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1.
The behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, was studied from November 1976 to May 1977 recognizing each chimpanzee
without artificial feeding. During the study period some tool-using and tool-making behavior was observed, as follows: (1)
Although water drinking using a “leaf-sponge” was not seen, that using a “leaf-spoon” was observed for taking water from the
hollow of a tree. (2) “Termite fishing” was not seen in this group although there were many termite hills in the moving range
of the chimpanzees. They dug termites from the hollow of a tree by pounding with a small stick. Similar use of a stick was
made for digging up the resin from a tree. (3) “Aimed throwing” was frequently observed in adult males for attacking an observer,
and in adolescents and juveniles as mischief against an observer or for their own play. (4) “Nut cracking” with a pair of
stones was seen for removing the ovule from palm-seeds. Particular stones were repeatedly used by many chimpanzees for a long
period. (5) “Branch hauling” represented difficult work. Patient and inventive manufacture of proper sticks was necessary
for capturing branches which they were unable to reach normally.
Local variations in the tool-using patterns and manufacturing ability of chimpanzees are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Kathelijne Koops William C. McGrew Tetsuro Matsuzawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》2010,51(2):175-178
Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are renowned for their use of tools in activities ranging from foraging to social interactions. Different populations across
Africa vary in their tool use repertoires, giving rise to cultural variation. We report a new type of percussive technology
in food processing by chimpanzees in the Nimba Mountains, Guinea: Treculia fracturing. Chimpanzees appear to use stone and wooden “cleavers” as tools, as well as stone outcrop “anvils” as substrate
to fracture the large and fibrous fruits of Treculia africana, a rare but prized food source. This newly described form of percussive technology is distinctive, as the apparent aim is
not to extract an embedded food item, as is the case in nut cracking, baobab smashing, or pestle pounding, but rather to reduce
a large food item to manageably sized pieces. Furthermore, these preliminary data provide the first evidence of chimpanzees
using two types of percussive technology for the same purpose. 相似文献
3.
The copulatory activities of bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Zaire, were compared with those of chimpanzees (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Mahale, Tanzania. The copulation rates of adult male bonobos were equal to or lower than those of adult male chimpanzees.
The copulation rates of adult female bonobos were approximately equal to those of adult female chimpanzees who were in maximal
genital swelling, but it should be much higher than those of the adult female chimpanzees throughout the birth interval. The
copulation rates of adolescent male bonobos were lower than those of adolescent male chimpanzees, whereas the copulation rates
of adolescent female bonobos were much higher than those of adolescent female chimpanzees. It was suggested that the bonobos
of Wamba did not copulate more promiscuously than did the chimpanzees of Mahale. The female bonobos may show “receptivity”,
whereas female chimpanzees may show rather “proceptivity”. 相似文献
4.
Several chromosome types have been recognized in Citrus and related genera by chromomycin A3 (CMA) banding patterns and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). They can be used to characterize cultivars and species
or as markers in hybridization and backcrossing experiments. In the present work, characterization of six cultivars of P. trifoliata (“Barnes”, “Fawcett”, “Flying Dragon”, “Pomeroy”, “Rubidoux”, “USDA”) and one P. trifoliata × C. limonia hybrid was performed by sequential analyses of CMA banding and FISH using 5S and 45S rDNA as probes. All six cultivars showed
a similar CMA+ banding pattern with the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F. The capital letters indicate chromosomal types: B, a chromosome
with one telomeric and one proximal band; D, with only one telomeric band; F, without bands. In situ hybridization labeling
was also similar among cultivars. Three chromosome pairs displayed a closely linked set of 5S and 45S rDNA sites, two of them
co-located with the proximal band of the B type chromosomes (B/5S-45S) and the third one co-located with the terminal band
of a D pair (D/5S-45S). The B/5S-45S chromosome has never been found in any citrus accessions investigated so far. Therefore,
this B chromosome can be used as a marker to recognize the intergeneric Poncirus × Citrus hybrids. The intergeneric hybrid analyzed here displayed the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F, with two chromosome types B/5S-45S
and two D/5S-45S. The karyotype formula and the presence of two B/5S-45S chromosomes clearly indicate that the plant investigated
is a symmetric hybrid. It also demonstrates the suitability of karyotype analyses to differentiate zygotic embryos or somatic
cell fusions involving trifoliate orange germplasm.
During the submission of this paper, we analyzed 25 other citrus cultivars with the same methodology and we found that the
chromosome marker reported here can indeed distinguish Poncirus trifoliata from grapefruits, pummelos, and one variegated access of Citrus, besides the previously reported access of limes, limons, citrons, and sweet-oranges. However, among 14 mandarin cultivars,
two of them displayed a single B/5S-45S chromosome, whereas in Citrus hystrix D.C., a far related species belonging to the Papeda subgenus, this chromosome type was found in homozygosis. Since these two mandarin cultivars are probably of hybrid origin,
we assume that for almost all commercial cultivars and species of the subgenus Citrus this B type chromosome is a useful genetic marker. 相似文献
5.
Zamma K 《Primates; journal of primatology》2002,43(1):87-90
During the course of systematic observations of the leaf-grooming behavior by the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, I recovered a louse from a leaf “groomed” by an adult male chimpanzee after
a typical leaf-grooming session. During the leaf-grooming session I observed a small object on his lower lip. He picked up
a leaf, transferred the small object from his lip to the leaf, folded the leaf and crushed the folded side of the leaf with
his thumb. I present this observation as further evidence of the “squashing ectoparasites” hypothesis for leaf-grooming. 相似文献
6.
Yuzuru Hamada Toshifumi Udono Migaku Teramoto Ikuo Hayasaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(2):157-169
Skeletal developmental of chimpanzees was studied cross-sectionally. By application of the TW2 method, we described the skeletal
development of chimpanzees and compared their skeletal development with humans'. A development pattern of chimpanzees repeated
accelerations and decelerations displaying “early-juvenile trough,” “pre-adolescent peak,” “mid-adolescent trough,” and “post-adolescent
peak” in incremental curves. Sex differences in skeletal development are slower development in males during infant and early
juvenile phases, and greater increment around the adolescent phase in males. Females are fully mature at younger ages than
males, e.g. about one and a half years. In comparison with chimpanzees, humans have such characteristics as a longer slower
period of juvenile development and a shorter spurt-like adolescent fast period which ends with full maturity. 相似文献
7.
Innovation in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Christophe Boesch 《International journal of primatology》1995,16(2):1-16
Innovations of behavior have major implications for the concept of culture in animals. Innovation has rarefy been documented
in wild animal populations. The chimpanzees of the Ta? National Park, C?te d’Ivoire, spontaneously included new patterns of
behavior in their repertoire during our study. Some innovations were incorporated into a minority of the group members’ repertoire,
whereas others, such as building day nests in trees and on the ground more frequently, became general behaviors. Similarly,
new contexts for use of leaf- clipping behavior and novel ways of feeding on some leaves appeared and rapidly became part
of the behavior of most group members. The environmental parameters were too stable to explain these new forms of behavior,
as most of them took place within 1 month during the same dry season. In a similar way, leaf- grooming acquired a new function
in Gombe chimpanzees. A process similar to social conventions could explain the emergence of these new functions for an existing
behavior in a way rather similar to human “fashion. ” Three major characteristics of human culture — the absence of individual
variations in the performance of the behavior, the general use of the behavior by group members, and the ability to modify
the function of a behavior — characterize leaf-clipping in Ta? chimpanzees and leaf- grooming in Gombe chimpanzees. 相似文献
8.
F. Casas F. Mougeot I. Sánchez-Barbudo J. A. Dávila J. Vi?uela 《Biological invasions》2012,14(2):295-305
Hybridization is a widespread phenomenon, which plays crucial roles in the speciation of living beings. However, unnatural
mixing of historically isolated taxa due to human-related activities has increased in recent decades, favouring levels of
hybridization and introgression that can have important implications for conservation. The wild red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa, Phasianidae) populations have recently declined and the releases of farm-reared partridges have become a widespread management
strategy. The native range of the red-legged is limited to the south-west of Europe (from Italy to Portugal). This species
does not breed in sympatry with the chukar partridge (A. chukar), whose range is Eurasian (from Turkey to China). However, red-legged partridges have often been hybridized with chukar partridges
to increase the productivity of farmed birds, and game releases may have spread hybrid birds into the wild. In this study,
we investigated the fitness (survival and breeding) differences between hybrid and “pure” red-legged partridges in a wild
population located in central Spain. Incubation probability was similar in hybrids and “pure” partridges. Hybrid females laid
larger clutches than “pure” ones, but hatching success did not differ between hybrid and “pure” partridges. Hybrid birds had
lower survival rate than “pure” ones, mainly because of higher predation rates. Our results show that, despite lower survival,
hybrid partridges breed in natural populations, so this could increase extinction risk of wild pure partridge populations,
through releases of farmed hybrid birds. The consequences of continued releases could be of vital importance for the long
term conservation of wild red-legged partridges. 相似文献
9.
Hemant Pandey Shyamal K. Nandi Anil Kumar Uma T. Palni Lok Man S. Palni 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2007,29(2):121-126
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, an important alpine herb, and a source of the highly valued aryltetralin-type lignan, podophyllotoxin, has been subjected
to heavy collection from the wild due to ever increasing demand. The present study deals with an attempt to bring this plant
under cultivation at a relatively lower altitude and to evaluate (1) various growth parameters including above and below ground
biomass accumulation, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate, etc., and (2) podophyllotoxin content from the resulting
above and below ground biomass in seed raised plants of a known age series of 1–5 years. The podophyllotoxin content was estimated
on the basis of HPLC analyses. The levels were found to increase with the plant age and the maximum amount was found in 5-year
old plants. This study demonstrates that (1) seeds can be conveniently used for raising healthy propagules in easily approachable
locations at a relatively lower altitude, and that the plants can be maintained in such sites over long periods, and (2) this
approach of “conservation through cultivation” can be suggested as an effective tool for the management of this “critically
endangered status” species. 相似文献
10.
Karine Louise dos Santos Nivaldo Peroni Raymond Paul Guries Rubens Onofre Nodari 《Economic botany》2009,63(2):204-214
Traditional Knowledge and Management of
Feijoa (Acca sellowiana)
in Southern Brazil. This paper investigates traditional knowledge of the use and management of Acca sellowiana in southern Brazil. Fifty-six informants from three rural communities were assigned to one of four subgroups (“maintainers,”
“managers,” “cultivators,” or “users”) based on their responses regarding management and use of A. sellowiana. Traditional knowledge related to use of this species is widespread among rural residents, but traditional knowledge related
to management is fragmented depending on whether one uses, manages, or cultivates the species. Knowledge held in rural communities
suggests that A. sellowiana could play an expanded role in local economies as well as biodiversity conservation. We suggest that participatory research
could stimulate greater local use as well as on-farm conservation of A. sellowiana. 相似文献
11.
Citrus is an important fruit crop as regards accumulation of carotenoids. In plant carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase gene
(Psy) plays a key role in catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules to produce colorless
phytoene. In the present paper, we reported the phytoene contents determination and characterization of Psy during fruit ripening of “Washington” navel orange and its red-fleshed mutant “Cara Cara”. Results showed that phytoene was
exclusively accumulated in peel and pulp of “Cara Cara”. Although phytoene was observed accumulating with fruit ripening of
“Cara Cara”, the contents in pulp were 10 times higher than those in peel. The isolated two Psy cDNAs were both 1520 bp in full length, containing 436 deduced amino acid residues, with a different amino acid at 412th.
Genomic hybridization results showed that one or two copies might be present in “Cara Cara” and “Washington” genomes. During
“Cara Cara” and “Washington” fruit coloration, expression of Psy was observed to be up-regulated, as revealed by tissue specific profiles in the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice
sacs. However, Psy expression in albedo of “Cara Cara” was higher than that in “Washington”, as evidenced by phytoene accumulation in the peel. 相似文献
12.
Eighteen predatory and two cannibalistic episodes have been observed among wild chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains. The prey
consists mainly of juveniles of medium-sized mammals, six species of which were recorded as prey fauna for the first time
in this study. Predatory behavior of Mahale chimpanzees seems more opportunistic and primitive than has ever been observed
in the Gombe National Park in terms of capture technique, size of prey, co-operation in hunting, sexual difference in capture
frequency, degree of consumption and extent of meat sharing. Cannibalism is an inter-unit-group phenomenon and may be an extension
of infanticide, which may function in changing “mother” into “female.”
This study was financed mainly by the Overseas Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education, Japan and partly by
the Japan International Co-operation Agency and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania. 相似文献
13.
Hend Askri Samia Daldoul Anis Ben Ammar Saloua Rejeb Rahma Jardak Mohamed Nejib Rejeb Ahmed Mliki Abdelwahed Ghorbel 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2012,34(3):957-968
The physiological and molecular response to salt stress was studied in two wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris or Vitis sylvestris) accessions “Khédhayria” and “Houamdia”, previously identified as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive pair wise. Plants from
both accessions were subjected to a progressive salt stress by the use of a nutritional solution containing up to 150 mM NaCl
for 2 weeks. Salt stress adversely affected growth and water potential since the first day of exposure to 150 mM NaCl. However,
chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were unchanged until 14 days of salt exposure. At that time point the predawn water potential
(ΨPD), the non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qp) were significantly less altered in the tolerant accession. At the molecular level semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed
a differential expression of (Vs α-gal/SIP and Vs DHN) genes within these contrasting accessions after exposure to 24 h and 14 days of salt. Comparably, the Vs RD22 gene had increased slightly after only 14 days of treatment in both accessions. These results were the first pieces of information
reported on the early and late regulation of salt response genes in wild grapevines. Furthermore, genotype-dependent parameters
such as NPQ, qp, mRNA levels of Vs α-gal/SIP and Vs DHN could be used to screen salt-tolerant wild grapevine genotypes. 相似文献
14.
15.
Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim. var. longipes H.T. Chang usually has two inflorescences growing in opposite directions in the axillae, but occasionally three inflorescences
grow paratactically. The typical flowering process could be divided into 4 periods: “Pre-dehiscence”, “Initial dehiscence”, “Full dehiscence” and “Withering”. Both the natural population and the planted population had a flowering peak of 15–35 days after the first flower bloomed.
There were significant differences between the time courses of flowering of the two populations. Out-crossing is the main
breeding system in this species. And autogamy decreases the risk of reproductive failure of this species. The main insect
pollinators of D. cercidifolius var. longipes are Episyrphus balteatus de Geer, Scaptodrosophila coracina Kikkawa and Peng, Polistes olivaceus de Geer, Apis cerana Fabricius, Nezara viridula L. and Coccinella septempunctata L., and so on. Among the insects, S. coracina and E. balteatus are the most important and efficient pollinators, but others are inefficient pollinators. Though wind pollination is not
efficient, it guarantees reproduction when insect pollinators are not available. “Mass flowering” is an adaptive behavior and reproductive strategy of this species, and “few fruiting” could be caused by the lack of pollinators. 相似文献
16.
Albert F. H. Ros Maria Correia John C. Wingfield Rui F. Oliveira 《Journal of Ethology》2009,27(2):209-214
Studies testing the “immunocompetence handicap hypothesis” have focussed on the immunosuppressive effects of androgens. Several
recent studies have reported that mounting a humoral immune response might also result in a decrease in circulating androgen
levels via a “negative feedback” on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG). The aim of this correlative study was to
analyse these immunosuppressive and HPG-suppressive interactions in reproductively active males of the peafowl. We collected
blood samples of free living birds before and after challenging the immune system with a non-pathogenic antigen (sheep erythrocytes),
and analysed immune parameters and plasma levels of the two main androgens in birds, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
Males displaying larger versions of the main secondary sexual trait, the long and conspicuously ornamented train, tended to
have higher androgen levels and significantly lower circulating levels of leukocytes, indicating that exaggerated ornaments
might signal properties of the endocrine and immune system. Actual circulating levels of androgens did not correlate with
the plasma levels of leukocytes and the antibody response to SRBC. However, changes in plasma levels of both androgens showed
negative correlation with both leukocytes (P < 0.1) and SRBC responses (P < 0.05). The data therefore support the prediction that activity of the immune system is HPG-suppressive. Such suppression
has been proposed to be especially costly during the reproductive season, during which androgens facilitate the expression
of exaggerated traits that play an important role in sexual competition. 相似文献
17.
Jing Zhang Yan Liu Dan Yu Hongze Song Jingjin Cui Tao Liu 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(2):165-171
Hybridization of gametophytes, continuous self-crossing and targeted selection were utilized to breed a new Laminaria variety. After five-generation selection breeding, the new variety “Rongfu” was obtained. Its male parent “Yuanza No.10”
was the high-yield cultivation variety, and its female parent was variety “Fujian” which could tolerate relatively high seawater
temperature. “Yuanza No.10” and “Fujian” were different but complement in their morphological characteristics and biological
habits. Variety “Rongfu” was bred through their hybridization which exhibited high-yield potential and high seawater temperature
tolerance. The results of traits evaluation in consecutive years showed that “Rongfu” attained higher yields by 24–27% compared
to the control (widely used commercial variety) and also contained considerable amounts of iodine, mannitol, and algin. When
seawater temperature was 18–21°C, the blade growth of “Rongfu” was maintained and tissue loss by abrasion was significantly
lower than the control. Since the adoption of variety “Rongfu” in 2001, its cultivation areas have been extended to Shandong,
Fujian and Guangdong province and have reached 14,133 ha currently, i.e., almost one-tenth of the total cultivation areas
of Laminaria in China. The results of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis showed that the relationship between “Rongfu” and other
cultivation varieties in China was very close. 相似文献
18.
Nina Rosa F. Castillo Nahla V. Bassil Sugae Wada Barbara M. Reed 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(3):246-256
Questions often arise concerning the genetic stability of plant materials stored in liquid nitrogen for long time periods.
This study examined the genetic stability of cryopreserved shoot tips of Rubus germplasm that were stored in liquid nitrogen for more than 12 yr, then rewarmed and regrown. We analyzed the genetic stability
of Rubus grabowskii, two blackberry cultivars (“Hillemeyer” and ‘Silvan’), and one raspberry cultivar (“Mandarin”) as in vitro shoots and as field-grown plants. No morphological differences were observed in greenhouse-grown cryopreserved plants when
compared to the control mother plants. In the field, cryopreserved plants appeared similar but were more vigorous than mother
plants, with larger leaves, fruit, and seeds. Single sequence repeats (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
analyses were performed on shoots immediately after recovery from cryopreservation and on shoots subcultured for 7 mo before
analysis. Ten SSR primers developed from “Marion” and “Meeker” microsatellite-enriched libraries amplified one to 15 alleles
per locus, with an average of seven alleles and a total of 70 alleles in the four genotypes tested. No SSR polymorphisms were
observed between cryopreserved shoots and the corresponding mother plants regardless of subculture. Although no polymorphisms
were detected in shoots analyzed immediately after recovery from cryopreservation, AFLP polymorphisms were detected in three
of the four Rubus genotypes after they were subcultured for 7 mo. Field-grown plants from the polymorphic shoot tips of R. grabowskii and ‘Silvan’ displayed the same AFLP fingerprints as their corresponding mother plants. Only long-cultured in vitro shoot tips displayed polymorphisms in vitro, and they were no longer detected when the plants were grown ex vitro. The transitory nature of these polymorphisms should be carefully considered when monitoring for genetic stability. 相似文献
19.
Salenko VB Kotnova AP Karpova NN Lyubomirskaya NV Ilyin YV 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2008,279(5):463-472
Mobile genetic elements constitute a substantial part of eukaryotic genome and play an important role in its organization
and functioning. Co-evolution of retrotransposons and their hosts resulted in the establishment of control systems employing
mechanisms of RNA interference that seem to be impossible to evade. However, “active” copies of endogenous retrovirus gypsy escape cellular control in some cases, while its evolutionary elder “inactive” variants do not. To clarify the evolutionary
relationship between “active” and “inactive” gypsy we combined two approaches: the analysis of gypsy sequences, isolated from G32 Drosophila melanogaster strain and from different Drosophila species of the melanogaster subgroup, as well as the study of databases, available on the Internet. No signs of “intermediate” (between “active” and
“inactive”) gypsy form were found in GenBank, and four full-size G32 gypsy copies demonstrated a convergence that presumably involves gene conversion. No “active” gypsy were revealed among PCR generated gypsy ORF3 sequences from the various Drosophila species indicating that “active” gypsy appeared in some population of D. melanogaster and then started to spread out. Analysis of sequences flanking gypsy variants in G32 revealed their predominantly heterochromatic location. Discrepancy between the structure of actual gypsy sites in G32 and corresponding sequences in database might indicate significant inter-strain heterochromatin diversity.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
20.
A. J. Monforte M. J. Asíns E. A. Carbonell 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1997,95(4):706-713
A study of genotype-by-salinity interaction was carried out to compare the behavior of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in
two F2 populations derived from crosses between the cherry tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme, and two wild relatives Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. and Lycopersicon chesmannii f. minor (Hook. f.) Mull., grown at two environmental conditions (optimum and high salinity). QTLs for earliness and fruit yield could
be classified into four groups: “response-sensitive”, those detected only under control conditions or whose contribution significantly
decreased in salinity; “response-tolerant”, detected only in salinity or in which the direction of their additive effects
changed; “constitutive”, detected in both growing conditions; and “altered” QTLs, those where the degree of dominance changed
according to the presence or absence of salt. Epistatic interactions were also influenced by the salt treatment. This differential
allele effect at some (non-constitutive) QTLs induced by salt stress will make selection under an “optimum environment” unfruitful
for the “response-tolerant” QTLs. Similarly, selection under salinity will ignore “response-sensitive” QTLs. Given that salinity
is highly variable in the field, marker-assisted selection should take into account not only the “response-tolerant” but also
the “response-sensitive” QTLs although there might be cases where selection in some QTLs for both conditions is not feasible.
Comparing both populations, very few QTLs showed the same behavior.
Received: 5 August 1996 / Accepted: 25 October 1996 相似文献