Changes of pollen viability of ornamental plants after long-term preservation in a cryopreservation pollen bank

This study determined the changes in pollen viability of 102 species/cultivars of ornamental plants (affiliated to 32 genera of 14 families) following long-term liquid nitrogen storage in a cryopreservation pollen bank. The goal was to provide information on the safety and stability of pollen cryopreservation technology. Fresh pollen at the time of storage was used as the control, and the study examined the pollen viability of ornamental plants cryopreserved for 8, 9, or 10 years. The results show that pollen of the 102 species/cultivars in the cryopreservation pollen bank retained viability ranging from 1% to 58%, After long-term storage there were changes in viability: 11.76% (12 species/cultivars) had increased viability, 16.67% (17 species/cultivars) had stable viability, and the viability of 71.57% (73 species/cultivars) showed a decreasing trend.     

江西省外来植物现状

[目的] 完善江西省外来植物本底调查数据,为江西省外来入侵植物的预防和预警机制构建提供依据。[方法] 通过文献、标本研究以及野外实地调查,对江西外来植物种类、原产地、生活型、引入途径、引入时间、在各地级市的分布情况以及外来入侵植物的种类进行分析、探讨。[结果] 江西省外来植物有106科407属599种：菊科最多（85种,14.19%）,其次是豆科（52种,8.68%）,10种以下的科有91个,占总科的85.85%;主要源于美洲（49.25%）,其次是亚洲（20.80%）,欧洲第三（13.81%）,地中海和大洋洲较少;外来植物中草本植物种类最多,乔木次之;大部分被用于观赏、饲料、药物等有意引入。江西省的外来入侵植物有53科168属267种;九江、赣州和南昌由于地理位置优越及经济地位突出被入侵较严重。[结论] 江西省外来植物种类丰富,引入途径多样,入侵物种较多。建议构建风险评价系统,加强外来植物监管监测,科学引种;制订和更新外来植物防控的具体政策法规;同时,加大入侵危害宣传,及时防控和阻止外来植物逃逸入侵对本省生态环境造成侵害。     

Soil biota and invasive plants

Interactions between plants and soil biota resist invasion by some nonnative plants and facilitate others. In this review, we organize research and ideas about the role of soil biota as drivers of invasion by nonnative plants and how soil biota may fit into hypotheses proposed for invasive success. For example, some invasive species benefit from being introduced into regions of the world where they encounter fewer soil-borne enemies than in their native ranges. Other invasives encounter novel but strong soil mutualists which enhance their invasive success. Leaving below-ground natural enemies behind or encountering strong mutualists can enhance invasions, but indigenous enemies in soils or the absence of key soil mutualists can help native communities resist invasions. Furthermore, inhibitory and beneficial effects of soil biota on plants can accelerate or decelerate over time depending on the net effect of accumulating pathogenic and mutualistic soil organisms. These 'feedback' relationships may alter plant-soil biota interactions in ways that may facilitate invasion and inhibit re-establishment by native species. Although soil biota affect nonnative plant invasions in many different ways, research on the topic is broadening our understanding of why invasive plants can be so astoundingly successful and expanding our perspectives on the drivers of natural community organization.     

花卉分子育种研究进展

本文综述了近年来国内外花卉分子育种的研究进展和成果。传统育种仍是花卉育种工作的主要方法 ,但有其局限性。不断成熟的生物技术 ,特别是基因工程技术 ,解决了一些传统育种不能突破的问题 ,为花卉性状改良提供了全新的思路。近年来 ,分子育种一直是花卉育种研究的热点 ,已在植物花期、花色、花型、株型、生长发育、香味、采后寿命等方面取得了重要进展。花卉育种事业前程似程。     

Working with gardeners to identify potential invasive ornamental garden plants: testing a citizen science approach

The introduction and use of ornamental plants in gardens is the main pathway for plant invasions globally. High numbers of ornamental plants in gardens may not have started an invasion process yet and are a risk for possible future invasions. Gardeners could be among the first to notice plant traits that have also been recognised to contribute to the potential risk of ornamental plants to escape from cultivation. We asked gardeners in Britain to report ornamental plants that were spreading within their gardens and difficult to control using an online survey. Gardeners submitted 201 records of 121 species of which 104 are non-native in Britain. Most non-native species reported were already recorded and wide-spread in Britain outside cultivation, but about a third are not widely distributed, and eight species are not known outside cultivation. Gardeners’ control efforts were mainly directed to confine plants from further spread, but they also tried to eradicate many of the reported plants. Our results provide evidence that gardeners’ knowledge could help to identify potentially problematic invasive plants early in the invasion process. Even with low levels of participation all evidence collected would be very valuable in official risk management procedures as well as supporting legal obligations on early detection, surveillance and monitoring. At the same time, however, raising awareness of the problem by actively collaborating with gardeners could be of equal importance for the prevention of ornamental plant invasions in the future.     

Soil moisture effects on uptake of metals by Thlaspi, Alyssum, and Berkheya

Most commonly used hyperaccumulator plants for phytoextraction of metals evolved on soils where moisture is limited throughout much of the year. As these plant species are commercialized for use, they are frequently moved from the point of evolution to locations where environmental conditions may be significantly different. Greatest among these potential differences is soil moisture. The objective of this study was therefore to determine whether these plants could grow in soils with much higher soil moisture and whether they would continue to hyperaccumulate metals as soils approach saturation. We examined extractable soil metal concentrations, plant growth, and metal accumulation for the Ni hyperaccumulators, Alyssum murale and Berkheya coddii and the Zn hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens cultivars AB300 and AB336. Non-hyperaccumulating control species for each were also examined. In general, extractable soil concentrations of Ni decreased with increasing soil moisture content. Few significant effects related to Zn extractability were observed for any of the soil moisture treatments. The biomass of all tested species was generally greater at higher soil moisture and inhibited at low soil moisture. Further, plants accumulated large amounts of metals from soil at higher soil moisture. Highest foliar concentrations of Zn or Ni were found at the two highest WHCs of 80 and 100%. These results show that hyperaccumulators grow well under conditions of high soil moisture content and that they continue to hyperaccumulate metals. Thus, growing Thlaspi, Alyssum, and Berkheya for commercial phytoextraction under nonnative conditions is appropriate and suggests that this technology may be applied to a wide and diverse range of soil types, climatic conditions, and irrigation regimes.     

福州市公园外来入侵植物初步调查与分析

[目的] 了解福州市公园的外来入侵植物种类组成,分析其原产地及入侵等级等情况,能够为福州外来入侵植物的扩散、防控以及生物多样性保护提供参考依据。[方法] 对福州市4个区49个公园的外来入侵植物种类、原产地、生活型、入侵频度、危害程度（入侵等级）等进行调查和分析。[结果] 在调查的福州市所有公园内均有入侵植物分布,目前有入侵植物66种,隶属25科,其中菊科、豆科、苋科3个科为优势科,共计33种（占50.00%）;从来源上看,大多数原产于美洲,其次是非洲、欧洲、亚洲;以草本植物为主,共有55种（占83.30%）;从入侵频度看,入侵频度超过50%的入侵植物有7种,其中小蓬草的频度最高,为87.76%;从入侵等级来看,其中恶性（1级）入侵植物16种,严重（2级）入侵植物14种,局部（3级）入侵植物12种,一般（4级）入侵植物11种,有待观察类（5级）13种。[结论] 当前福州市公园内的外来植物入侵现象比较严重,应当加强该区域的入侵植物监测与预警,防止入侵植物扩散从而造成重大生态危害。     

Reproductive success of cultivated Pyrus calleryana (Rosaceae) and establishment ability of invasive, hybrid progeny

?Premise of the study: Pyrus calleryana Decne., an ornamental tree species introduced from China, is a relatively new invasive that has only recently begun to spread across the United States after intraspecific hybridization between cultivars. The function of such hybridization in the evolution of invasiveness is still relatively understudied, especially with respect to the initial establishment and persistence of invasive genotypes. Multiple introductions of genetically divergent populations or cultivars may benefit from new genetic combinations created during hybridization events and/or release from Allee effects in founder populations. ?Methods: We quantified the outcome of intraspecific hybridization between cultivars of P. calleryana in a common garden. Measures of the reproductive success and establishment ability of their early- and advanced-generation hybrid offspring were collected to assess the likelihood of particular cultivar genotypes to establish in invasive populations. These traits also were compared between cultivated and invasive parents to identify any generational differences in invasive potential. ?Key results: Differences were detected in measures of reproductive ability, but no group emerged as consistently more fecund. Advanced-generation hybrids also had significantly less biomass, indicating a reduction in hybrid performance relative to that of the cultivated progeny. ?Conclusion: Ultimately, this study indicates that increased spread of P. calleryana has been initiated by introduction of multiple cultivar types and subsequent widespread planting and is not the result of an inherent fitness advantage of hybrid progeny.     

成都市外来入侵植物种类特征及区系分析

【目的】全面掌握成都市外来入侵植物的种类特征、起源、区系成分和危害情况等特征,为相关部门制定管理策略和及早采取应对措施提供依据。【方法】以实地调查为主,结合标本及文献研究的方式获得成都市外来入侵植物的种类和分布信息,根据其在野外的生长和分布状况进行评估及划分危害等级,并进行植物区系分析。【结果】成都市现有外来入侵植物158种(亚种、变种),隶属42个科110个属,其中种类最多的3个科分别是菊科(36种)、豆科(17种)及禾本科(13种),合计占比41.77%;种类最多的属是苋属(8种),占比5.06%。原产地分析结果表明,有101种来自美洲地区,占比63.92%。从危害等级分析来看,其中19种为恶性入侵种(1级),32种为严重入侵种(2级),20种为局部入侵种(3级),41种为一般入侵种(4级)以及46种为有待观察种(5级)。植物区系分析结果显示,成都市外来入侵植物属的分布类型主要为泛热带分布、热带亚洲及热带美洲间断分布和世界分布。【结论】成都市地区的外来入侵植物种类明显增多,扩散趋势已加剧。根据上述入侵现状,本文对成都市地区防范外来植物入侵提出了以下4点防控建议:建立外来入侵植物风险评价体系,开展防控和利用技术研发,谨慎引种以及加强科普教育。     

观赏植物花期调控途径及其分子机制

开花期控制对观赏植物的生产和应用具有重要意义。目前关于高等植物成花机理的研究已经取得了突破性进展, 为观赏植物花期调控开辟了新途径。该文总结了观赏植物花期调控的途径和方法, 并对改良观赏植物花期的技术思路做了初步分析。通过与高等植物成花机制研究的对比分析发现, 观赏植物开花机理的研究已有了长足发展, 一些观赏植物的转基因研究也取得了丰硕成果。利用分子设计育种途径改良观赏植物的开花期, 突破了传统方法的局限性, 其研究和应用前景非常广阔。     

Cultivar selection prior to introduction may increase invasiveness: evidence from Ardisia crenata

Ardisia crenata (Myrsinaceae), an evergreen shrub with attractive red fruits introduced from Japan to the USA for ornamental purpose, invades the understory of mesic hardwood forests, forming dense patches (up to 300 stems per m²), and competitively displaces native understory plants by creating dense local shade. Comparison of the wild genotype that grows in mature evergreen broadleaf forests in central Kyushu, Japan, with the ecotype invading north central Florida revealed how selection for desirable cultivars might have inadvertently selected for traits that enhance the invasive potential of the species. In Japanese wild populations in deeply shaded evergreen forests, natural selection apparently maintained efficient architecture with a low degree of self-shading and large seed mass to enhance seedling shade tolerance. Cultivar selection for showy appearance can explain the greater fecundity but smaller seed size observed in the Florida populations compared to the Japanese population. Artificial selection for densely foliated appearance can also explain the greater degree of self-shading and less-efficient light use in the Florida genotype compared to the Japanese wild type grown under a common environment. Furthermore, the Florida ecotype allocated more biomass to root carbohydrate storage. These trait modifications resulted in slower growth rates, but greater competitive ability to cast shade upon neighbors and higher resprouting potential in the Florida populations. How traits are modified through the processes of artificial selection and cultivation must be taken into consideration in the evolutionary ecology of many other invasive plants introduced as ornamental plants.     

25份槭属优良种质资源亲缘关系的ISSR分析

槭属植物是世界园林绿化中的重要植物种类,种质资源丰富且大多数种类具有重要的观赏价值。针对目前我国槭属植物杂交育种工作中面临的品种混杂不清、亲缘状况不明等情况,该研究采用ISSR分子标记对槭属25份植物材料进行了亲缘关系分析。结果表明:选用12条扩增带型清晰且重复性好的引物共获得84条谱带,其中81条呈多态性,多态性比例(PPB)达96.43%,表明槭属植物遗传多样性较高。25份槭属植物材料的遗传相似性系数介于0.405与0.952之间,平均值为0.627,表明不同品种或物种之间遗传相似性系数变化较大。根据Nei遗传相似性系数,在0.578处,UPGMA结果将25份植物材料分为2个类群,其中鸡爪槭品种(或变种)聚为一类,显示了各品种(或变种)之间具有较高的亲缘关系,其余槭属植物则聚为类群II;在0.646处,可进一步分为6个亚类群,部分鸡爪槭品种间表现出了叶形、叶色等表型形状与其遗传关系的相关性。研究未发现鸡爪槭品种(或变种)的亲缘关系与地理分布存在相关性。我国槭树资源丰富,但目前我国对槭树新品种的开发及选育工作仍十分薄弱,建议采取自行选育结合国外引进新品种的方式,丰富我国的槭树种质资源。     

Genetic relationships of Aglaonema species and cultivars inferred from AFLP markers

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Aglaonema is an important ornamental foliage plant genus, but genetic relationships among its species and cultivars have not been reported. This study analysed genetic relatedness of 54 cultivars derived from nine species using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. METHODS: Initially, 48 EcoRI + 2/MseI + 3 primer set combinations were screened, from which six primer sets that showed clear scoreable and highly polymorphic fragments were selected and used for AFLP reactions. AFLP fragments were scored and entered into a binary data matrix as discrete variables. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was calculated for all pair-wise comparisons among the 54 cultivars, and a dendrogram was constructed by the unweighted pair-group method using the arithmetic average (UPGMA). KEY RESULTS: The number of AFLP fragments generated per primer set ranged from 59 to 112 with fragment sizes varying from 50 to 565 bp. A total of 449 AFLP fragments was detected, of which 314 were polymorphic (70 %). All cultivars were clearly differentiated by their AFLP fingerprints. The 54 cultivars were divided into seven clusters; cultivars within each cluster generally share similar morphological characteristics. Cluster I contains 35 cultivars, most of them are interspecific hybrids developed mainly from A. commutatum, A. crispum or A. nitidum. However, Jaccard's similarity coefficients among these hybrids are 0.84 or higher, suggesting that these popular hybrid cultivars are genetically much closer than previously thought. This genetic similarity may imply that A. nitidum and A. crispum are likely progenitors of A. commutatum. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate the efficiency and ease of using AFLP markers for investigating genetic relationships of ornamental foliage plants, a group usually propagated vegetatively. The AFLP markers developed will help future Aglaonema cultivar identification, germplasm conservation and new cultivar development.     

Tracing the introduction history of a potentially invasive ornamental shrub: variation in frost hardiness and climate change

Nursery catalogues have recently been used as a method for tracing the introduction history of invasive plants. Information on species, cultivars, plant size and price can help quantify historical changes in propagule pressure. Propagule pressure of invasive ornamentals has to be combined with climatic data to understand shifting distribution patterns of (potentially) invasive plants. In this study the spread of Ilex aquifolium L. cultivars was investigated at the edge of its distribution margin in Denmark. Danish nursery catalogues from 1841–2007 were studied to 1) reconstruct the introduction history of potentially invasive ornamental genotypes of I. aquifolium in Denmark; 2) explore potential factors that could explain naturalization of the species, i.e. nursery location, plant size, hardiness, price and year; 3) investigate whether or not marketing has been more common inside the historical range of the species in western Denmark; and 4) test the hypothesis that marketing of this frost‐sensitive species has increased parallel with higher temperatures in the past 100 years. Price, plant size, hardiness, location, and year were recorded for a total of 3213 entries. Through time, increasing prices and the availability of frost‐hardy cultivars were the most significant factors contributing to the sale of I. aquifolium in Denmark. The number of nurseries per area, and hence propagule pressure, was higher in eastern Denmark, outside the natural range of the species. The proportion of very frost‐hardy cultivars increased with milder winter temperatures. The main conclusion from this combined nursery catalogue and climate study are that nurseries in an indirect way play an important role in increasing the propagule pressure of potentially invasive ornamentals and thus can affect distribution of native species.     

入侵植物的生理生态特性对碳积累的影响

随着国际贸易的发展和人们交往的增加以及全球环境的变化,生物种类在全球扩散的机会也大大增加,从而为生物入侵创造了机会。生物入侵不仅给农林牧生产造成损失,而且具有长期的生态学效应。外来种的成功入侵不是其自身某一个特性决定的,而是其特性与新的生境综合作用的结果。外来入侵种生理生态特性的研究对其预测和防治具有重要的意义。目前对入侵种生理生态特性的研究较少。已有的研究表明,与本地种相比入侵种可能通过提高光合能力、资源利用率、表型可塑性、化感作用,以及降低繁殖成本等增加植株碳积累,促进其入侵。但并不是所有的入侵种都同时具有这些特性。生境不同限制性资源不同,入侵机制就不同。成功的入侵种应该能够高效地利用生境中的限制性资源,并且能够较快地调节自身的生理特性以适应波动的资源环境。     

中国大陆一新外来入侵种--刺桐姬小蜂

报道了最近发生在广东省深圳市、福建省厦门市等地刺桐等桐属植物上的一种新的外来人侵害虫——刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim。对其分类地位、形态特征、生物学特性、分布、寄主、为害症状等做了简要介绍,提出防治措施,并对其风险分析进行评估。     

外来入侵植物成灾的机制及防除对策

外来入侵植物是指自然或人为地由原生态系统中引入到新生境的植物 ,会给新生境或其中的物种带来威胁。紫茎泽兰从缅甸自然进入云南 ,其原产地是墨西哥 ;水葫芦从墨西哥引进用作饲料 ,而大米草是从英国南海岸引入用于促淤护堤。 3种外来入侵植物给我国当地的生产、生活等带来了极大的威胁 ,破坏了生态系统 ,影响了生物的多样性。对它们的治理费用昂贵。其繁殖力、适应性和抗逆性极强 ,竞争力也极强或本身拥有化感特性或特殊器官 ,同时又耐瘠、耐污 ,并且在本地还缺乏有力的竞争生物和天敌 ,是 3种外来入侵植物势不可挡 ,扩散蔓延的成灾机制。致力于外来入侵植物的国家能力建设和综合治理是 3种外来入侵植物的防除对策     

The Development of a Plant Risk Evaluation (PRE) Tool for Assessing the Invasive Potential of Ornamental Plants

Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) methods for evaluating invasiveness in plants have evolved rapidly in the last two decades. Many WRA tools exist, but none were specifically designed to screen ornamental plants prior to being released into the environment. To be accepted as a tool to evaluate ornamental plants for the nursery industry, it is critical that a WRA tool accurately predicts non-invasiveness without falsely categorizing them as invasive. We developed a new Plant Risk Evaluation (PRE) tool for ornamental plants. The 19 questions in the final PRE tool were narrowed down from 56 original questions from existing WRA tools. We evaluated the 56 WRA questions by screening 21 known invasive and 14 known non-invasive ornamental plants. After statistically comparing the predictability of each question and the frequency the question could be answered for both invasive and non-invasive species, we eliminated questions that provided no predictive power, were irrelevant in our current model, or could not be answered reliably at a high enough percentage. We also combined many similar questions. The final 19 remaining PRE questions were further tested for accuracy using 56 additional known invasive plants and 36 known non-invasive ornamental species. The resulting evaluation demonstrated that when “needs further evaluation” classifications were not included, the accuracy of the model was 100% for both predicting invasiveness and non-invasiveness. When “needs further evaluation” classifications were included as either false positive or false negative, the model was still 93% accurate in predicting invasiveness and 97% accurate in predicting non-invasiveness, with an overall accuracy of 95%. We conclude that the PRE tool should not only provide growers with a method to accurately screen their current stock and potential new introductions, but also increase the probability of the tool being accepted for use by the industry as the basis for a nursery certification program.     

The Worldwide Spread,Success, and Impact of Ragweed (Ambrosia spp.)

The Ambrosia species represent one of the most problematic groups of invasive weeds around the world. The ease with which they are introduced and spread in new countries, their generalist ecological requirements, and functional traits facilitate their invasion and subsequent naturalization in new areas. All of these aspects contribute to increasing their global social and economic impact, which is mostly related to pollen allergy. Here we analyze available scientific publications about Ambrosia artemisiifolia, A. psilostachya, A. tenuifolia, and A. trifida, with the aim of defining the current level of knowledge and summarizing important data that are currently scattered throughout the literature. Specifically, we analyzed the following: (1) their current global distribution and current stage of invasion; (2) traits and requirements promoting their introduction, reproductive success, and adaptation to climate and environment in the nonnative range; as well as (3) current knowledge about allergens and elements increasing their impact.     

福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及其应用

彩叶植物因其叶色丰富、观赏性高,在园林绿化中占有重要地位。本文对福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及应用现状进行调查研究,并对彩叶植物的引种与应用提出建议。