乳胶凝集试验检测H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素抗体的研究

利用原核表达并经过纯化的H5亚型禽流感病毒的血凝素蛋白做为抗原,经碳二亚胺（EDAC）将表达产物和羧基化的乳胶共价偶联,并对偶联乳胶的蛋白量和偶联时间进行合理选择,建立H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白乳胶凝集试验的方法。临床检测H5亚型禽流感病毒实验免疫鸡血清126份,同血凝抑制试验相比,其敏感性为87.03％,特异性为88.8％,两者的符合率为87.30%。结果证明建立的方法可用于H5亚型禽流感抗体水平监测和流行病学调查。     

禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白的结构、功能与表达

血凝素蛋白（HA）既是一种重要吸附蛋白,介导禽流感病毒吸附和穿入宿主细胞而发挥致病作用,也是一种良好的保护性抗原,对宿主抵抗禽流感起到了决定性保护作用。研究HA蛋白对揭示禽流感病毒的致病机理和免疫防治禽流感均具有重要意义。本文重点概述了HA蛋白的结构、功能和蛋白表达方面的研究进展,并对HA蛋白在禽流感疫苗中的应用进行了探讨。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒（ＰｏｔａｔｏＬｅａｆｒｏｌＶｉｒｕｓ,ＰＬＲＶ）中国分离株的基因间隔区（ｉｎｔｅｒｇｅｎｉｃｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅ,ＩＳ）双链ｃＤＮＡ以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体ｐＲＯＫ２中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Ｄｅｓｉｒｅ,获得了转基因植株。卡那霉素抗性分析和ＰＣＲ检测目的基因,证明ＰＬＲＶＩＳ双链ｃＤＮＡ已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中。将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种ＰＬＲＶ,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测转基因植株中ＰＬＲＶ含量。结果表明,表达ＰＬＲＶＩＳ正意和反意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,ＰＬＲＶ平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低。表达正意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株ＰＬＲＶ滴度降低４３％～７２％,表达反意ＲＮＡ的转基因植株ＰＬＲＶ滴度降低７２％～８６％,由此可见,表达ＰＬＲＶＩＳ反意ＲＮＡ的转基因马铃薯对ＰＬＲＶ抗性较强。     

禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素基因和神经氨酸酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的：克隆、表达和鉴定禽流感病毒H5N1血凝素基因（hemagglutinin,HA）和神经氨酸酶基因（neuramidinase,NA）序列,为制备抗体和基因工程疫苗打下基础。方法：在成功克隆禽流感病毒H5N1全长HA、NA基因并测序的基础上,将部分基因序列克隆到表达载体pET32a（＋）上,全基因序列克隆到表达载体pGEX4T-1上,构建了重组表达质粒pET32a（＋）/HA(49~1587bp)、pET32a（＋）/NA(121~1141bp)、pGEX4T-1/HA、pGEX4T-1/NA,转化大肠杆菌BL21/rosetta,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2＋亲和层析柱和GSTra P4B亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,并用Western blotting和ELISA方法检测其抗原性。结果：重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中可以高效达,SDS PAGE显示其相对分子质量与预计大小一致,蛋白纯度占总蛋白的90％以上。ELISA和Western blotting实验证实,重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性。结论:成功克隆和表达了禽流感病毒H5N1 HA、NA基因序列,为禽流感病毒H5N1诊断试剂和疫苗的开发等进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

利用反向遗传学技术构建H5亚型禽流感高产疫苗株

采用RT-PCR技术分别扩增了鹅源高产禽流感病毒的6条内部基因片段,近期分离的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的血凝素基因以及N3亚型参考毒株的神经氨酸酶基因,分别构建了8个基因的转录与表达载体,利用反向遗传学技术拯救出了全部基因都源于禽源的重组流感病毒疫苗株rH5N3。通过对血凝素蛋白HA1和HA2连接肽处的5个碱性氨基酸(R-R-R-K-K)基因缺失与修饰,从而消除了病毒基因的毒力相关序列,拯救的rH5N3疫苗株对鸡和鸡胚均无致病性,病毒在鸡胚尿囊液和细胞培养上清的HA效价得到极大提高,分别为12048和1512。制备的禽流感疫苗免疫动物后4~5周即可诱导产生高效价的HI抗体,鸡免疫后18周依然保持高水平的HI抗体。重组疫苗不论是对于国内早期分离的禽流感病毒A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96还是近期分离的A/Goose/HLJ/QFY/04都能够产生完全的免疫保护作用,免疫鸡攻毒后不发病、不排毒、不死亡。带有N3鉴别诊断标记禽流感疫苗株的研制为H5N1高致病性禽流感的防治提供了新的技术保障。     

禽流感病毒H9N2血凝素基因和神经氨酸酶基因在真核酵母菌中的表达

目的:克隆、表达和鉴定禽流感病毒H9N2血凝素基因(hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(neuramidinase,NA)序列,为制备抗体和基因工程疫苗打下基础。方法:在成功克隆禽流感病毒H9N2全长HA、NA基因并测序的基础上,将部分基因序列克隆到表达载体pMETA上,构建了重组表达质粒pMETA/HA(52～1545bp),pMETA/NA(121～1254bp),电转化真核酵母菌pMAD16,甲醇诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,并用Western blotting和ELISA方法检测其抗原性。结果:重组蛋白在酵母菌中可以高效表达,SDS-PAGE显示蛋白表达后形成了二聚体,蛋白纯度占总蛋白的95%以上,ELISA和Western blotting实验证实,重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性。结论:成功克隆和表达了禽流感病毒H9N2HA、NA基因序列,为禽流感病毒H9N2诊断试剂和疫苗的开发等进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

密码子优化的人H5N1流感病毒HA基因在哺乳动物细胞中获得高效表达

为了提高人禽流感病毒血凝素HA的表达量,应对流感大流行疫苗的需求,按照人的偏爱密码子将H5N1(A/Anhui/1/2005)流感病毒的HA基因进行优化改造,经全基因合成后插人到真核表达载体pDC315中,构建了真核表达质粒pDC315-Mod.HA;将此质粒和含野生HA基因的真核表达质粒pDC315-Wt.HA分别转染293T细胞,比较HA蛋白的表达量.结果表明:经间接免疫荧光实验及Western blot实验比较和鉴定,密码子优化后,HA蛋白在293T细胞中的表达水平显著提高,为流感大流行疫苗的研究打下了基础.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒进化的研究进展

由H5N1流感病毒引起的高致病性禽流感,在禽类之间广泛传播。当人类接触这些禽类时,可能会被感染并产生严重的呼吸道症状,且死亡率高达60%。血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)是H5N1病毒中和抗体的主要抗原,为了便于对病毒的HA突变进行研究,根据HA遗传基因的差异远近,所有的H5病毒株都被划分在20个分支内。对于H5N1病毒进化的研究在禽流感疫苗的研制、禽流感大流行的预防等方面均具有重要意义。现对禽流感、H5N1病毒特征、血凝素的结构功能、H5N1病毒的分支以及病毒进化的研究进行概述。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato Leafroll Virus, PLRV)中国分离株的基因间隔区(intergenic sequence, IS)双链cDNA以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体pROK2中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Desiree,获得了转基因植株.卡那霉素抗性分析和PCR检测目的基因,证明PLRV IS双链cDNA已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中.将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种PLRV,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测转基因植株中PLRV含量.结果表明,表达PLRV IS正意和反意RNA的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,PLRV平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低.表达正意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低43%～72%,表达反意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低72%～86%,由此可见,表达PLRV IS反意RNA的转基因马铃薯对PLRV抗性较强.     

H5N1型禽流感病毒广谱中和单克隆抗体的筛选及其中和机制初步研究

利用杆状病毒-昆虫细胞表达H5N1型禽流感病毒的血凝素蛋白(HA),纯化后的重组蛋白HA免疫小鼠并制备杂交瘤单克隆抗体,用H5N1型禽流感病毒的全病毒进行筛选,成功地获得了抗H5N1型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白HA的单抗.MDCK细胞微量中和试验表明,单抗8G10D7可对clade2和clade9的H5N1型禽流感病毒起中和作用.Western-blot及血凝抑制实验进一步证明了该单抗的结合位点位于HA蛋白的HA1亚基上.鸡胚感染病毒预防试验结果表明,8G10D7对禽来源的和人来源的H5N1型禽流感病毒均可达到100%的保护率;在治疗试验组中,8G10D7对禽来源的病毒感染具有较高的保护率,可达100%,对人来源的H5N1型禽流感病毒最高也可达87.5%的保护率.该抗体的获得不仅为H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒的预防和治疗带来了希望,同时其中和位点的发现也为以后亚单位疫苗的研制提供新的思路.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.