中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺R和F细胞及其脂类储存的电镜研究

电镜下研究了中华绒螯蟹不同生长发育时期（９月份卵巢处于快速发育阶段，１２月成熟阶段，胚胎发育４－１４天和卵孵出以后）肝胰腺Ｒ和Ｆ细胞的结构及其脂类储存。肝胰腺的脂类主苛以脂肪滴（Ｌ）的形式存在于Ｒ细胞中。Ｒ细胞在不同阶段Ｌ的存在形式和脂类的储存量不同，细胞数量也有所不同，显示Ｒ细胞对不同生长时期的敏感性。Ｆ细胞的结构特征是胞质中的发达的粗面内质网系统。细胞中几乎没有脂肪滴的储存。     

Zn^2＋对中华绒螯蟹Zhao状幼体肝胰腺超微结构的影响

研究了不同Ｚｎ＾２＋浓度对中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）Ｚｈａｏ状幼体肝胰细胞超微结构的影响。当Ｚｎ＾２＋浓度超过２００μｇ／Ｌ时,与对照组相比,肝胰腺结构受到了显著的影响。成熟和正在形成的Ｂ细胞的空泡中有很多含有金属的电子致密颗粒（ＥＤＧ,可能为金属蛋白复合本）,随着Ｂ细胞的成熟和Ｂ细胞从肝胰腺管壁上脱落,这些ＤＧ也被释放到管腔中,因此肝胰腺的管腔中常有许多此类颗粒存在。Ｂ细     

显著六鞭毛虫超微结构的观察

作者对显著六鞭毛虫作了超微结构的观察。两个胞核平行,靠近或稍旋转。两根Ｒ鞭毛的外侧具有发达的粗内质网。近内质网处的胞质向体外突出成两个小突起。胞质内具线粒体,高尔基体等胞器。     

中华绒螯蟹白化症、正常肝胰腺组织结构及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱、组织学及电镜技术分别对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹白化症肝胰腺与正常肝胰腺脂类和脂肪酸组成、显微及超微结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：正常肝胰腺的总脂含量（31.54%肝胰腺湿重）显著高于白化症肝胰腺（19.07%肝胰腺湿重）,两种蟹肝胰腺的脂类组成没有显著差异,但脂肪酸组成存在一定的差异,白化症肝胰腺中C18∶1的含量显著高于正常肝胰腺,中性脂和极性脂HUFA正常蟹肝胰腺含量都高于白化症蟹,但没有显著差异。组织学结果和超微结构观察表明：白化症肝胰腺肝小管的上皮细胞壁结构紊乱,微绒毛及微绒毛黏膜大部分脱落,细胞内仅见有零星的线粒体、脂肪滴分布,R细胞呈现空泡化。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝星状细胞形态改变与肝脏微循环障碍的关系

目的研究慢性乙型肝炎肝星状细胞形态改变与肝脏微循环障碍的关系。方法采用光镜观察肝星状细胞内脂滴数和体密度的变化,同时采用透射电镜观察肝星状细胞超微结构的变化和肝窦微循环结构的改变。结果慢性乙型肝炎肝星状内脂滴数减少,典型肝星状细胞数量减少,过渡型肝星状细胞数量增多,超微结构显示核被膜表面不规则,胞质内粗面内质网明显增多,多扩张,内有中等电子密度的絮状物质,高尔基复合体发达,细胞周围胶原原纤维量明显增多。肝窦内皮细胞窗孔减少变小,有的肝窦内皮细胞内出现WP（Weibel—Paladebody）小体。狄氏腔中胶原纤维沉积增多,肝窦内皮细胞下有基底膜形成。结论肝星状细胞激活后形态改变是肝脏微循环障碍的重要促进因素。     

不同生殖期鳜肝脏超微结构变化的观察

应用透射电镜对生殖季节与非生殖季节鳜肝脏超微结构的变化进行了观察。鳜肝细胞含有单个卵圆形的核,核仁清楚;细胞质内含有粗面内质网、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物。胆小管由相邻的数个肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质构成。还发现了贮脂细胞、枯否氏细胞和成纤维细胞。胆小管腔和窦周隙内浸润许多由肝细胞发出的微绒毛结构。鳜肝细胞的超微结构在产卵前后呈现明显变化：产卵前的肝细胞内富含线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴,粗面内质网发达;而产卵后的肝细胞内核仁发生迁移,部分细胞核囊泡化,糖原颗粒和脂滴排空,少数肝细胞具双核结构。非生殖期多数肝细胞核含有双核仁结构,胞质内溶酶体数量增多。     

油红O染色原代未活化胰腺星状细胞脂肪滴的实验观察

目的观察油红O染色原代培养的未活化胰腺星状细胞脂肪滴,并予鉴定。方法选取接种于6孔板中培养4天的原代未活化胰腺星状细胞,予100g/L甲醛液固定,磷酸盐缓冲液漂洗后,加入5g/L油红O饱和液染色,镜下动态观察。胞浆内的脂肪滴一旦着色,即可洗去油红,苏木素衬染胞核,漂洗分化脱色后镜下成像。结果未活化的胰腺星状细胞脂肪滴被油红0染成鲜艳的红色,大小不一的串珠样"油珠子"分散于胞质中,簇集成"环状",呈戒环样包绕在细胞核周围。结论油红染色原代未活化胰星状细胞脂肪滴是鉴定该细胞的重要方法之一。     

武昌六前鞭虫胞器超微结构的研究

对武昌六前鞭虫胞器的超微结构进行了观察,发现R鞭毛复合体的内下方有分散的微管,两根R鞭毛复合体之间和外方具少量的粗面内质网,而虫体周边分布较多.粗面内质同外周被发达的微管.生毛体与胞核之间有胞咽和小盾结构.胞质中有较多的食物泡,未见到线粒体、高尔基体和表膜下微管结构.另外对粗面内质网的结构、功能以及种的鉴定等方面也作了讨论.       

钉螺肝脏的光镜和电镜观察

对湖北钉螺指名亚种（Oncomelania hupensis hupensis)肝脏的显微和超微结构作了较详细的研究。肝腺管壁由单层柱状上皮细胞构成。上皮细胞内,粗面内质网呈多层次板层状,主要分布于核周围,线粒体有椭圆、杆状两种形态,核上万有高尔基复合体并多有溶酶体出现。胞质中分泌颗粒分为四种,细胞基部的颗粒电子密度很高,中部有巨大颗粒,近细胞游离端的大、中、小分泌颗粒可连同胞质一起排放入管腔。在肝脏间质中的网状细胞多呈三角形状,有血细胞团和毛细血管腔构造。     

Zn2+对中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体肝胰腺超微结构的影响

研究了不同Zn2+浓度对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)()状幼体肝胰腺细胞超微结构的影响.当Zn2+浓度超过200 μg/L时,与对照组相比,肝胰腺结构受到了显著的影响.成熟和正在形成的B细胞的空泡中有很多含有金属的电子致密颗粒(EDG,可能为金属蛋白复合体),随着B细胞的成熟和B细胞从肝胰腺管壁上脱落,这些EDG也被释放到管腔中,因此肝胰腺的管腔中常有许多此类颗粒存在.B细胞空泡或管腔中的EDG与环境中Zn 2+浓度高低呈正相关.E细胞质中也出现了很多空泡,与正常E细胞的结构明显不同.R细胞的细胞质常解体形成大的空泡,被破坏的程度较为严重.在Zn2+浓度>1 000 μg /L时,肝胰腺遭到严重破坏,细胞结构几乎不存在.研究结果表明,肝胰腺的B细胞在Zn 2+的解毒方面起重要作用,但当Zn2+浓度超过了肝胰腺B细胞的解毒能力时,就会引起肝胰腺细胞(如R和E细胞)结构异常,甚至破坏整个肝胰腺细胞结构,从而影响幼体的生长,甚至造成死亡.     

Ultrastructure and function of follicle cell in the ovary of Branchiostoma belcheri

The ultrastructure of follicle cells in the ovary at different developmental stages of Branchiostoma has been observed in detail with a transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that only one kind of follicle cell exists with structural features related to steroid hormone biosynthesis: (i) oval or round mitochondria with tubules; (ii) smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; (iii) several large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm; (iv) a well de-veloped Golgi complex and tubular rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, as can be found in mammalian theca interna cells. In addition, as steroid hormone synthesizing cells, they obviously play an important role in the phagocytosis of relict gametes and cellular debris and may have a nutritive function for the oocytes. They can produce abundant secre-tory granules in stages III-IV ovaries. In mature ovaries they transform into flat epithelial cells with numerous micro-filaments which may play a role in ovulation.     

Cellular differences in ring glands of flesh fly pupae as a consequence of diapause programming

The ultrastructure of the ring gland (corpus cardiacum (CC), prothoracic gland (PG) and corpus allatum (CA)) was examined in diapausing and nondiapausing flesh fly pupae. The diapause developmental state, which is environmentally regulated and coordinated by the brain-ring gland complex, is associated with differences in the ultrastructure of PG and CA cells but not in the CC. During diapause the PG and CA cells have extensive arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and spherical mitochondria. The PG cells also contain lipid droplets surrounded by an electron dense amorphous coat not seen in PG cells from nondiapausing pupae. In nondiapausing pupae, the PG and CA cells contain large amounts of ribosomes throughout the cytoplasm but very little rough endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria. The fact that ring glands from diapausing pupae readily incorporate (35)S-methioninc indicates that the gland is actively synthesizing proteins, thus the contrasts in ring gland ultrastructure are not due to cellular quiescence during diapause but reflect fundamental cellular and physiological differences between the diapause and nondiapause developmental program.     

The redifferentiation of nutritive cells in galls induced by Lepidoptera on Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn. reveals predefined patterns of plant development

Insect galls may present nutritive tissues with distinct cytological features related to the order of the gall inducer. Galling Lepidoptera larvae chew plant cells and induce the redifferentiation of parenchymatic cells into nutritive ones. The nutritive cells in the galls induced by a microlepidoptera on the leaves of Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae) are organelle-rich, with developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, polyribosomes, mitochondria, plastids, and one great central or several fragmented vacuoles. The nonobservance of the nuclei in the nutritive cells deserves special attention, and confers a similarity between the nutritive cells and the vascular conductive ones. The great amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, polyribosomes, and mitochondria is indicative of the high metabolic status of these cells. They are vascular cambium-like, with high protein synthesis and lipid storage. The proteins are essential to enzymatic metabolism, and secondarily, to larvae nutrition, similarly to the lipid droplets which confer energetic profile to these nutritive cells. The living enucleated cells receive mRNA from their neighbor ones, which may support the high metabolic profile of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes observed in galls. Thus, the nutritive cells are stimulated by the galling larvae activity, generating a new cell type, whose redifferentiation includes a mix of intrinsic and common plant pathways.     

Ultrastructure and function of follicle cell in the ovary of Branchiostoma belcheri

The ultrastructure of follicle cells in the ovary at different developmental stages ofBranchiostoma has been observed in detail with a transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that only one kind of follicle cell exists with structural features related to steroid hormone biosynthesis: (i) oval or round mitochondria with tubules; (ii) smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; (iii) several large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm; (iv) a well developed Golgi complex and tubular rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, as can be found in mammalian theca interna cells. In addition, as steroid hormone synthesizing cells, they obviously play an important role in the phagocytosis of relict gametes and cellular debris and may have a nutritive function for the oocytes. They can produce abundant secretory granules in stages III-IV ovaries. In mature ovaries they transform into flat epithelial cells with numerous microfilaments which may play a role in ovulation.     

Ultrastructure and function of follicle cell in the ovary ofBranchiostoma belcheri

The ultrastructure of follicle cells in the ovary at different developmental stages ofBranchiostoma has been observed in detail with a transmission electron microscope. The results indicate that only one kind of follicle cell exists with structural features related to steroid hormone biosynthesis: (i) oval or round mitochondria with tubules; (ii) smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum; (iii) several large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm; (iv) a well developed Golgi complex and tubular rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, as can be found in mammalian theca interna cells. In addition, as steroid hormone synthesizing cells, they obviously play an important role in the phagocytosis of relict gametes and cellular debris and may have a nutritive function for the oocytes. They can produce abundant secretory granules in stages III-IV ovaries. In mature ovaries they transform into flat epithelial cells with numerous microfilaments which may play a role in ovulation.     

Ultrastructural changes in the epidermis of petals of the sweet orange infected by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Colletotrichum acutatum</Emphasis>

Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) is an important disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. PFD is characterised by the formation of necrotic lesions on the petals and stigmas of flowers as well as premature abscission of the fruit in Citrus spp. We compare the ultrastructure of the epidermis of uninoculated Citrus sinensis petals with that of petals inoculated with the fungus to understand the changes that occur upon C. acutatum infection. Healthy petals have a cuticle with parallel striations covering the uniseriate epidermis. This pattern consists of vacuolated parietal cells whose cytoplasm contains mitochondria, plastids with an undeveloped endomembrane system and a slightly dense stroma, a poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, few lipid droplets, and a nucleus positioned near the inner periclinal wall. In damaged regions, the cytoplasm of some cells is densely packed with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of hyperactive dictyosomes, numerous mitochondria, and many lipid droplets. The plastids have an electron-dense stroma, starch grains, and a large amount of electron-dense lipid droplets, which can be released into vacuoles or the endoplasmic reticulum. Multivesicular bodies and myelin bodies are frequently observed in the vacuole, cytoplasm, and periplasmic space. Vesicles migrate through the cell wall and are involved in the deposition of cuticular material. In the later stages of infection, there is deposition of new cuticle layers in plaques. The outer periclinal walls can be thick. These observations indicate that epidermal cells respond to the pathogen, resulting in cuticular and parietal changes, which may limit further infection.     

Ultrastructural characteristics of insect corpora allata in relation to larval diapause

Summary The ultrastructure of active and inactive corpora allata from last instar larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, was examined. Active glands were obtained from pre-, early, and mid-diapausing larvae; inactive ones from late and non-diapausing larvae. Each gland contains 13 to 18 cells which have the following common features: well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, scattered rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, microtubules, vacuolated nucleoli, and interlocking plasma membranes. The gland contains intercellular deposits, and is supplied by regular and neurosecretory axons.Special ultrastructural features of the corpus allatum from the five groups of larvae examined were as follows: pre-diapause: extensive vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous cup-shaped mitochondria and Golgi bodies with stacked cisterns and vesicles, few small lipid droplets, large nuclei with dispersed chromatin, absence of lysosomes; early diapause: stacked, whorled, and vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum of equal abundance, numerous rod-shaped mitochondria, some Golgi bodies but without distinct stacks of cisterns, few lipid droplets and lysosomes, chromatin dispersed and also attached to the nuclear envelope; mid-diapause: similar to early diapause except for the presence of more stacked, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chromatin in large chunks mostly attached to the nuclear envelope; late diapause: whorled smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rod-shaped mitochondria predominating, complicated Golgi bodies with stacks of cisterns and large empty sacs, few large lipid droplets, some lysosomes containing mainly whorled bodies, chromatin in large chunks attached to the nuclear envelope; non-diapause: similar to late diapause except for less extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum, more abundant mitochondria, fewer intercellular deposits. Although these observations suggest that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and possibly mitochondria, and Golgi bodies are involved in juvenile hormone production, specific sites of synthesis or storage of the hormone were not revealed.Supported in part by grant no. PCM 74-18155 A01 from the National Science Foundation. Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station as journal series no. 8234. We thank Ms. L. Yin for her skillful assistance, and Dr. M.F. Brown of the College of Agriculture Electron Microscope Facility for his advice and the use of equipment.     

The parathyroid gland of the woodchuck (Marmota monax): a study of seasonal variations in the chief cells

The ultrastructure of the parathyroid chief cell in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Spring chief cells have stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent multiple Golgi zones and many clumped mitochondria. Summer cells resemble those seen in the spring but the mitochondria are associated with stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Multiple areas of stacked granular endoplasmic reticulum characterize the fall chief cells. Their Golgi zones are large and are associated with many dense core secretory granules. Lipoid vacuoles are frequently noted. Winter chief cells have secretory granules and phagolysosomes (dense bodies). Some of these cells contain stacked arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum associated with mitochondria, others have only short segments. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to those in other hibernators, the parafollicular (C) cell, and to the cyclic seasonal activities of the woodchuck.     

Ultrastructure of endopolyploid antipodals inAconitum vulparia Rchb.

Summary The ultrastructure of the antipodals ofAconitum vulparia Rchb. was studied in mature embryo sacs. Antipodal cell wall thickness varies in different parts of the cells. The antipodals resemble transfer cells with distinctly marked wall ingrowths which are particularly well developed in the chalazal part and between the antipodals. A few plasmodesmata occur in the cell wall between the antipodals and the central cell. The cytoplasm is rich in ribosomes which occur free or bound to the membranes of the well developed endoplasmic reticulum. Only in the micropylar region of the cells are some larger vacuoles found. The antipodals contain numerous mitochondria, plastids and apparently active dictyosomes. Vesicles with electron dense contents, microbodies, multivesicular bodies as well as lipid droplets and small multiple concentric cisternae are also present in the cytoplasm. The giant endopolyploid nuclei have lobed outlines, especially at the chalazal side of the nuclei.Ultrastructural features, especially the occurrence of numerous free ribosomes and the development of extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggest high metabolic activity in the growing and differentiating antipodals of this species.