Development and Application of a Liquid Preparation with Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria

An association of four bacterial strains with high oil-oxidizing and bioemulsifying activities, psychrophilicity, resistance to chemical pollutants, and lack of pathogenicity was selected from a collection of natural oil-oxidizing microorganisms. A new liquid preparation containing stabilizers and preservatives that maintain cell viability and oil-oxidizing activity during long-term storage was developed. A field experiment in oil-polluted sod-podzol and clay sand soils demonstrated that this preparation accelerated the biodegradation of oil and its individual fractions, especially in the presence of mineral and organic fertilizers. Treatment of oil-polluted soil with this preparation and additives decreased the oil-induced suppression of certain groups of soil microflora.     

Development and testing of "Ekosorb" biosorbent based on association of petroleum-oxidizing bacteria for purifying petroleum-polluted soils

A biosorbent containing an association of oil-oxidizing bacteria as a main constituent was developed, in which Lessorb, a product of moss and wood thermal processing, was used as a carrier. Xeroprotectors preserving the cell viability and oil-oxidizing activity in the biosorbent on drying and after long-term storage were selected. The use of this biosorbent for cleaning oil-polluted sod-podzol soils showed a two-threefold cleanup rate acceleration at different pollution levels (8 and 24 l/m2), especially in the presence of a nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer. The biosorbent increased the populations of certain groups of soil microorganisms and the total soil biological activity.     

Purification of soil from oil pollutants with the use of denitrifying hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms

The efficiency of an oil-oxidizing microbial community in the bioremediation of oil-polluted soil was studied under laboratory conditions. A specific feature of the community was its ability to oxidize oil hydrocarbons under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. The degree of oil-hydrocarbon degradation in various bioremediation modes increased as follows: self-remediation (40%) < nitrate application (42%) < introduction of the denitrifying oil-oxidizing community (50%) < introduction of the denitrifying oil-oxidizing community plus nitrate application (60%). The intensification of bioremediation is related to the increase in the population of the hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, first of all, denitrifying ones, resulting from the introduction of the community.     

Development and Testing of the Biosorbent Ekosorb Prepared from an Association of Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria for Cleaning Oil-Polluted Soils

A biosorbent containing an association of oil-oxidizing bacteria as the main constituent was developed, in which Lessorb, a product of moss and wood thermal processing, was used as a carrier. Xeroprotectors preserving the cell viability and oil-oxidizing activity in the biosorbent on drying and after long-term storage were selected. The use of this biosorbent for cleaning oil-polluted sod-podzol soils showed a two- to threefold cleanup rate acceleration at different pollution levels (8 and 24 l/m²), especially in the presence of a nitrogen–phosphate fertilizer. The biosorbent increased the populations of certain groups of soil microorganisms and the total soil biological activity.     

Purification of Soil from Oil Pollutants with the Use of Denitrifying Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Microorganisms

The efficiency of an oil-oxidizing microbial community in the bioremediation of oil-polluted soil was studied under laboratory conditions. A specific feature of the community was its ability to oxidize oil hydrocarbons under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. The degree of oil-hydrocarbon degradation in various bioremediation modes increased as follows: self-remediation (40%) < nitrate application (42%) < introduction of the denitrifying oil-oxidizing community (50%) < introduction of the denitrifying oil-oxidizing community plus nitrate application (60%). The intensification of bioremediation is related to the increase in the population of the hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, first of all, denitrifying ones, resulting from the introduction of the community.     

Application of cation-exchange membranes for characterisation and imaging ammonia-oxidising bacteria in soils

A new approach, in which ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are entrapped from soil onto cation-exchange membranes, was applied to identify terrestrial AOB by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). An experimental hot spot of ammonia oxidation was developed by establishing a gradient of ammonium substrate (200 to <20 mg NH4+-N l(-1)) diffused through the cation-exchange membranes incubated in soil for 6 months. By this approach we were able to characterise and image indigenous AOB populations growing in heavily oil-polluted soil using FISH and sequence analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, respectively. The FISH results revealed that Nitrosospira-like AOB were dominant on the ammonium-enriched membranes incubated in the soil. Fourteen unique Nitrosospira-like 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to clusters 2 and 3 were recovered from the soil-incubated membranes and from the soil, suggesting the importance of Nitrosospira-like AOB in the oil-polluted landfarming soil.     

Comparative metagenomics and functional profiling of crude oil-polluted soils in Bodo West Community,Ogoni, with other sites of varying pollution history

The impact of long-term crude oil pollution on soil microbial community structure in Bodo West Community, Ogoniland, Nigeria, was investigated to determine the amenability of the soil to microbial mediated remediation. Crude oil-polluted and pristine soil samples were collected approximately from 0 to 30 cm depth for both chemical and microbiological analyses. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined using gas chromatograph–mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The soil microbiome was determined using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results from this study were then compared with publicly available data from other oil-polluted sites. Taxonomic biomarkers and pathways associated with oil-polluted soils were detected using bioinformatics pipelines. TPH in the polluted and pristine soils were 7591 mg/kg and 199.70 mg/kg respectively, while the values of PAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the oil-polluted soil. Predictive functional and biomarker analysis demonstrated that microbes detected in the oil-polluted environment were involved in different metabolic pathways for degradation of a broad set of xenobiotic aromatic compounds. Established hydrocarbon degraders belonging to the families Alcanivoracaceae and Oceanospirillaceae were mostly detected in the oil-polluted soils. Sneathiella, Parvibaculum, Sphingobium, and Oceanicaulis were among biomarker taxa. The bacterial families Acidithiobacillaceae and Desulfobacteraceae were differentially more abundant in Bodo West spill site than any other site used for comparison. Furthermore, differentially represented species in our study site and other oil-polluted sites ranged from 21 to 42 bacterial families. The findings from this study revealed the bacterial community had a strong dependence on hydrocarbons and that acid-tolerant bacterial families can as well contribute significantly to biodegradation in the site and other polluted sites in Ogoniland usually known to have an acidic pH. Further research on Bodo West spill site will reveal the novel enzymes and pathways for enhanced microbial mediated eco-restoration.

     

Complete genome sequence of Amycolicicoccus subflavus DQS3-9A1T, an actinomycete isolated from crude oil-polluted soil

Amycolicicoccus subflavus DQS3-9A1(T), isolated from crude oil-polluted soil in the Daqing Oilfield in China, is a type strain of a newly published novel species in the novel genus Amycolicicoccus. Here we report the complete genome of DQS3-9A1(T)and genes associated with oil-polluted environment.     

Effect of UV radiation transmitted through light-correcting films on the enzymatic activity of oil-polluted soil

The effect of photoluminescent (light-correcting) polymeric films on the enzymatic activity of microorganisms in oil-polluted soil was investigated under laboratory conditions. The efficiency of the use of films as a covering material containing organic and inorganic photoluminophores was studied under the UV-irradi-ation of the soil polluted with oil products in a concentration of up to 50 g/kg. The application of light-correcting films increases the activity of enzymes in oil-polluted soil: catalase by a factor of 2–4, dehydrogenase 2.5, urease 4.5, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase by a factor of 2–3. In this situation, as chromatographic investigations showed, biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons polluting the soil proceeds 5–6 times faster in comparison with the reference versions for which a usual polymeric high-pressure polyethylene film was used.     

Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil with an association including the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and soil microflora

The possibility of application of the Pleurotus ostreatus D1-soil microflora to bioremediation of oil-polluted soils was studied. The fungus degraded mainly the aromatic fraction, whereas soil microflora intensely degraded paraffin and naphthene oil fractions. Introduction of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus D to soil induces degradation of a wider range of oil hydrocarbons. It is reasonable to further investigate the discovered phenomenon in order to improve procedures of remediation of oil-polluted soils.     

Use of bacterial acc deaminase to increase oil (especially poly aromatic hydrocarbons) phytoremediation efficiency for maize (zea mays) seedlings

Oil presence in soil, as a stressor, reduces phytoremediation efficiency through an increase in the plant stress ethylene. Bacterial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, as a plant stress ethylene reducer, was employed to increase oil phytoremediation efficiency. For this purpose, the ability of ACC deaminase-producing Pseudomonas strains to grow in oil-polluted culture media and withstand various concentrations of oil and also their ability to reduce plant stress ethylene and enhance some growth characteristics of maize and finally their effects on increasing phytoremediation efficiency of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil were investigated. Based on the results, of tested strains just P9 and P12 were able to perform oil degradation. Increasing oil concentration from 0 to 10% augmented these two strains population, 15.7% and 12.9%, respectively. The maximum increase in maize growth was observed in presence of P12 strain. Results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that PAHs phytoremediation efficiency was higher for inoculated seeds than uninoculated. The highest plant growth and PAHs removal percentage (74.9%) from oil-polluted soil was observed in maize inoculated with P12. These results indicate the significance of ACC deaminase producing bacteria in alleviation of plant stress ethylene in oil-polluted soils and increasing phytoremediation efficiency of such soils.     

Bioremediation of oil-polluted soil with an association including the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and soil microflora

The possibility of application of the Pleurotus ostreatus D1-soil microflora to bioremediation of oil-polluted soils was studied. The fungus degraded mainly the aromatic fractions, whereas soil microflora intensely degraded paraffin and naphthene oil fractions. Introduction of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus D1 to soil induces degradation of a wider range of oil hydrocarbons. It is reasonable to further investigate the discovered phenomenon in order to improve procedures of remediation of oil-polluted soils.     

真菌对石油污染土壤的降解研究

利用微生物对石油污染土壤进行生物降解，具有操作简单，费用低廉，场地适用性强等特点。挑选了2种菌株，进行了室内油降解实验，在摇床实验油降解率：微生物真菌（Faserium．LK）（土著）和真菌（Phanerochaete．Chrysosprium），在20d分别为41.2％和28．1％，真菌（Fusarium．LK）高于真菌（Phane－rochate．Chrysosprium）的降解率，而在培养箱石油污染土壤中，真菌（Fusarium．LK）（土著）和真菌（Phane－rochaete.Chrysosprium），在50d分别为61.8％和66．1％，（Fusarium.LK）低于（Phanerochaete.Chrysosri-um）。     

Optimization of the purification of soil and water objects from oil using biosorbents

Oil biosorbents (patents 2299181, 2318736) were obtained using immobilization of oil-oxidizing microorganisms into the hydrophobic sorbent Sorbonaft, which is manufactured using special technology at the Press-Torf Company. Two associations of aboriginal hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms were used for this purpose: a fungal association and a bacterial and yeast association. The application of biosorbents resulted in a substantial acceleration of the process of purification from oil. The decrease in the amount of oil in the water and soil during 1 month was 30–44% in the variants with the products, against 5% in the control.     

Consumption of hydrocarbons by psychrotolerant degrader strains

Oil-oxidizing microorganisms have been sampled in various regions of Siberia and used in strain associations, which degrade n-alkanes of oil from various fields by 64-92% after 6 days of growth in a wide temperature range. These strains are salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant. They are compatible with aboriginal soil microflora. Promising results have been obtained in experiments on growing plants on oil-polluted soil purified with a biodegrader of this series.     

Complete genome sequence of Polymorphum gilvum SL003B-26A1T, a crude oil-degrading bacterium from oil-polluted saline soil

Polymorphum gilvum SL003B-26A1(T) is a type strain of a newly published novel species in the novel genus Polymorphum. It was isolated from a crude oil-polluted saline soil in Shengli Oilfield, China, and was able to use the crude oil as the sole carbon source. Here we report the complete genome of SL003B-26A1(T) and the genes likely to be involved in oil degradation and ecological adaption.     

Ratio [13C]/[12C] as an index for express estimation of hydrocarbon-oxidizing potential of microbiota in soil polluted with crude oil

The hydrocarbon-oxidizing potential of soil microbiota and hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms introduced into soil was studied based on the quantitative and isotopic characteristics of carbon in products formed in microbial degradation of oil hydrocarbons. Comparison of CO2 production rates in native soil and that polluted with crude oil showed the intensity of microbial mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) in the presence of oil hydrocarbons to be higher as compared with non-polluted soil, that is, revealed a priming effect ofoil. The amount of carbon of newly synthesized organic products (cell biomass and exometabolites) due to consumed petroleum was shown to significantly exceed that of SOM consumed for production of CO2. The result of microbial processes in oil-polluted soil was found to be a potent release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.     

Bacterial community changes during bioremediation of aliphatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil

The microbial community response during the oxygen biostimulation process of aged oil-polluted soils is poorly documented and there is no reference for the long-term monitoring of the unsaturated zone. To assess the potential effect of air supply on hydrocarbon fate and microbial community structure, two treatments (0 and 0.056 mol h?1 molar flow rate of oxygen) were performed in fixed bed reactors containing oil-polluted soil. Microbial activity was monitored continuously over 2 years throughout the oxygen biostimulation process. Microbial community structure before and after treatment for 12 and 24 months was determined using a dual rRNA/rRNA gene approach, allowing us to characterize bacteria that were presumably metabolically active and therefore responsible for the functionality of the community in this polluted soil. Clone library analysis revealed that the microbial community contained many rare phylotypes. These have never been observed in other studied ecosystems. The bacterial community shifted from Gammaproteobacteria to Actinobacteria during the treatment. Without aeration, the samples were dominated by a phylotype linked to the Streptomyces. Members belonging to eight dominant phylotypes were well adapted to the aeration process. Aeration stimulated an Actinobacteria phylotype that might be involved in restoring the ecosystem studied. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that this phylotype is a novel, deep-branching member of the Actinobacteria related to the well-studied genus Acidimicrobium.     

Consumption of hydrocarbons by psychrotolerant degrader strains

Oil-oxidizing microorganisms have been sampled in various regions of Siberia and used in strain associations, which degrade n-alkanes of oil from various fields by 64–92% after 6 days of growth in a wide temperature range. These strains are salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant. They are compatible with aboriginal soil microflora. Promising results have been obtained in experiments on growing plants on oil-polluted soil purified with a biodegrader of this series.     

Levels of trace element accumulation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaenerion angustifolium,Plantago major,Artemisia vulgaris</Emphasis> plants under the conditions of oil pollution of environment

Concentrations of Pb, V, As, Se, Cd, Sn, and Hg in plants growing on oil-polluted territories of the West Surgut deposit in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (KhMAD) were determined. Differences between plant species in accumulation of trace elements have been revealed. A strong correlation exists between LOI of soil and concentrations of heavy metals in plants.