地锦粗提物对脾虚小鼠脏器指数和抗氧化能力的影响

目的探讨地锦粗提物对脾虚小鼠脏器指数和抗氧化能力的影响,为防治脾虚提供参考。方法 30只昆明小鼠随机分成3组,每组10只,即对照组、脾虚组和地锦组。脾虚组和地锦组采用泻下加劳倦方法,灌服大承气汤30 g/(kg.d),并负重游泳,对照组灌服生理盐水30 g/(kg.d),不游泳,持续60 d,然后灌胃60 d,地锦组灌胃地锦水醇浸出液30 g/(kg.d),脾虚组和对照组给予相当剂量的生理盐水。实验结束后取心、肝、脾、肺、肾,称重并计算脏器指数,测血浆过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,测心、肝、脾、肺、肾中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果脾虚组心指数和肺指数极显著增加,左肾指数显著增加,地锦组心指数显著增加。地锦组的血浆CAT和GSH-Px活力显著高于脾虚组,地锦组肝和脾中的SOD活力显著高于脾虚组,地锦组脾、肺MDA含量显著低于脾虚组。结论地锦粗提物可降低脾虚小鼠的脏器指数,并可提高脾虚小鼠抗氧化能力。     

羊耳菊提取物主要活性成分在大鼠体内的组织分布研究

为了研究大鼠灌胃羊耳菊提取物后7个指标成分在体内的组织分布情况,实验建立同时测定大鼠组织中4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、新绿原酸、绿原酸、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、1,3-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、隐绿原酸、木犀草苷的UPLC-MS/MS方法,将羊耳菊提取物灌胃给予SD大鼠,分别于给药0. 5、1. 5、5 h取其主要脏器和组织,采用UPLC-MS/MS测定各时间点下7个指标成分在脏器和组织中的分布情况。大鼠灌胃羊耳菊提取物后,对于新绿原酸,其浓度0. 5 h在小肠、肾、肺、肝达到峰值; 1. 5 h在胃、肌、脾达到峰值; 5 h在心达到峰值。对于绿原酸,其浓度0. 5 h在小肠、肾、肺、心达到峰值; 1. 5 h在胃、肌、脾、肝达到峰值。对于隐绿原酸,其浓度0. 5 h在小肠、肾、肺达到峰值; 1. 5 h时在心、肝、脾、肺、胃达到峰值。对于1,3-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸,其浓度0. 5 h在心、肺、肾、小肠达到峰值; 1. 5 h在肝、脾、肌、胃达到峰值。对于3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸,其浓度0. 5 h在小肠和肾达到峰值; 1. 5 h在肝、脾、肌、胃达到峰值; 5 h在心、肺达到峰值。对于4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸,其浓度0. 5 h在小肠、肾、心达到峰值; 1. 5 h在肝、脾、肌、胃达到峰值; 5 h在肺达到峰值。对于木犀草苷,其浓度0. 5h在小肠和心达到峰值; 1. 5 h在肝、脾、胃达到峰值; 5 h在肺和肾达到峰值。7个指标成分可迅速、广泛地分布在各组织器官中,脑组织中未检测到该7种成分。7种成分主要分布在胃、小肠和肾组织中,对肾脏表现出较强的亲和力,推测肾脏可能是羊耳菊的主要排泄器官之一。     

肌肽对大鼠缺血-再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70及炎性因子表达水平的影响

目的通过失血性休克大鼠血液回输后造成的缺血-再灌注损伤（IRI）模型,研究肌肽对IRI后丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）浓度、热休克蛋白70（HSP70）及炎性因子表达水平的影响。方法27只Wistar大鼠随机分成3组制作IRI模型,大鼠失血至40mmHg→雌持20min→放置1h→全血回输→维持3h→处死。大鼠处死后取血浆检测MDA浓度,取肝、脑、肺、心、肾、脾组织制作石蜡切片,通过免疫组化染色比较肝、脑、肺、心、肾、脾组织切片HSP70阳性细胞数;取肝组织提取RNA比较肝组织HSP70及炎性因子mRNA表达量。结果与再灌损伤组相比,肌肽治疗组肝、脑、肺、心、肾、脾组织切片HSP70阳性细胞数及HSPa5、HSPala mRNA表达量明显升高;MDA浓度及IL-6、TNF-α、NF-κB1、SCYA2、SCYA3 mRNA表达量明显降低。结论肌肽可以抑制IRI后MDA的生成、从mRNA水平促进HSP70的表达、抑制炎性因子mRNA的表达。     

模拟室内高浓度PM2.5对大鼠血清和组织VEGF蛋白表达的影响

目的:采用"密闭环境熏烟法"模拟PM2.5高浓度环境,建立大鼠被动吸烟模型,观察模拟公共场所室内高浓度PM2.5对正常大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)以及心、脾、肺三种组织VEGF蛋白表达的影响。方法:将20只6月龄雄性健康Wistar大鼠按体重分层随机分为实验组和对照组。并且两组大鼠均于相同的环境下(温度,湿度,光照)进行饲养。对照组不做任何处理,实验组进行为期6周的密闭环境烟熏。末次烟熏结束24-36小时内,用ELISA检测两组大鼠血清VEGF水平的变化,用Western blot检测心、脾、肺三种组织VEGF蛋白表达的变化。结果:与对照组比较,实验组心、脾VEGF1、2以及肺VEGF1蛋白表达水平均显著下降,而肺VEGF2和血清VEGF水平无显著变化。结论:6周模拟公共场所室内高浓度PM2.5能显著降低大鼠心、脾、肺VEGF蛋白表达水平。     

肺纤维化大鼠模型造模方法的优化

目的 比较气管内滴注、气管内雾化喷入博来霉素(5 mg/kg)两种给药方式,以及比较腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠麻醉、异氟烷呼吸麻醉(与氧气混合吸入时,异氟烷浓度为0.5%)两种麻醉方式对肺纤维化大鼠模型的影响,探讨更优的造模方法。方法 选择雄性SPF级SD大鼠50只,随机分为空白对照组、腹腔麻醉气管内滴注组、腹腔麻醉气管内雾化喷入组、呼吸麻醉气管内滴注组和呼吸麻醉气管内雾化喷入组,每组各10只。观察给药后1、3、7、14、21 d,各组大鼠的生存状况及体重变化;给药3周后处死大鼠,取肺称重,计算肺系数;HE染色观察肺组织炎症变化;Masson染色观察肺组织中胶原增殖;Western Blot检测肺组织中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)蛋白表达量;碱水解法检测肺组织中羟脯氨酸(HYP)的含量。结果 与空白对照组比,4种模型组的大鼠精神状态不佳、体重下降、肺指数上升;肺组织损伤明显,炎症水平增加,胶原增殖显著;肺组织中TGF-β1蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.001);发现仅气管内雾化喷入博来霉素组大鼠肺组织中羟脯氨酸的含量增加(P<0.05)。发现气管内滴注的建模方式其模型大鼠肺部...     

对成年大鼠脏器系数的探讨

本文报告了对只成年大鼠的心肺、肝、脾、肾、睾丸、前列腺、子宫的脏器系数，并对不同月龄，不同性别的大鼠脏器系数进行比较，发现月龄对脏器系数有明显影响，而同龄大鼠脏器系数无明显性别差异。     

丙酮酸钠对失血性休克大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究丙酮酸钠对失血性休克后缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:制作失血性休克大鼠模型,回输全血,同时分别给予生理盐水、谷胱甘肽和丙酮酸钠适量,于再灌注后3h处死动物。检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性、组织丙二醛(MDA)的含量和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性,观察心、肝、肺和肾组织的病理变化。结果:丙酮酸钠组与生理盐水组相比,血浆LDH和GOT的活性降低,肝、肺和肾组织MDA的含量下降,心、肺和肾组织MPO活性降低,效果优于谷胱甘肽。心、肝、肺和肾组织形态学观察显示,丙酮酸钠使组织损伤减轻。结论:丙酮酸钠对失血性休克后再灌注损伤具有保护作用。其作用机制可能与清除氧自由基、减少中性粒细胞的浸润、减轻炎性反应有关。     

耐力训练和急性力竭运行对大鼠组织金属硫蛋白含量的不同…

为探讨金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）在运动提高机体自我贩作用,本文实验观察了游泳运动对大鼠心、肝、肺、脑、血管、因浆和骨骼肌等组织金属硫蛋白含量的影响。结果表明耐力训练组大鼠心、肝、肺和骨骼组织金属硫蛋白含量较政党对照组明显降低１３－３４％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;急性力竭运动组大鼠心、肝、脑、肺和骨骼肌组织其含量较正常对照则明显或高２１－７５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;但两组大鼠血管和血浆ＭＴ含量变化与对照组大鼠要比无统计     

大鼠肺纤维化形成中肺内肥大细胞结缔组织生长因子的表达

目的：观察博莱霉素（BLM）诱导肺纤维化形成中肺肥大细胞（MCs）是否表达结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）。方法：32只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为博莱霉素（BLM）组和对照（Control）组（n=16）。BLM组为气管内一次性滴注BLM（5mg／ks）;Control组为气管内滴注与BLM等容量的生理盐水（NS）。各组分别在气管滴注后第14天和第28天处死大鼠,取肺组织样本。用氯胺-T法检测肺组织羟脯氨酸含量以判断肺纤维化程度;用甲苯胺蓝染色显示肺组织切片中的MCs;免疫组化染色显示肺CTGF的表达和分布。结果：①与对照大鼠比,气管内滴注BLM后第28天大鼠的肺羟脯氨酸含量明显增高（P〈0．01）。②与对照大鼠比,气管内滴注BLM后第14天和第28天大鼠肺内MCs数明显增多（均P〈0．01）,肺内CTGF表达上调（均P〈0．01）。③对照大鼠肺内未见CTGF免疫阳性的MCs;而气管内滴注BLM后第14天和第28天大鼠肺内病灶区中有CTGF免疫阳性的MCs。结论：肺纤维化形成中肺MCs表达CTGF,这可能是MCs促进肺纤维化的作用机制之一。     

黄芩苷防止肺纤维化大鼠肺内结缔组织生长因子的上调

为探讨黄芩苷(baicalin,Bai)防止肺纤维化的机制,本研究观察了Bai对肺纤维化大鼠肺内结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)上调的影响。将雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为4组:生理盐水(normal saline,NS)+NS组(气管内滴注NS,随后每天腹腔注射NS一次)、NS+Bai组(气管内滴注NS,随后每天腹腔注射Bai一次)、博莱霉素(bleomycin,BLM)+NS组(气管内滴注BLM,随后每天腹腔注射NS一次)和BLM+Bai组(气管内滴注BLM,随后每天腹腔注射Bai一次)。Bai的剂量分别为每天6、12.5或50mg/kg。各组于气管内一次性滴注BLM或NS后第28天处死动物,取肺组织样本。采用氯胺-T法检测肺组织羟脯氨酸含量(反映肺纤维化程度的指标),用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学方法检测肺CTGF的表达。结果显示,BLM+NS组大鼠肺羟脯氨酸含量、CTGF蛋白及mRNA水平均明显高于NS+NS组大鼠(均P0.01),提示BLM诱导了大鼠的肺纤维化,且纤维化肺内出现CTGF表达的上调。BLM+Bai组大鼠连续28d每天腹腔注射6、12.5或50mg/kgBai后,BLM所致的肺纤维化明显减轻,同时肺CTGF表达的上调也得到明显抑制。以上结果提示,Bai可防止肺纤维化大鼠肺内CTGF表达的上调,这可能是其防止肺纤维化形成的作用机制之一。     

Intensity of peroxidation processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues at high chromium level in the diet

The data on the influence of chromium in different tissues of rats at its consumption with mixed fodder in the form of CrCl3 x 6H2O on the intensity of peroxidation processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes are presented. The degree of high chromium content in the studied tissues of rats at its addition to mixed fodder in the amount of 200 microg/kg during 30 days was established. Chromium content in the rat tissues decreased in the order: the spleen, heart, kidneys, lungs, brain, liver, skeletal muscle. In all tissues of rats fed with mixed fodder with chromium addition, except for skeletal muscles, content of lipid peroxidation products--hydroperoxide and TBARS-products decreased. The content of lipid peroxidation products decreased in the spleen, kidneys, liver and lungs. Also in all organs and tissues of rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase increased at the action of chromium. In the brain and kidneys the level of reduced glutathione increased. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher not only in the heart and skeletal muscles of animals and is probably equal in the lungs and liver, and in other organs--the brain, kidneys and spleen in animals of the studied group the enzyme activity was lower as compared to animals of the control group. Obtained results demonstrate the regulatory influence of chromium on free radical process in the rat tissues.     

不同周龄SD大鼠脏器重量及其变化趋势分析

目的分析不同周龄SD大鼠的脏器重量及其变化趋势,为评判药物毒性反应提供理论参考。方法分别选取试验第13、26、52、78和104周对照组动物脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、肾上腺、睾丸、卵巢的重量数据并分析。结果从13～104周SD雌鼠脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、肾上腺、卵巢的重量呈升高趋势。从13～104周SD雄鼠脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏重量均重于雌鼠,但雌鼠肾上腺重量、脏体比和脏脑比均显著高于雄鼠。结论本研究首次在国内建立了符合我国实验动物现状的,不同周龄SD大鼠的脏器重量背景数据和参考值范围,并分析了不同周龄SD大鼠脏器重量变化趋势。     

Concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in the major organs of the wistar albino and wild black rats: a comparative study

The concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in the major organs of Wistar albino (Rattus norvegicus) and wild black rats (Rattus rattus) were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The copper levels in the kidneys and liver of the Wistar albino rats (WARs) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the wild black rats (WBRs). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of zinc in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain between the two study groups, but zinc was significantly higher in the spleen (p<0.05) and lower in the heart (p<0.05) of WAR, compared to WBRs. Iron was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the heart and spleen of WBRs, compared to WARs.There were no extreme differences in the organ concentrations of trace elements between the two species, but, cumulatively, the WARs tend to have higher metallic concentrations in their system than the WBRs. The potential of these differences on the experimental results should not be overlooked and will serve as basis to further consider the complex interrelationships of these animals in their microenvironments and macroenvironments.     

Preliminary study on the relationship between osteoporosis and trace elements with rat models

Thirty rats were divided randomly into five groups and fed with different feeds. They were killed after 2 mo. Right thighs of these rats were taken as samples. Bone mineral densities of these samples were measured by the double-energy x-ray bone mineral densitometer, and trace elements contents of the samples were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. Results of the experiments showed that some elements were well correlated with others, and there were obvious variances between some elements of the normal group and those of other four groups.     

Concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in the major organs of the wistar albino and wild black rats

The concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in the major organs of Wistar albino (Rattus norvegicus) and wild black rats (Rattus rattus) were measured by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The copper levels in the kidneys and liver of the Wistar albino rats (WARs) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the wild black rats (WBRs). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of zinc in the liver, lungs, kidneys, and brain between the two study groups, but zinc was significantly higher in the spleen (p<0.05) and lower in the heart (p<0.05) of WAR, compared to WBRs. Iron was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the heart and spleen of WBRs, compared to WARs. There were no extreme differences in the organ concentrations of trace elements between the two species, but, cumulatively, the WARs tend to have higher metallic concentrations in their system than the WBRs. The potential of these differences on the experimental results should not be overlooked and will serve as basis to further consider the complex interrelationships of these animals in their microenvironments and macroenvironments.     

Effect of bitter gourd and spent turmeric on constituents of glycosaminoglycans in different tissues in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Diet is now one of the well established means in the management of diabetes. Bitter gourd and spent turmeric at 10% level were tested for their efficacy on glycosaminoglycan metabolism in various tissues viz., liver, spleen, lungs, heart and testis in control, diabetic and treated rats. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated from defatted and dried tissues. The contents of sulfated GAGs decreased in all the tissues and the decrease was more prominent in heart and testis. In the isolated GAGs, contents of total sugar, amino sugar, uronic acid and sulfate were studied. Decrease in total sugar content was maximum in testis. Amino sugar content decreased considerably in testis (38%) and lungs (15%). The content of uronic acid also decreased in testis (33%) besides heart (29%) and liver (25%). Sulfate groups in GAGs perform pivotal functions in many biological events and decrease in sulfate content was significant in heart (40%), testis (37%) and liver (37%). GAGs profile on the cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed that heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) were present in liver, spleen and lungs. HS, CS were present in heart, DS/CS was observed in testis. The observed beneficial effects in GAGs metabolism during diabetes may be due to the presence of high amounts of dietary fibres present in bitter gourd and spent turmeric, besides, possible presence of bioactive compounds in one or both of them.     

Nickel absorption and distribution from rat small intestine In situ

The aim of this work was to study the absorption of nickel chloride in rats by means of the intestinal perfusion in situ technique at nickel concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 100 mg/L. Active transport and facilitated diffusion seem to play an important role in the intestinal absorption of nickel at concentrations≤10 mg/L. At higher concentrations, the absorption rate would be limited by saturation of the carriers. The distribution of the absorbed nickel was studied by intestinal perfusion of a 10-mg Ni/L solution for 30 or 60 min. Both in concentration and amount, the jejunum showed the higher values of absorbed nickel, followed by the kidneys and liver. When all of the collected organs (brain, heart, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and testicles) and blood, but not the small intestine, are analyzed following a 60-min perfusion, it was found that 1% of the initial concentration had passed through the intestinal barrier.     

Tryptophan force-feeding: Changes in the activities of acetylcholinesterase in various tissues of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats

The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the liver, heart, spleen, lungs and kidneys of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats was measured following a single tube-feeding of tryptophan. In well-fed normal rats, 30 min after tryptophan force-feeding, the enzyme activity in the heart and lungs was stimulated by 28 and 25% as compared to the water-fed control while in well-fed adrenalectomized rats acetylcholinesterase acticity in the heart, liver spleen and lungs was 40, 31, 22 and 15% increased, respectively over that of the corresponding control. In both groups of rats the enzyme activity in the kidney was unaffected by tryptophan. In the liver, spleen and heart of well-fed adrenalectomized rats the pattern of response for acetylcholinesterase to a tryptophan dose, over a period of 24-hr. was found to be biphasic. In well-fed adrenalectomized rats the tryptophan-mediated stimulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart was found to be insensitive to actinomycin-D. The tryptophan-mediated stimulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats could not be related to the presence of an activator.     

Content of essential and toxic trace elements in organs of obese Wistar and Zucker leprfa rats receiving quercetin

BackgroundThe levels of a number of essential and toxic trace elements in organs and tissues are affected by the disruptions in body homeostasis caused by obesity. Some of these elements may also be influenced by the consumption of biologically active substances of polyphenolic origin, which possess potent abilities to complex with transition metal ions.AimsThe aim of this study was to determine the content of essential and toxic trace elements in Wistar outbred and hereditary obese Zucker Lepr^fa (Z) rats consuming a standard balanced diet or hypercaloric diet with excess fat and fructose, supplemented with quercetin or not supplemented.Materials and methodsMale Wistar and Z rats were fed a control AIN-93M-based semi-synthetic diet or a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD, with 30% fat by weight and 20% fructose provided in the drinking water). A portion of the animals in each line and diet group was administered quercetin at 50 mg/kg body weight. Essential trace elements were included in the diets as a high-purity salt mixture. After the termination of feeding on day 63, the livers, kidneys, and brains of the rats were excised and the content of 16 elements (Fe, Mg, Cu, Mn, Co, Se, Zn, Cr, Ni, Al, Cd, As, Pb, V, Cs, and Ag) was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).ResultsIn the livers of the Z rats, the contents of Co, Zn, Mg, Fe, Se, and V were reduced and the content of Cr was increased compared to that of the Wistar rats. Supplementation with quercetin significantly decreased liver Fe, V, and Se content, which was more noticeable in the Wistar rats than in the Z rats. In kidneys of Z rats consuming control diet, the contents of Co, Cu, and Cs were decreased whereas those of Ni, Al, and Se were increased compared with the contents in the Wistar rats. The same trend was observed with HFCD feeding except for Cs content. Quercetin reduced kidney V content in both rat lines fed both diets, whereas it reduced Se and Cs only in the Z rats fed control diet. In the brains of the Z rats, a large increase was observed in some trace elements including Pb, Cd, Al, Cr, Ni, Fe, and V compared with the levels in the Wistar rat brains. Supplementation of the control diet with quercetin decreased Al and Ni in the brains of the Z rats.ConclusionThere were significant differences in the mineral content of organs between the Wistar and Z rats, with different propensities for obesity. Moreover some of these effects had no straightforward association with decreased feed consumption or hepatic fat accumulation. When introduced into the diets, quercetin affected the content of essential and toxic elements, but with ambiguous physiological significance. Thus, indicators of essential and toxic trace elements deserve to be used in the protocols of preclinical as well as clinical trials of biologically active substances and food supplements.     

Effect of dietary selenium and tumor status on the retention of75Se by tissues and mammary tumors of DMBA-treated rats

The effects of the presence of mammary tumors on 75Se retention was examined in DMBA-treated rats. Tumor bearing rats fed varying amounts of Se exhibited an inverse linear dose response between dietary Se intake and tissue retention of 75Se in whole body, heart, lungs, ovaries, adrenals, spleen, and muscle. Tumor 75Se retention, however, was independent of the dietary intake of Se. Tumor bearing rats excreted more 75 Se label in the urine compared to both control rats fed the same amount of Se and DMBA-treated animals that remained tumor free. In the short term, no significant differences were seen in tissue retention of 75Se. By 7 d, the increased urinary excretion of the label resulted in significantly decreased retention of 75Se in blood, spleen, liver, lungs, and kidneys of tumor-bearing rats compared to tumor-free animals. The presence of tumors, however, did not affect the liver distribution of the label among cytosolic proteins. These results suggest that tumor bearing animals have an accelerated urinary excretion of Se compared to animals without tumors and that tumors either have a very slow turnover of Se or a low priority for the element.