真菌发育过程中的蓝光诱导

本文对多种真菌在发育过程中受蓝光诱导的现象进行了综述。蓝光可以诱导多种真菌的形态发生和发育,包括孢子的产生和菌丝的延伸等。此外,蓝光还可引起真菌的生理和生化改变,如细胞膜对离子的通透性的变化、类胡萝卜素的合成等。真菌也存在一个蓝光信号系统,通过蓝光受体接受蓝光信号,导致了真菌的一系列形态发生和生理生化的变化。     

蓝光对蔬菜烟粉虱的控制作用

利用灯光控制害虫是蔬菜害虫绿色防控的重要手段.本研究探讨了蓝光对黄瓜烟粉虱种群及黄瓜营养物质、次生代谢物、抗性相关酶的影响.结果 表明:在直接驱避试验条件下,蓝光对烟粉虱成虫有较强的驱避作用,光照强度越大、照射时间越长,对烟粉虱的驱避作用越强.在相同光强和光照时间下,直射光较透射光的驱避作用强.其中,1200 lx的蓝...     

理性认识蓝光危害及蓝光生物安全性评价

日常生活和工作中会接触到多种多样的蓝光辐射,蓝光的生物作用及其生物安全性也越来越受到关注。国内外已颁布一系列关于蓝光潜在健康危害、蓝光生物安全性评价,以及蓝光产品风险组别的指南、技术报告和标准。“蓝光危害”是灯和灯系统的光生物安全性评价标准体系中使用的一个专业技术术语。该术语并非泛指蓝光辐射有风险,也不应被误认为蓝光都是有害的。蓝光在维持正常视觉和人体健康中发挥着重要作用,理性认识蓝光危害对蓝光技术的发展和应用有积极意义。本文围绕蓝光辐射的一些重要性质、来源、蓝光的生物作用以及蓝光生物安全性评价体系,对蓝光危害目前的共识以及误解进行了客观和理性分析,并对关于蓝光辐射的生物安全性的相关标准以及蓝光生物安全性评价方法进行了综述。     

蓝光受体下游信号转导组分的研究进展

为了全面了解蓝光受体信号转导组分及其调节机制的研究进展,着重地阐述了蓝光受体的信号转导组分中的Ca~(2 )、蛋白质的可逆磷酸化、阴离子通道和G蛋白,以及植物如何通过多条信号转导途径调节其形态和发育的变化以适应环境的变化等。     

蓝光和蔗糖对拟南芥花色素苷积累和CHS基因表达的影响

以在20μmol m^-2s^-1白光下生长13d的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana,Landsbcrg生态型)幼苗为材料,采用测定叶片花色素苷含量和Northern blot方法,研究蓝光与蔗糖在诱导植物花色素苷积累及相关基因表达中的作用。结果表明：蓝光处理后,叶片花色素苷积累随光强和照光时间的延长而增加,突变体hy4叶片的花色素苷含量明显低于野生型(WT),说明隐花色素1(cry1)是蓝光诱导花色素苷积累的主要光受体：WT中苯基苯乙烯酮合酶基因(CHS)的表达受蓝光诱导,处理4h即有表达,8h达到最高,之后逐渐下降;蓝光不能诱导突变体hy4中CHS基因的表达,说明cry1介导蓝光诱导CHS基因的表达。培养基中不含蔗糖,削弱了蓝光诱导的拟南芥叶片花色素苷的积累,CHS基因表达也受到抑制。蔗糖不仅作为碳源参与蓝光诱导的花色素苷积累,还可能作为信号分子参与蓝光诱导的CHS表达。     

蓝光和蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对蛹虫草形态的影响

蓝光是影响生物生长发育过程的重要因素,同时生物个体的生长发育过程中不断有蛋白质的泛素化降解。采用蓝光和蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132处理蛹虫草菌,观察蛹虫草菌落、菌丝体和子实体形态的变化。研究结果表明,黑暗条件下正常生长的菌落边缘圆滑一致,菌落之间融合无边界;MG132处理后,菌落之间出现明显的界限,边缘菌丝稀疏。蓝光条件下无MG132处理时,菌落较为单薄,转色明显;MG132处理时,菌落中间橙色,边缘颜色变淡。扫描电镜观察,黑暗条件下无MG132处理的菌丝自然弯曲,菌丝表面较为光滑,菌丝粗细差别不大且分枝较少,分生孢子表面较光滑。黑暗条件下MG132处理菌丝体,菌丝较直且分枝较多,菌丝容易断裂,分生孢子表面仍较光滑。蓝光条件下菌丝体弯曲减少,菌丝表面较为粗糙,单条菌丝常出现部分区段膨大呈不规则状,菌丝粗细差异较大,菌丝断裂较多;分生孢子呈扁平的椭圆状,表面有纹理,且粗糙。蓝光条件下MG132处理的菌丝体,菌丝较直,表面粗糙,菌丝整体变得更细,菌丝断裂较多;分生孢子呈不规则形状,表面纹理更深,粗糙有褶皱。此外,MG132可导致蛹虫草子实体畸形生长。结果表明,蓝光和MG132均可以影响蛹虫草的形态变化。     

蓝光对保护地蔬菜烟粉虱的控制作用

[目的]研究蓝光开灯时段、蓝光光强对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)的驱避作用,以及蓝光照射对保护地辣椒和黄瓜上烟粉虱的控制作用,为利用驱虫灯实施对蔬菜烟粉虱的绿色防控提供科学依据.[方法]在蔬菜上用蓝光(波长为470 nm)照射,设置照射时间段17:00-18:00、18:00-19:00、19:00-20:00、20:00-21:00和21:00-22:005个处理、光照强度1、2、6、8、10、20、30、70、1501x9个处理,分别研究不同开灯时段和光强对烟粉虱的驱避作用,以不用蓝光处理为对照;分别在保护地黄瓜和辣椒上放置蓝色灯带,每天18:00-20:00开灯,每3d一次,分别调查黄瓜和辣椒上烟粉虱的虫量.[结果]18:00-19:00时间段蓝光照射对蔬菜烟粉虱的驱避作用最强,虫口减退率占试验总时段的50.94％;17:00-18:00次之,占22.29％;烟粉虱的虫口减退率与光照强度呈正相关(P＜0.05),其回归方程为)y=3.0297x+ 12.508 (R2=0.981).蓝光对保护地辣椒和黄瓜上烟粉虱有较好的驱避作用,辣椒上蓝光处理10d后烟粉虱的虫口减退率达到85.73％,上部叶片和中部叶片上虫口减退率之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05);蓝光处理黄瓜12d后烟粉虱的虫口减退率达90.33％,在光照的前期上部叶片的虫口减退率高于中部叶片,处理9d后上部叶片和中部叶片上虫口减退率之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05).[结论]蓝光对蔬菜烟粉虱具有较强的驱避作用,在18:00-19:00使用蓝光对保护地蔬菜上的烟粉虱的控制效果较好.     

叶黄素对大鼠视网膜LED蓝光损伤的保护作用研究

目的：探讨叶黄素对视网膜LED蓝光损伤的保护作用。方法：48只雄性SD大鼠（6~8周龄,体重180~220g）随机分为6组：正常对照组、模型对照组、溶剂对照组,叶黄素低、中、高剂量组（25、50、100mg/kg）。以纯玉米油为溶剂,将叶黄素溶于玉米油中灌胃饲养30d。饲养末,将所有实验动物置于暗室中暗适应24h后,除正常对照组外,其余大鼠用LED蓝光损伤装置制备大鼠视网膜LED蓝光损伤动物模型,光暴露时间为1.5h,光暴露强度为1 400~1 500lux,光暴露后暗室饲养。24h后股静脉采血、处死,摘取眼球制备眼球壁石蜡切片,HE染色后观察视网膜形态学变化,测定血清中氧化应激相关指标。结果：模型对照组和溶剂对照组大鼠视网膜外核层厚度较正常对照组显著降低;经过叶黄素预处理的大鼠,在LED蓝光损伤后,视网膜外核层厚度降低不明显。大鼠接受LED蓝光损伤后,与正常对照组相比,模型对照组血清中丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著增加（P<0.05）,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH Px）的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。与模型对照组和溶剂对照组相比,叶黄素各剂量组血清中MDA含量减少（P<0.05）,而GSH Px含量显著增加（P<0.05）,但叶黄素三个剂量组之间MDA和GSH Px无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论：叶黄素对大鼠视网膜LED光损伤有明显的保护作用,可能的机制是通过淬灭氧自由基,抑制脂质过氧化发挥其保护作用的。     

蓝光调控的植物器官与细胞器运动

蓝光可诱导植物的器官和细胞器运动,从而更好地适应环境。这些运动反应包括向光反应(phototropism)、叶绿体运动(chloroplast movements)、气孔开放(stomatal opening)、细胞核定位(nuclei positioning)以及叶片伸展和定位(leaf expansion and positioning)。调控这些运动反应的主要蓝光受体是向光素(phototropins)。本文综述向光素的分子特性与感光机制,以及由向光素介导的各种器官及细胞器运动和相关信号转导途径的最新研究进展。     

The inner clock—Blue light sets the human rhythm

Visible light synchronizes the human biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to the solar 24‐hour cycle. Short wavelengths, perceived as blue color, are the strongest synchronizing agent for the circadian system that keeps most biological and psychological rhythms internally synchronized. Circadian rhythm is important for optimum function of organisms and circadian sleep–wake disruptions or chronic misalignment often may lead to psychiatric and neurodegenerative illness. The beneficial effect on circadian synchronization, sleep quality, mood, and cognitive performance depends not only on the light spectral composition but also on the timing of exposure and its intensity. Exposure to blue light during the day is important to suppress melatonin secretion, the hormone that is produced by the pineal gland and plays crucial role in circadian rhythm entrainment. While the exposure to blue is important for keeping organism's wellbeing, alertness, and cognitive performance during the day, chronic exposure to low‐intensity blue light directly before bedtime, may have serious implications on sleep quality, circadian phase and cycle durations. This rises inevitably the need for solutions to improve wellbeing, alertness, and cognitive performance in today's modern society where exposure to blue light emitting devices is ever increasing.      

Endogenous Phytohormones and Regulation of Morphogenesis of Arabidopsis thalianaby Blue Light

We studied the effects of blue light (BL) on the levels of endogenous phytohormones (IAA, ABA, gibberellins, and cytokinins) and morphogenesis of the 7-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh seedlings of wild type (Ler) and its hy4mutant with a disturbed synthesis of cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), which is a receptor for BL. In darkness, the mutant contained considerably less free IAA and zeatin, but much more ABA as compared to the wild-type seedlings. BL retarded the hypocotyl growth in the wild-type seedlings but stimulated it in the mutant. Elongation of mutant hypocotyls was accompanied by accumulation of free IAA and a decrease in the content of free ABA; the level of cytokinins did not change. We believe that the response of the hy4hypocotyls to BL is mediated by a BL receptor distinct from cryptochrome 1. The conclusion is that light and hormonal signals interact in the control of the hypocotyl growth in A. thalianaseedlings.     

Twofold effect of blue light on a circadian rhythm in Acetabularia

Abstract

The circadian chloroplast migration in Acetabularia mediterranea was monitored by continuously measuring the transmission of the cells near the apex. Under continuous red light the amplitude of the rhythm decreased rapidly within a few days. However, circadian changes of chloroplast density were still detectable even after 28 days of red light, indicating the persistence of the rhythm. When blue light was added after red light preirradiation of several days phase shifts were observed which were expressed as advances as well as delays. The period of the rhythm proved to be strongly dependent on the intensity of the continuous blue light which was given in addition to red light. Different red light intensities did not change the period. The occurrence of both effects indicates that the sensory transduction of blue light photoreception in Acetabularia works in two different ways: quanta counting processes and processes of light intensity measurement.     

苔藓植物蓝光/紫外光-A 信号传导的研究

种子植物含有5个已分离的光受体和至少1个未鉴定的蓝光/紫外光-A受体。隐花色素(CRY1、CRY2和CRY3) 调节植物的生长发育,而向光蛋白(PHOT1和PHOT2) 调节植物对光的营养反应。黄素可以吸收蓝光和紫外光-A,是生色团。对这些光受体的结构和作用模式已了解很多。苔藓植物小立碗藓中含有2个已分离的隐花色素(CRY1a和CRY1b),负责调节侧枝形成和生长素代谢;有4个向光蛋白(PHOTA1,PHOTA2,PHOTB1,PHOTB2) 调节叶绿体的运动。苔藓细胞内蓝光/紫外光-A刺激引发的信号转导有Ca2+参与。     

Blue Light Reception in Phycomyces: Red Light Sensitization in madC Mutants

Sporangiophores of the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus are sensitive to near UV and blue light. The quantum effectiveness of yellow and red light is more than 6 orders of magnitude below that of near UV or blue light. Phototropism mutants with a defect in the gene madC are about 10⁶ times less sensitive to blue light than the wild type. These mutants respond, however, to yellow and red light when the long wavelength light is given simultaneously with actinic blue light. In the presence of yellow or red light the photogravitropic threshold of madC mutants is lowered about 100-fold though the yellow and the red light alone are phototropically ineffective. A step-up of the fluence rate of broad-band red light (> 600 nm) from 6 × 10^?3 to 6W m^?2 elicits, in mutant C 148 madC, a transient deceleration of the growth rate. The growth rate of the wild type is not affected by the same treatment. The results are interpreted in terms of a red light absorbing intermediate of the blue light photoreceptor of Phycomyces. The intermediate should be short-lived in the wild type and should accumulate in madC mutants.