棉蚜人工饲料配方筛选及蔗糖浓度优化研究

【目的】棉蚜Aphis gossypii是一种重要的农业害虫,筛选并优化出适用于棉蚜饲养的人工饲料,有助于开展棉蚜生物学和生态学研究。【方法】在不同蚜虫人工饲料配方基础上,将饲料pH值和蔗糖浓度分别调整为7.6和25%,设计了以氨基酸、维生素、无机盐和蔗糖等为营养基础的5种人工饲料（配方Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ）。通过比较棉蚜成蚜在这5种饲料上的存活率和繁殖力,筛选出适合棉蚜饲养的最佳饲料配方。将最佳饲料配方蔗糖浓度调整为30%（配方VI）,比较了棉蚜在蔗糖浓度25%和30%两个配方、棉花植株上的存活率、若蚜发育历期、产仔率、平均产蚜量和寿命,及不同棉蚜试验种群的生命表参数。【结果】取食配方Ⅴ饲料的棉蚜成蚜存活率和产蚜量最高。棉蚜在配方V与配方VI人工饲料上均能完成世代发育,成蚜产仔率可达到100%。人工饲料配方V、VI和棉花植株饲养的棉蚜寿命分别为15.39、13.52和20.29 d,平均产蚜量分别为16.99、16.85和26.73头,内禀增长率分别为0.24、0.23和0.29。【结论】综合所有参数比较及本着节约成本的原则,筛选的人工饲料配方Ⅴ（含25%蔗糖）更适用于棉蚜饲养。     

人工卵繁殖赤眼蜂实验种群生命表的研究

借助德国WILD公司生产的实体解剖镜(WILDN8),采用解剖法,统计赤眼蜂幼期存活率与成虫生殖力数据,编制了松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂在人工卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表。结果表明,以人工卵作为寄主繁殖松毛虫赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂其实验种群对米蛾卵的寄生能力较强,内禀增长率rm分别为0．2442和0．3159,而松毛虫赤眼蜂比拟澳洲赤眼蜂更适于以人工卵作为寄主进行连代繁殖。松毛虫赤眼蜂在人工卵上单雌平均产卵量为61．5粒,卵、幼虫、蛹等幼期各期存活率分别为1．00、0．7020、0．9431;羽化率为0．7387。拟澳洲赤眼蜂在人工卵上繁殖1代。利用米蛾卵测其单雌平均产卵量为104．2粒,在人工卵内蜂卵、幼虫、蛹等幼期各期存活率分别为1．00、0．6454、0．9383;羽化率为0．7276。     

美国白蛾幼虫人工饲料的筛选研究

【目的】筛选出适合美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea大量饲养的人工饲料,提高饲养效果,为美国白蛾的人工繁育及实验种群建立奠定基础。【方法】通过组建特定年龄生命表的方法,以复叶槭为对照,研究3种人工饲料对美国白蛾生长发育和种群增长趋势的影响。【结果】3种人工饲料对美国白蛾的饲养效果具有明显差异。其中,以改良配制的饲料Ⅲ饲养效果最好,总发育历期[（45.91±0.41）d]、幼虫存活率（95.6%±0.6%）、老熟幼虫体长[（3.67±0.13）cm]及体重[（0.175 1±0.015 4）g]、新鲜蛹重[（0.151 1±0.012 4）g]、成虫体长[♂（1.61±0.06）cm,♀（1.85±0.06）cm]和翅展[（♂（2.95±0.16）cm,♀（3.60±0.19）cm）]、单雌平均产卵量[（265±46）粒]、种群发展趋势等生物学指标均优于另外两组。【结论】综合相关生物学指标,饲料Ⅲ是饲养美国白蛾的适宜人工饲料。     

温度对桃蚜、萝卜蚜体重及种群参数的影响

桃蚜Myrus perslcae、萝卜蚜Lipaphis crystml在能正常产仔的整个恒温范围内,成蚜和新产仔蚜体重随温度的变化都符合二次抛物线,但体重最高值出现较低的温度下．即体重变化主要表现为随温度升高而下降的趋势．在组建蚜虫的生命生殖力表时,以新产仔蚜体重对其在各温度下的生殖事进行校正。并未对计算所得的内禀增长能力rm值及其随温度的变化情况产生明显的影响,不仅没有提供新的信息。相反。这一方法使计算所得rm的值含义模糊。故建议不予采用。     

寄主植物对瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响

在(25±1)℃条件下比较了5种寄主植物上瓜蚜实验种群生命表参数.结果表明:在不同寄主植物上,瓜蚜各龄历期、成蚜寿命、日均产仔量、净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、平均世代历期和种群加倍时间等均存在显著差异.瓜蚜完成1代所需时间在瓢葫芦上最长,为5.84 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(5.24～5.45 d).成蚜寿命在黄瓜上最长,为20.04 d,其他4种供试植物上差异不显著(14.76 ～ 16.03 d).瓜蚜种群存活曲线在所有供试寄主植物上均为Ⅰ型,即死亡主要发生在后期,而且在黄瓜上的存活率高于其他4种供试植物.根据瓜蚜内禀增长率大小排序,寄主适合性依次为哈密瓜＞瓢葫芦＞南瓜＞黄瓜＞茭瓜.     

麻黄蚜实验种群的生命表

麻黄蚜虫EphedraphisgobicaSzelegiewicz是危害中药材———草麻黄的重要害虫之一。通过室内饲养 ,构建了该蚜虫的实验种群生命表。结果表明 :该蚜虫的内禀增长率 (rm)、周限增长率 (λ)、净增殖率 (R0 )、种群世代平均周期 (T)和种群加倍时间 (t)分别是 :0 2 60 ,1 2 98,1 9 2 48,1 1 3 5 4和 2 661。     

不同马铃薯品种对桃蚜发育和繁殖的影响

为探索不同马铃薯品种对桃蚜生命表参数的影响,为马铃薯品种抗蚜性评价及桃蚜预测预报与综合防治提供依据,在室内观察了桃蚜在“荷兰15号”、“陇薯10号”及“陇薯14号”三个马铃薯品种上的生长发育参数;通过建立特定年龄-阶段两性生命表,分析了不同马铃薯品种对桃蚜生长发育、存活率、繁殖力、寿命期望值(e_xj)、繁殖值(v_xj)及种群参数的影响。结果表明：与桃蚜取食“陇薯14号”相比,取食“荷兰15号”后的发育历期较长、寿命较短、繁殖力较低、寿命期望值较短、繁殖值较低;取食“荷兰15号”的蚜虫净增殖率、内禀增长率与周限增长率均低于取食“陇薯10号”和“陇薯14号”,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间则长于取食“陇薯10号”、“陇薯14号”;桃蚜对不同马铃薯品种适应能力不同,“荷兰15号”对桃蚜的抗性显著强于“陇薯10号”和“陇薯14号”。     

烟青虫人工饲料的改进研究

在原有饲料配方的基础上,通过添加适宜浓度的辣椒粉作为取食刺激剂及去除原饲料配方中的番茄酱组分,作者对烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta(Guenée)幼虫的人工饲料进行了改进研究。测定了6种人工饲料对烟青虫生物学参数、营养指标和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,与取食对照饲料相比,取食添加3%番茄酱的饲料后,烟青虫的幼虫历期、蛹重和生殖力无显著差异。在试验浓度内,取食添加辣椒粉的饲料后烟青虫幼虫存活率、幼虫相对取食量和蛹重均显著高于取食对照饲料的相应指标。但饲料中辣椒粉浓度达到或超过2%时烟青虫幼虫的消化能力降低,达到4%时成虫交配力显著降低。在6种供试饲料中,配方Ⅱ即添加1%辣椒粉的饲料为最佳配方饲料,与取食其他饲料相比,取食配方Ⅱ饲料后烟青虫生殖力和内禀增长率均显著提高。改进的人工饲料可大量饲养烟青虫以满足室内试验及工厂化生产核多角体病毒的需要。     

高压静电胁迫对麦长管蚜种群生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了探究高压静电场对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabriciusde的影响。采用特定年龄生命表的方法,设置2、4、6 k V/cm辐射强度处理小麦种子和出生24h内的1龄若蚜。统计连续20代电场胁迫后麦长管蚜生命表种群参数、繁殖参数以及存活率的变化。结果表明:(1)经高压静电场处理后麦长管蚜的内禀增长率(r)在2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm强度时受影响显著(P0.05),但两者表现的世代不同,2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm的最低值分别出现在第20代和第10代。(2)麦长管蚜的净增值率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、繁殖力(F)、成虫寿命和产仔天数等参数均呈现前期受高压静电场影响各处理组均显著低于对照组(P0.05),随着世代的增加高压静电处理组与对照组无显著差异。(3)麦长管蚜的特定年龄阶段存活率曲线受世代和高压静电场强度的影响显著。研究结论:麦长管蚜的生长发育和繁殖受世代和高压静电场强度的双重影响,且两者具有交互效应。研究的创新点在于:模拟自然条件下(同时对植物和昆虫进行高压静电场辐射处理)高压静电场对麦长管蚜的影响,为蚜虫生态遗传进化和生态控蚜提供理论依据。     

Studies on the morphometry of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Aphids are one of the most important groups of phytophagous insects because of their polyphenism, host alternation, heteroecious behavior and reproductive habits. Laboratory culture of the aphid Myzus persicae on the host plant Brassica pekinensis Hubner was maintained seasonally for biometrical studies. The metric analysis revealed gradual developmental changes from the first instar nymph to the adult stage in size, shape, and a number of characters. The transitional changes were sufficiently distinct to allow differentiation of each of the life stages irrespective of the season. A key to the nymphal stages of the pest is provided.     

Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) on the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoids

Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain on the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and its parasitic wasps (e.g., Aphidius colemani, Aphidius gifuensis and Diaeretiella rapae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae Pocheon strain had low infectivity against nymph and adult stages of M. persicae, showing 2% and 6.7% of mortality, respectively. Application of the EPNs had little effect on mummies caused by the three parasitoid species, allowing them to remain intact. No IJ invaded the host, regardless of EPN application rate. The parasitoid emergence from mummies ranged from 80% to 85% in the presence of EPN while 79–86% was recorded in the absence of EPN. However, the presence of the IJs reduced oviposition by the three parasitoid species, decreasing the rate up to 59% when the nematodes were applied before parasitoid release, while little difference in oviposition was observed when nematodes were applied after parasitoid release.     

Evaluation of artificial diets for rearing Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Artificial aphid diets have been previously developed for the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The ability to rear aphids on an artificial diet allows for selectively adding or subtracting compounds from an aphid's food source to determine the effect on fecundity and longevity. Five diets previously developed for the green peach aphid and the pea aphid were tested for their suitability for rearing soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. The best diet, originally developed for the green peach aphid and based on the amino acid profile of young potato plants, allowed 12 generations of soybean aphids to develop. For all diets tested, aphid fecundity, and longevity were greatly reduced in comparison with aphids reared on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plants or on detached soybean leaves. In addition, mean developmental time was significantly longer for aphids reared on artificial diets.     

Probiotic effects of beta-glucuronidase on the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Aphididae)

beta-glucuronidase (GUS) is a reporter protein commonly expressed in transgenic plants allowing the visualization of the transformed individuals. In our recent work, we showed that consumption of transformed potato plants expressing this GUS enzyme improves performance of the phloem feeding aphid Myzus persicae. Those results led us to the conclusion that the expression of GUS in potato plants might be responsible for the probiotic effect measured in feeding aphids. In the present paper, artificial diets were used to provide active GUS (10 and 500 microg ml(-1)), inactivated heated GUS (500 microg ml(-1)), glucuronic acid (10, 100 and 500 microg ml(-1)), and bovine serum albumin (500 microg ml(-1)) to M. persicae. Our results reveal that these chemicals provided as food intake might influence the biological parameters of this aphid. Experiments showed a probiotic effect of 500 microg ml(-1) GUS diet, resulting in reduced larval mortality, and increased adult reproduction period and fecundity, which led to an increased population growth potential (r(m)=0.17+/-0.01 versus r(m)=0.12+/-0.03 for aphids fed on control diet). A lower amount of added GUS led to fewer variations, biological parameters being only slightly altered (r(m)=0.14+/-0.03). Statistically similar alterations of the biological parameters were obtained when comparing aphids fed on the diet added with inactivated GUS or the non-structural bovine serum albumin protein (r(m)=0.15+/-0.02 and 0.14+/-0.03, respectively). Feeding assays conducted with glucuronic acid supplemented diets enhanced longevity and nymph production of the adult aphids and reduced larval mortality, resulting in r(m)=0.15+/-0.02 for the highest dose (500 microg ml(-1)). Although 100 microg ml(-1) glucuronate diet did not induce any effect on M. persicae (r(m)=0.12+/-0.03), aphids fed on 10 microg ml(-1) glucuronate diet exhibited unexpected reduced demographic parameters (r(m)=0.10+/-0.03). Immuno-histological analysis showed GUS labeling along the whole digestive epithelium of adults and in various tissues including embryos and bacteriocytes. These results suggest that GUS crosses through the digestive tract. Western blots performed with protein extracts of transformed potato plants expressing the gus gene showed a unique band of molecular weight 76 kDa. On the contrary, in extracts from aphids fed on transgenic potato plants or bred on GUS 500 microg ml(-1) artificial diet, several proteins of lower molecular weight were hybridized, revealing proteolysis of ingested GUS. It is concluded that GUS protein, and more precisely GUS activity, is responsible for the probiotic effects on aphid feeding. The possible pathways of induction of such physiological alterations by GUS are discussed.     

黄曲条跳甲人工饲养技术改进

通过室内人工饲养建立实验种群,是开展黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)各种研究的基础,解决其幼虫阶段的人工饲养技术是建立其实验种群的关键。介绍经改进后的黄曲条跳甲室内人工饲养技术,该方法简单易行,可以方便地获取试虫的不同虫态;采用小菜苗法和萝卜薄片堆叠法室内饲养黄曲条跳甲幼虫,最高存活率可达90%以上。     

Mass Rearing of Aphidius gifuensis (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) for Biological Control of Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is a major pest of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, in Yunnan province, China, where its control still depends on the use of insecticides. In recent years, the local government and farmers have sought to improve the biological control of this tobacco pest. In this paper, we present methods for mass rearing Aphidius gifuensis, a dominant endoparasitoid of M. persicae on tobacco plants in this region. The tobacco cultivar K326 (N. tabacum) was used as the host plant and M. persicae as the host insect. In the greenhouse, we collected tobacco seedlings for about 35 days (i.e., until the six-true-leaf stage), transferred them to 7.5-cm diameter pots, and kept these plants in the greenhouse for another 18 days. These pots were then transferred to an insectary-greenhouse, where the tobacco seedlings were inoculated with five to seven wingless adult M. persicae per pot. After 3 days, the infested seedlings were moved to a second greenhouse to allow the aphid population to increase, and after an additional 4±1 days when 182±4.25 aphid adults and nymphs were produced per pot, they were inoculated with A. gifuensis. With this rearing system, we were able to produce 256±8.8 aphid mummies per pot, with an emergence rate of 95.6±2.45%; 69% were females. The daily cost of parasite production (recurring costs only) was US$ 0.06 per 1000 aphid mummies. With this technique, we released 109 800 parasitoids in 1998, 196 000 in 1999, 780 000 in 2000, and 5 600 000 in 2001 during a 2-month period each year. This production method is discussed with respect to countrywide usage in biological control and integrated control of M. persicae.     

温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜的诱导

本文研究了温度和光周期对烟蚜性蚜诱导的影响,结果表明：郑州地区的红色和黄绿色烟蚜在１０小时光照和１５、２０℃组合下可产生性雌和雄蚜,而在１２、１４和８小时及２５℃条件下均未有性蚜产生。     

桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种内密度和种间竞争效应

在温室内不同密度条件下,研究了桃蚜和萝卜蚜在甘蓝上的种内密度效应和种间竞争作用。结果表明：单独饲养时,在5头／株和10头／株密度下,两种蚜虫种内密度效应均较弱;而在15头／株时,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寿命和产蚜量都随之显降低,说明当两种蚜虫达到一定的拥挤程度时,种内密度对种群均产生一定的负效应。两种蚜虫共存时,单头产蚜量均比单独饲养时显下降,种问竞争作用明显。在10、15头／株密度下,桃蚜的竞争作用大于萝卜蚜,萝卜蚜的寿命和单头产蚜量都极显低于桃蚜。     

Demographic traits of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reared on Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Lady beetles are the most important predatory species among arthropods; thus, studying their population parameters gives a clear picture about their life span. The demography of the lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was studied under laboratory condition, on Aphis fabae at 27?°C based on the age-stage, two-sex life table. The means and standard errors were estimated by the bootstrap techniques. The results showed that the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were 0.18 and 1.20 d^?1, respectively. The net reproduction rate (R ₀) and the gross reproduction rate were 232.49 and 442.48 offspring/individual, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was 29.03?days. The first peak of reproductive value in females was on the 18th day, which coincides with the total pre-oviposition period counted from birth. The life expectancy curve (e_xj ) of a new hatched female adult was 60?days. The results demonstrated that growth, survival and development of the predator can be described accurately by use of the age-stage, two-sex life table.