城市污泥资源化利用研究

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂 ,如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势 ,并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂等进行资源化利用是符合我国国情的 ,并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径     

论城市污泥农用资源化与可持续发展

根据可持续发展观的基本思想，在对城市污泥的特征、处理现状及其对农业和城市发展的影响进行分析的基础上，认为城市污泥的农用资源化对于城市和农业的可持续发展具有重要意义和紧迫性，也是未来城市污泥处置的根本出路，关键在于控制污泥中毒性污染物的含量，科学合理地施用。     

污泥的农林处置与利用

1　污泥处置与农林利用现状污泥处置与利用 ,乃当前环境科学中的重要课题。一些污水处理的专家认为 ,污泥处置是污水处理厂当前迫切要解决的难度最大的问题。污泥的处置主要包括农用、填埋、焚烧、排海等。据1 996年资料报道 ,世界上 1 2个发达国家对污泥的处置方式 (表 1 ) ,45.3%为农用 ,38%为填埋 ,1 0 .5%为焚烧 ,6.0 %为排海。西欧、美国和英国的污泥处置 ,西欧以填埋为主 ,美国和英国以农用为主 ,加拿大以焚烧为主 (占 40 % ) [1 ] 。 1 991年和1 998年 ,美国和欧盟已规定禁止向海洋倾倒污泥[1 1 ] ,并且一些发达国家已经明令禁止焚烧…     

利用皇竹草处理城市污泥生产植物产品

利用大生物量植物——皇竹草(Pennisetum hydridum),处理城市污泥高效生产有用的植物产品。通过小型田间试验,采用根兜分株移栽和直接扦插方式种植皇竹草,比较土壤、新鲜污泥、土壤+新鲜污泥等体积混合、植物处理后的污泥4种介质的适应性,测定了皇竹草的成活率和生长状况,以及污泥自身性质的变化;通过盆栽试验及田间试验进一步探讨育苗后移栽在新鲜污泥上的可行性。结果表明,新鲜污泥上直接扦插的皇竹草无一存活,即使是根兜分株移栽其成活率也仅为16.67%,生长较差。而对于土壤+污泥混合物或植物处理后的污泥,采用直接扦插方式,皇竹草的成活率也分别达58.33%、75.00%,两个月干草产量达22.20、19.80 t/hm2,为土壤上的5.11、4.55倍。皇竹草吸收K较明显,3个有污泥的处理皇竹草K含量接近40 g/kg干重,N、P2O5、K2O的总含量大于70 g/kg,可作为有机K肥原料;皇竹草重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2001),作为饲料是安全的。盆栽试验及田间试验表明,采用育苗后移栽的方式,皇竹草在新鲜污泥上的成活率达66.67%以上。因此,城市污泥直接种植皇竹草可以实现资源化利用。     

剩余污泥资源化利用新工艺研究进展

随着城市化进程加速, 污水处理厂剩余污泥大量产生, 如何对其进行处理并有效资源化利用成为广泛关注的问题。文章在综述我国城市污水处理厂剩余污泥特征、相应处理与综合利用方法的基础上, 进一步综述了污泥干化芦苇床、人工湿地、微生物燃料电池以及相关组合工艺等剩余污泥资源化利用新工艺。总结了各种新工艺的优势以及当前尚未解决的关键问题, 对未来新工艺的潜在应用进行了展望, 以期开发出低能耗、低成本、高效率、绿色生态的技术, 真正实现剩余污泥的减量化、无害化、稳定化和资源化。     

污泥草地利用的初步研究

对经堆处理的污泥有机肥培育结缕草（Zoysia japonica)的初步研究表明,在污泥符合农用标准条件下,以Cd为施污泥肥厚的限制因子,在施污泥有机肥45t.hm^-2（干重）以下时,在微酸性土壤（PH＜6．5）,土壤Cd含量低于Cd的土壤环境质量标准（0.3mg.kg^-1),地下水NO^-3-N含量低于地面水Ⅰ、Ⅱ类标准（NO^-3-N10mg.kg^-1,P0.1mg.kg^-),土壤中有机质,速效N、总N、总P分别经对照增加16％、78％、61％和140％,结缕草生物量比对照区高1倍,可以认为,污泥草地利用是一种良好途径。     

食品工业废水资源化与处置

近年来．我国食品工业技术取得了长足发展,生产成本不断下降．经济效益不断增长,但环境污染问题已逐步成为食品工业生存和发展的重要制约因素。食品工业是我国水源污染大户之一,废水COD排放量中食品工业占11％,居轻工行业第二位。另外．环境生物技术的研究重点已从单纯的污染治理转化为开发从废水或废弃物中回收化学品以及电能的有效生物反应途径。     

污水处理厂污泥处理技术的探讨

近年来,随着社会工业的发展、技术的进步,国民生产总值日益提高。污泥污染问题也逐渐进入人们视线。本文通过对污水处理厂进水水量特征描述,重点探讨污泥处理在我国发展的现状、污水处理厂在污泥处理工程中存在的问题。在此基础上,对污水处理厂污泥处理未来发展趋势展望,提出对于污泥处理技术行之有效的建设性建议。     

城市污泥的特性研究与再利用前景分析

城市污泥的再利用是普遍认可的一种污泥处理途径 ,针对上海 3种典型城市污泥 ,即曲阳生活污泥、金山石化污泥和桃浦化工污泥的特性进行了分析。结果表明 ,3种污泥中Zn和Cd的浓度都超过了相关标准 ,重金属的含量和污泥的类型有关 ,形态分布显著不同 ;曲阳生活污泥中不同气候条件下的大肠菌值≥ 12 0 0MPNs·g-1DM ,而且还有许多其它传染性病原体 ;关于优先控制有机污染物 ,金山石化污泥检出 6种 ,桃浦化工污泥检出 8种 ,而曲阳生活污泥中没有检出。本文还讨论了我国和欧美关于污泥农用的相关控制标准 ,并在此基础上进一步阐述了我国城市污泥再利用的前景和待解决的关键问题     

Biogas production from supernatant of hydrothermally treated municipal sludge by upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

The supernatant of hydrothermally treated sludge was treated by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for a 550-days running test. The hydrothermal parameter was 170 °C for 60 min. An mesophilic 8.6 L UASB reactor was seeded with floc sludge. The final organic loading rate (OLR) could reach 18 kg COD/m³ d. At the initial stage running for 189 days, the feed supernatant was diluted, and the OLR reached 11 kg COD/m³ d. After 218 days, the reactor achieved a high OLR, and the supernatant was pumped into the reactor without dilution. The influent COD fluctuated from 20,000 to 30,000 mg/L and the COD removal rate remained at approximately 70%. After 150 days, granular sludge was observed. The energy balance calculation show that heating 1.0 kg sludge needs 0.34 MJ of energy, whereas biogas energy from the supernatant of the heated sludge is 0.43 MJ.     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的研究

将广州城市污泥与稻草进行翻堆、接菌-翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气4种方式的堆肥,应用GC／MS技术对堆肥中6种属于USEPA优控污染物的邻苯二甲酸醇化合物(PAEs)进行分析,探讨堆肥产物中PAEs的含量分布以及不同方式堆肥对PAEs的降解效果,结果表明,4种方式堆肥中PAEs总含量(∑PAEs)在9．815～17．832mg·kg^-1之间,依次为翻堆(17．832mg·kg^-1)>接菌-翻堆(13．927mg·kg^-1)>间隙通气(10．765mg·kg^-1)>连续通气(9．815mg·kg^-1),堆肥中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯(DhOP)为主,占∑PAEs的82．2％～89．696,不同方式堆肥中∑PAEs的降解率为连续通气(45．71％)>间隙通气(40．4696)>接菌-翻堆(22．97％)>翻堆(1．3796)(平均降解率为27．63％),其中邻苯二甲酸二乙醇(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的降解率分别为95．7696～98．6896、79．5696～99．46％和87．42％～98．42％;但邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯的含量反而增加,邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)在所有堆肥中均未检出。     

Isolation of bacteria producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from municipal sewage sludge

Bacterial isolates from sludge samples collected at a local municipal sewage treatment plant were screened for bacteria producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Initially Sudan black B staining was performed to detect lipid cellular inclusions. Lipid-positive isolates were then grown in a nitrogen limitation E2 medium containing 2% (w/v) glucose to promote accumulation of PHA before the subsequent staining with Nile blue A. The positive isolates were quantified initially with a u.v. spectrophotometer, for a very large number of isolates (105) and among them high PHA-producing isolates (15) were selected and were confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis. The GC analysis showed the polymers produced by 13 of the selected isolates to be polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and the remaining two isolates produced polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-co-HV) copolymer. The proportion of the PHA-positive bacterial isolates showed variability in the number of PHA accumulators during various months. The correlation of PHB production with the cell dry weight (CDW) was found to be statistically significant. The metabolism of PHB in these selected 15 isolates was studied using the Nile blue A staining, which showed an initial increase in the fluorescence followed by a decline, on further incubation. All the selected 15 isolates were classified to genus level by studying their morphological and biochemical characteristics. There were seven Bacillus species, three Pseudomonas species, two Alcaligenes species, two Aeromonas species, and one Chromobacterium species.     

城市污泥农用对植物-土壤系统的影响

城市污泥的合理处置是目前资源与环境科学研究领域中的重要课题之一.城市污泥因富含大量的有机质和有效营养成分,对农业土壤肥力、土壤物理结构和农业生产均有一定的积极促进作用,使得污泥农用成为可能.但城市污泥中含有的重金属、有机污染物等有害物质尤其是重金属,成为污泥农用处置的瓶颈.为提高我国城市污泥的农业资源化利用效率和减少污染物造成的负面效应,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对植物-土壤互作系统的影响及过程进行了综述,为进一步提高污泥利用效率提供理论依据和科学指导.     

Effect of municipal sludge on the respiratory activity of a cropland soil

Summary The respiratory activity of a cropland soil which received between 100 and 120 tonnes (dry) of municipal sludge ha⁻¹ annually over a five year period, was examined manometrically. The soil contained an average of 34 mg Cd kg⁻¹. Compared to soil from conventionally managed fields, the biological consumption of gaseous oxygen by sludge-treated soil was four times greater than its untreated conventionally fertilized counterpart. This enhanced level of biological activity was restricted to the surface 25 cm of soil at the disposal site. There was no indication that increased soil cadmium levels had impaired the overall respiratory activity of the sludge treated soil.     

剩余活性污泥完全资源化利用微生物集成技术

剩余活性污泥完全资源化利用微生物集成技术包括: 使用土著PHA合成菌回注法驯化并发酵活性污泥, 生产生物降解材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA); 采用土著嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌进行生物淋滤, 去除重金属; 以解磷菌和解钾菌为菌种, 进行固态发酵, 生产生物菌肥。结果表明, 500 L中试PHA占挥发性悬浮固体的20%以上; 重金属含量达到国家排放要求; 生物菌肥中活菌数大于1×108 个/g以上。实现了剩余活性污泥的近零排放。     

Dynamics of the microfauna community in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant experiencing sludge bulking

We investigated the dynamics of the microfauna community in activated sludge, with special reference to sludge bulking, in two parallel municipal wastewater treatment systems in Beijing, China over a period of 14 months. Annual cyclic changes in microfauna community structures occurred in both systems. RELATE analysis based on Spearman's Rank correlation indicated that microfauna community structures were highly correlated with the sludge volume index (SVI) (p < 0.001), which indicates sludge settleability. Nutrient conditions of raw sewage (p < 0.01) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) (p < 0.05) were also related to microfauna community structures. Abundances of the species Epistylis plicatilis and Vorticella striata increased significantly with an increase in SVI (p < 0.001) and decrease in water temperature (p < 0.001), suggesting that sludge bulking may have created favorable conditions for the two species, even under unfavorable temperature conditions. Sludge de-flocculation primarily due to the excessive growth of Microthrix parvicella-like filaments could be an important driving force for the microfauna community changes. The release of flocculated non-filamentous bacteria may represent a suitable food source for these species. The two species may be considered as potential bioindicators for sludge bulking.     

城市污泥对作物种子发芽及幼苗生长影响的初步研究

不同类型污泥及其堆肥对通菜、菜心种子发芽和幼苗生长影响的研究表明 ,深圳生污泥、佛山生污泥和广州生污泥及其堆肥对通菜种子的发芽率有明显的影响 ,前者仅为73% ,其余的在 85%左右 ,均低于对照处理 ( 93% ) .而它们对菜心种子的发芽率 ,除了深圳生污泥有抑制作用外 ( 75% ) ,其余均表现为促进作用 ( 90 % ) ,均高于对照处理 ( 85% ) .它们对于两种作物幼苗的生长则均表现为不同程度的抑制作用甚至是损害作用 .污泥及其堆肥中抑制作物种子发芽和幼苗生长的物质主要是有机酸和醛类等有机物 .生污泥经过消化作用或适当的堆沤作用可降解这些有机物 ,从而减弱或消除这种抑制作用 .因此 ,生污泥经过消化作用或适当的堆沤作用后用于农业生产更为安全 .但对刚施用污泥或污泥堆肥的耕地最好不要直接播种 .