小以及繁育寄主的关系【结果】在羽化后48 h以内,3种蜂的抱卵量随雌蜂日龄的增长而增加。羽化后72 h,除米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂及玉米螟卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂的抱卵量比羽化后48 h时略高外,其他组合均出现下降。以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时的玉米螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量显著高于对应日龄的以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时的抱卵量,而松毛虫赤眼蜂（除羽化后12和24 h外）和稻螟赤眼蜂则相反;以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时,相同日龄的赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量最低;以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时,玉米螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最低。雌蜂抱卵量与雌蜂个体大小呈线性正相关,相关程度随雌蜂日龄增加而更加明显。【结论】后足胫节长度可以作为评价松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂质量的指标。赤眼蜂抱卵量受繁育寄主、赤眼蜂蜂种及雌蜂日龄的显著影响,寄主的适合性也会影响育出赤眼蜂的大小,筛选合适的繁育寄主有助于提高赤眼蜂的质量。     

几种化学因子对三种赤眼蜂离体酚氧化酶活性的影响

为比较不同赤眼蜂酚氧化酶（PO）活性的大小, 明确赤眼蜂种间免疫防御能力强弱, 本研究通过研磨、离心提取松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、螟黄赤眼蜂T. chilonis、玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae匀浆液, 首次测定了几种化学因子（Ca²⁺、昆布多糖、纤维素、右旋糖酐、脂多糖和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂）对3种供试赤眼蜂匀浆液中酚氧化酶原激活系统（proPO-AS）的激活程度。结果表明: 玉米螟赤眼蜂匀浆液PO活性最高, 螟黄赤眼蜂次之, 松毛虫赤眼蜂最低。Ca²⁺是激活供试赤眼蜂proPO的必需因子, 且在0.03 mol/L浓度下激活作用最强; 昆布多糖和脂多糖也能有效激活proPO, 0.01及0.05 mg/mL昆布多糖能强烈激活PO活性; 纤维素和右旋糖酐对PO活性存在显著抑制作用。结果证明了赤眼蜂种间存在明显的免疫能力差异。本研究建立了小型昆虫proPO-AS研究体系, 为研究Wolbachia-小型昆虫的免疫互作体系奠定了基础。     

Effect of host egg viability on reproduction and development of Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. principium (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

A combination of a sterile insect technique, resulting in infertile eggs, and of an egg parasitoid, should provide better control of codling moth than either alone. Non-choice laboratory experiments were conducted with infertile and fertile codling moth eggs to evaluate the potential parasitism and reproduction of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principium Sug. et Sor. The tendency of T. cacoeciae females to attack infertile eggs was similar to that for fertile eggs, whereas T. principium showed a greater preference for infertile eggs than fertile eggs. The fertility status of the host did not affect the number of eggs that were parasitized but fewer F₁ progeny emerged from infertile eggs when parasitized than from fertile eggs. When T. cacoeciae and T. principium parasitized infertile host eggs their mean developmental time was prolonged but the viability and quality of parasitoid progeny was not influenced by the fertility status of the host eggs. The study demonstrates the compatibility of use of T. cacoeciae and T. principium in an integrated program employing the sterile insect technique for codling moth management.     

Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau & Babault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane in Mozambique: A new association

Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a sugarcane stalk borer indigenous to South East Asia, and the nearby Indonesian Islands, was identified from African sugarcane in Mozambique in 1999. Prior to a classical biocontrol programme being implemented against it, intensive pre-release surveys for the presence of any indigenous natural enemies on life stages of the borer were completed. Negligible parasitism of larval and pupal stages was recorded. In contrast, egg batches found were heavily parasitised. Parasitoid adults emerging from the eggs were found to be only the indigenous Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau & Babault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Aspects of the impact of T. bournieri on C. sacchariphagus eggs in Mozambican sugarcane are presented, and the potential of using this egg parasitoid against C. sacchariphagus in an augmentation biocontrol programme is discussed.     

Effect of Temperature on the Biology of Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Reared on a Factitious Host,Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Egg

Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the effect of selected temperatures on the development, mortality, sex ratio, and emergence rate of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura reared from a factitious host, oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) eggs. The comparison tests were conducted to investigate the fecundity on Dendrolimus spectabilis (Butler) eggs of T. dendrolimi reared from natural and factitious hosts, and artificial hosts. Developmental periods from egg to adult of T. dendrolimi reared at 26, 28, 30, and 32°C were 10.9, 9.6, 9.0, 8.6 days, respectively. Emergence rates of T. dendrolimi decreased 78.0, 88.4, 60.7, and 50.1% as temperature increased. The progeny sex ratios (i.e., females per male) were 7.3, 8.4, 8.2 and 6.9 at the respective temperatures. When adult T. dendrolimi emerged from A. pernyi eggs were kept in dark conditions for storage at different temperatures for 34 days, their mortality increased as temperature increased: 0% at 0°C; 10% at 4°C; 40% at 6°C; 50% at 18°C and 100% at ≥26°C. The fecundity of T. dendrolimi reared from three different hosts was investigated on D. spectabilis eggs. During the first day, the adult T. dendrolimi reared on A. pernyi eggs laid most eggs (99.0±10.7), followed by those reared on artificial hosts (76.6±24.5) and D. spectabilis eggs (63.4±35.9). Over the entire lifespan, T. dendrolimi reared on D. spectabilis eggs produced the highest number of eggs (218.0±27.9), followed by A. pernyi eggs (104.0±44.7) and artificial host (98.2±37.1). These results suggest that the temperature and three hosts factors had an effect on rearing of the T. dendrolimi on the factitious host, A. pernyi eggs.     

Separating the Effects of Experience, Size, Egg Load, and Genotype on Host Response in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The effects of experience, egg load, and wasp size on the response of four strains of Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to three economically important hosts, Heliothis punctigera (Noctuidae), Phthorimaea opercullela (Gelechiidae), and Sitotroga cereallela (Gelechiidae) were investigated. Experience effects due to rearing host and oviposition were considered in all combinations of host species. Both these effects altered response levels to low-ranked hosts but not to highly preferred hosts. Size was correlated with host response in some strains; larger females took more encounters with a host before accepting it, while egg load was not correlated with number of host encounters. However, egg load, rearing host, and size all affected acceptance of the low-ranked host S. cereallela. Females were more likely to accept this host if they were reared on S. cereallela, had a small size, and had a high egg load. Effects were consistent across strains, although overall acceptance levels differed among strains.     

短时极端高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂成虫致死作用及子代适合度的影响

极端高温天气事件在高产作物种植区频繁发生,潜在影响了寄生蜂对害虫的防控能力.为明确短时极端高温对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura成虫致死作用及子代发育适合度的影响,本研究模拟夏季田间最高气温,以42℃高温处理松毛虫赤眼蜂成蜂0.5h和1 h,统计并观测了各处理条件下母代蜂致...     

A laboratory comparison of four Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as potential biocontrol agents for the carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Four Trichogramma species were recovered in the field from eggs of carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The oviposition rates of Trichogramma oleae, Trichogramma cacoeciae, Trichogramma evanescens and Trichogramma bourarachae were compared when presented either E. ceratoniae or Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). T. oleae and T. bourarachae did not parasitise either species of Lepidoptera.     

不同温度下松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系和两性生殖品系对米蛾卵的寄生功能反应

赤眼蜂部分蜂种或品系受Wolbachia侵染营孤雌产雌生殖。 通过室内试验分析了在4个恒温（20, 25, 30和35℃）下松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系对米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵的寄生功能反应, 旨在比较不同温度两品系的寄生功能反应差异, 评价孤雌产雌品系在生物防治中的应用潜力。 结果表明： 松毛虫赤眼蜂两个品系对米蛾卵寄生作用均随寄主密度的增加而增大;随温度的升高松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的功能反应类型由Ⅲ型改变为Ⅱ型。孤雌产雌品系以30℃的处置时间最短(0.0207 d), 最大日寄生量为48.31粒卵, 其次是25℃, 35℃最小;两性生殖品系以25℃的处置时间最短(0.0188 d), 最大日寄生量为53.08粒卵, 其次是30℃, 20℃最小; 松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的寄生功能反应存在显著差异, 30℃下孤雌产雌品系为Ⅱ型功能反应而两性生殖品系为Ⅲ型。 从处置时间来看, 20℃时两品系无显著性差异(P≥0.05), 在25℃和35℃孤雌产雌品系寄生米蛾卵时花费的时间显著长于两性生殖品系(P<0.05), 而30℃却相反。 可见, 寄主密度、 温度和Wolbachia影响松毛虫赤眼蜂功能反应。     

米蛾卵繁育的螟黄赤眼蜂的适宜冷贮温度和虫龄

为了全面评价冷贮对米蛾Corcyra cephalonica Stainton卵繁育螟黄赤眼蜂Trichogramma chilonis Ishii的影响, 本试验采用米蛾卵为寄主, 以冷贮温度（3和10℃）、 冷贮虫龄（以接蜂开始时间为起点, 接蜂后1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8和9日龄）和冷贮时间（1, 2, 3和4周）为试验因子, 研究了冷贮对螟黄赤眼蜂活蛹率、 羽化率和畸形率的影响。结果表明： 3个因素均能单独或互作显著影响活蛹率、 羽化率和畸形率（P＜0.05）。综合各冷贮虫龄对低温的反应, 螟黄赤眼蜂对3℃较敏感, 此温度下1-3日龄的活蛹率和各虫龄的羽化率均显著下降（P＜0.05）, 不适宜长期冷贮; 10℃下各虫龄的活蛹率受冷贮时间的影响不显著, 1-3日龄的羽化率受冷贮时间的影响也不显著, 冷贮4周后仍有74%以上的羽化率, 10℃适宜冷贮。不同冷贮温度下冷贮适宜虫龄不同。在10℃下, 最适冷贮虫龄是3日龄的赤眼蜂, 此虫龄不同冷贮时间的活蛹率（74.09%～77.59%）和羽化率（74.26%～90.37%）均与对照无显著差异（P>0.05）, 但显著高于其他虫龄（P＜0.05）。此虫龄在10℃下冷贮1~3周, 畸形率在27%以内。结果表明米蛾卵内螟黄赤眼蜂不同冷贮温度下适宜冷贮虫龄不同。     

The potential of trehalose to replace insect hemolymph in artificial media for Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Insect additives have been shown to improve the value of artificial media for Trichogramma species, but at the same time maintain dependence on parallel cultures of host insects. In the present study, Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura was reared in vitro from egg to adult on artificial media with different contents of pupal hemolymph of Chinese oak silkmoth Antheraea pernyi (Guérin‐Méneville) and with supplements of distilled water, or of trehalose dissolved in water or in Grace's insect medium. The results indicated insect hemolymph was the key component of artificial medium. Developmental parameters, including rates of parasitism, pupation, adult emergence and normal adults, and numbers of produced adults, were increased on media supplemented with trehalose even when the proportion of pupal hemolymph was reduced. Two artificial media, the first containing 30% hemolymph and 10% trehalose in water with 98.9% parasitism rate, 77.7.0% pupation rate, 77.2% emergence rate, 80.0% normal adult rate and 333 produced adults, and the second containing 25% hemolymph and 15% trehalose in Grace's insect medium with 97.8% parasitism rate, 91.0% pupation rate, 85.2% emergence rate, 76.1% normal adult rate and 757 produced adults, were believed to hold potential to mass produce T. dendrolimi. The use of trehalose to partially replace pupal hemolymph in artificial medium of this and other Trichogramma species may contribute to a significant reduction in their production cost and may as such help to evade problems related to short supplies of lepidopteran eggs, which currently constitute the main factitious host for the mass rearing of the parasitoids.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitogenome from Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The 15,566 bp circular genome contains atypical gene organization and order for lepidopteran mitogenomes. The mitogenome contains the lowest A+T content (80.16%) among the known lepidopteran mitogenome sequences. An unusual feature is the occurrence of more Ts than As, with a slightly negative AT skewness (−0.021), in the composition of the major genome strand. All protein-coding genes are initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome oxidase subunit I, which is proposed by the TTAG sequence as observed in other lepidopterans. All transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA, except for tRNA ^Ser (AGN) , the DHU arm of which could not form a stable stem-loop structure. Two aligned sequence blocks with a length of more than 50 bp and 90% of the sequence identity were identified in the A+T-rich region of the Saturniidae and Bombycoidae species.