大豆食心虫滞育与非滞育幼虫过冷却能力及其体内主要生化物质含量比较

【目的】本研究旨在明确大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella滞育与非滞育幼虫体内生化物质含量和保护酶活性的差异,为进一步探索大豆食心虫幼虫滞育调控的分子机制提供依据。【方法】在适温(25℃)环境下,通过控制光周期获得大豆食心虫滞育和非滞育幼虫,分别测定其过冷却点和结冰点、体内主要生化物质(糖类物质、脂类物质和可溶性蛋白)的含量以及3种保护酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)]的活性并进行比较分析。【结果】在25℃下,大豆食心虫滞育幼虫的过冷却点(-19.20℃)和结冰点(-13.49℃)均低于非滞育幼虫的过冷却点(-16.42℃)和结冰点(-11.22℃),二者过冷却能力差异显著。滞育幼虫体内的总糖、糖原、甘油等能源物质含量均显著高于非滞育幼虫的,滞育幼虫体内总糖含量为非滞育幼虫的2.17倍,甘油含量为非滞育幼虫的1.76倍;但二者体内自由水和可溶性蛋白质含量无显著差异。同时,滞育幼虫POD和CAT活性显著高于非滞育幼虫的,但SOD活力则略低于非滞育幼虫的,无显著差异。【结论】大豆食心虫幼虫由非滞育进入滞育状态过程中,通过调节自身生理代谢使其体内糖类等生化物质含量显著升高,部分保护酶活性显著增强,进而显著提高其过冷却能力以有效应对低温等不利环境条件的来临。     

温度对柑橘大实蝇滞育蛹能量结构与代谢的影响

【目的】为从生理生化水平上探讨越冬温度对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)滞育蛹的调控生理机制。【方法】测定了不同恒温条件下柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹滞育期虫体粗脂肪和糖类物质含量的变化动态。【结果】低温(12℃)越冬促进了虫体粗脂肪的积累,随温度升高,粗脂肪含量逐渐减少;总糖含量随越冬温度升高,趋于倒"U"型变化;虫体海藻糖含量先升后降(24℃除外),随温度上升,海藻糖含量最高值时期逐渐提前,且最大值逐渐降低;虫体糖原含量变化趋势各不相同,随温度升高,糖原含量最高值时期逐渐接近滞育解除期,越冬温度升高促进了柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹滞育期后期糖原的积累。此外,16℃下越冬,同时期各物质的含量均低于其它处理,说明在16℃下越冬加快了虫体能量物质的代谢或转换。【结论】不同恒温越冬,柑橘大实蝇越冬滞育期能量代谢方式不同,表明越冬温度与越冬蛹的能量代谢特点存在密切的关系。本研究结果对深入了解柑橘大实蝇越冬蛹能量代谢生理机制具有一定的参考价值。     

九香虫滞育期脂肪、糖类和蛋白质含量的变化规律

【目的】研究九香虫Aspongopus chinensis Dallas滞育期体内的脂肪、糖类(总糖、糖原、海藻糖)、蛋白质含量的变化,探索体内营养物质变化与九香虫滞育的关系。【方法】本研究利用索氏提取法、蒽酮比色法和BCA蛋白定量试剂盒分别测定了九香虫滞育期(10月-次年4月)和滞育解除后(次年5月)其体内的脂肪、糖类和蛋白质含量变化。【结果】九香虫滞育期脂肪含量随着时间推移逐渐降低,到滞育后期(4月)脂肪含量最低为19.51%,与滞育初期(10月)的40.55%相比存在显著性差异(P<0.05);糖类在滞育初期(10月)开始积累,直至11月后不断减少至4月,滞育解除后(5月)糖类的含量又显著增高(P<0.05);蛋白质含量从滞育初期(10月)开始缓慢增加,直至3月开始下降,滞育解除后蛋白质含量显著低于滞育期(P<0.05)。【结论】九香虫滞育期体内脂肪、糖类和蛋白都发生了不同程度的变化。脂肪含量降低,糖类的含量先升后降,蛋白质含量先增后减是九香虫滞育过程中主要的生理特征。     

梨小食心虫滞育与非滞育幼虫过冷却能力与体内主要生化物质含量

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)是我国北方果园中重要的果树害虫,现已成为泰安肥城桃园中为害最为严重的一种食心虫。本文主要测定了梨小食心虫滞育与非滞育幼虫的过冷却能力与体内主要生化物质的含量。研究结果表明;在26℃的温度条件下,滞育幼虫的过冷却点与结冰点均低于非滞育幼虫,但差异均不显著。滞育幼虫体内的含水量、糖原和蛋白质含量均极显著低于非滞育幼虫,但是滞育幼虫体内的总脂肪、甘油和海藻糖含量均极显著高于非滞育幼虫。研究结果说明,滞育幼虫在体内生理生化代谢做了调整,以应对不利环境条件的来临。     

沙葱萤叶甲成虫越夏期间糖类、蛋白及脂肪含量的变化

【目的】明确沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica成虫在越夏不同阶段主要生理生化指标变化的特点,为进一步揭示其越夏的机理提供基础。【方法】分别采用蒽酮硫酸法和氯仿-甲醇法测定越夏不同阶段(越夏前、越夏期和越夏后)的沙葱萤叶甲成虫体内总糖、海藻糖、糖原、脂肪及水分含量;采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定总蛋白含量。【结果】总糖、水分和总蛋白含量在沙葱萤叶甲成虫越夏前(分别为26.81μg/mg,77.47%和63.17μg/mg)和越夏后(分别为26.41~26.85μg/mg,75.29%~76.65%和59.53~64.93μg/mg)显著高于越夏期(分别为18.77~21.14μg/mg,61.50%~67.20%和39.82~52.54μg/mg),而糖原含量变化趋势正好相反(越夏前:8.43μg/mg;越夏后:5.91~6.14μg/mg;越夏期:10.18~11.58μg/mg),脂肪含量在越夏后(11.48%~11.65%)显著低于越夏前(42.48%)和越夏期(36.05%~64.79%);脂肪和总蛋白含量在越夏期间逐渐下降,而水分、总糖和糖原含量变化不明显;海藻糖含量在越夏不同阶段波动较大(2.66~25.31μg/mg)。【结论】脂肪和糖原是沙葱萤叶甲成虫越夏的主要能源物质。     

滞育诱导温周期对桃小食心虫滞育幼虫生理指标的影响

【目的】为了明确秋季温度升高对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura 耐寒性的影响,针对桃小食心虫滞育过程的生理指标进行了一系列研究。【方法】在GXZ-0450型智能光照培养箱中,温度为26~18, 26~20, 26~22, 28~18, 28~20, 28~22, 30~18, 30~20和30~22℃ 9组变温下（高温10 h,低温14 h,相对湿度70%~80%,光周期为12L∶12D）分别诱导桃小食心虫滞育,再对滞育幼虫过冷却点（supercooling point, SCP）、结冰点（freezing point, FP）以及体内水、脂肪和小分子糖醇类物质含量进行测定。【结果】在适宜滞育的光照下变温不会影响桃小食心虫的滞育率,所有脱果的老熟幼虫全部进入滞育,但其生理指标却有很大差异,其中SCP和FP在较高日高温下较高（SCP：F_135,2=23.83,P<0.001;FP：F_135,2=47.64,P<0.0001）,而在较高夜低温下反而较低（SCP：F_135,2=52.88,P<0.0001;FP：F_135,2=33.34,P<0.0001）。含水量随夜低温和日高温升高显著升高（夜低温：F_135,2=13.47,P<0.0001;日高温：F_135,2=10.39,P<0.0001）。脂肪含量随夜低温升高下降（F_135,2=40.91, P<0.0001）,随日高温升高而上升（F_135,2=161.18,P<0.0001）。小分子糖醇类物质含量随温度的变化各不相同,但差异均显著（P<0.0001）：其中海藻糖、葡萄糖和赤藓糖醇的含量随夜低温升高而下降,但在日高温30℃时海藻糖和赤藓糖醇的含量却随夜温的升高而升高,葡萄糖的含量随夜低温的变化无差异;甘油随日高温的升高而显著升高,随夜低温的升高而显著下降;山梨醇和肌醇的含量随夜低温和日高温的变化差异很大。【结论】桃小食心虫不同温度下诱导滞育的幼虫SCP、FP、水、脂肪和小分子糖醇类含量存在明显差异。滞育诱导期温度对桃小食心虫幼虫的滞育生理有重要的作用,其滞育幼虫起始生理差别可能会影响其越冬。     

麦红吸浆虫幼虫滞育期间糖类物质变化

分析研究了麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) 幼虫滞育期间总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量的变化。结果表明： 不同滞育年限幼虫的总糖含量无显著差异。在滞育年周期中,不同时期的滞育幼虫总糖含量明显不同。幼虫老熟入土滞育以前的总糖含量明显高于入土滞育期间。入土滞育过程中,越冬期和春季的总糖含量明显高于夏季和秋季。同期的裸露幼虫与结茧幼虫的总糖含量仅在秋季有一定的差异,其他时间基本相似。结茧幼虫滞育期间的海藻糖含量一直维持较高的水平,说明其滞育期间的糖醇积累型属于海藻糖积累型;秋季与春季糖原含量的增加可能与麦红吸浆虫的滞育解除或滞育强度的变化有一定的关系。     

柞蚕蛹脂肪体和血淋巴中糖类含量动态的温度和光周期效应

本文研究了柞蚕Antheraea pernyti滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的糖类含量动态.两类柞蚕蛹血淋巴中所含糖类均为海藻糖和葡萄糖,但葡萄糖始终处于极低水平.滞育蛹的脂肪体糖原与血淋巴海藻糖之间存在相互转化的关系,这种转化受温度的制约.温度对于滞育的终止和海藻糖积累量影响很大.在保种温度范围内,滞育蛹接触低温越早,温度越低,海藻糖积累量越高.非滞育蛹即使经长期低温(0℃左右)处理,体内也不积累海藻糖,且耐寒力显著低于滞育蛹.在25℃条件下,光周期对滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的影响不同.     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育蛹与非滞育蛹体内主要生化物质浓度比较

本研究旨在明确茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes滞育蛹与非滞育蛹体内生化物质浓度和保护酶活性的差异,为进一步探索茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育调控的分子机制提供依据。通过控制温光环境获得茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育蛹和非滞育蛹,并对滞育蛹设置不同滞育处理时间（滞育时间为30 d、45 d、60 d和75 d）,最终共设置4个滞育处理与1个非滞育处理,分别测定蛹体内主要糖类、醇和蛋白等生化物质的浓度以及过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）3种保护酶的活性,并完成对比研究。总糖、海藻糖、甘油、总蛋白浓度在滞育蛹与非滞育蛹中存在显著差异,而糖原与山梨醇则没有明显差异。在滞育过程中POD,CAT和SOD活性随着滞育时间的延长,逐渐增强,当滞育时间达到60 d时,酶活性最高。茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂蛹由非滞育进入滞育状态过程中,通过调节自身生理代谢使其体内糖类、醇等有机物浓度升高,蛋白质浓度下降,保护酶活性明显增强,从而显著提高其抗低温的能力,以有效应对不利的环境条件。     

中红侧沟茧蜂寄生对寄主粘虫血淋巴糖类、脂类和蛋白质含量的影响

为揭示寄生蜂寄生对其寄主的生理调控机制, 室内对中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator寄生与未被寄生寄主粘虫Mythimna separata幼虫血淋巴中糖类、脂类和蛋白含量变化进行了测定。结果显示: 在滞育与非滞育条件下, 被寄生的粘虫血淋巴中糖原浓度均比未被寄生的粘虫高。滞育条件下寄生后12 d差异显著（P<0.05）, 被寄生粘虫糖原含量为7.93 μg/mL, 未被寄生粘虫糖原含量为4.70 μg/mL; 非滞育条件下寄生后6 d差异显著（P<0.05）, 被寄生粘虫糖原含量为14.35 μg/mL, 未被寄生粘虫糖原含量为5.47 μg/mL。海藻糖含量测定结果显示, 在滞育条件下寄生蜂对被寄生粘虫无明显影响, 而非滞育条件下影响效果差异显著（P<0.05）, 寄生后4 d被寄生粘虫海藻糖含量为46.82 μg/mL, 未被寄生粘虫含量为26.72 μg/mL。在滞育与非滞育两种条件下, 寄生与未被寄生寄主脂类和蛋白含量没有显著性差异。结果说明: 寄生蜂的存在使寄主血淋巴中的糖原含量增高; 非滞育条件是影响被寄生粘虫海藻糖含量变化主要因素; 粘虫对中红侧沟茧蜂的寄生表现相当强的适应性和忍受力。     

温度胁迫对二化螟滞育幼虫生理指标的影响

为从生理生化水平上探讨二化螟滞育幼虫应对温度胁迫的生理机制,分别对系列温度胁迫(STS)和梯度温度胁迫(GTS)处理后的幼虫水、脂质、总糖、小分子碳水化合物含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测定.结果表明:随着温度的降低,两种处理二化螟滞育幼虫虫体含水量趋于减少,且0℃以下时GTS处理下降幅度较STS处理显著;两种处理脂质含量均逐步下降且二者间无显著差异;两种处理总糖含量分别先减后增和持续下降,均检测出4种小分子碳水化合物,其中STS处理葡萄糖、甘油和果糖含量先增后减,海藻糖含量变化与此相反,而GTS处理海藻糖含量先减后增,葡萄糖和甘油含量呈相反变化,果糖含量无变化;14～-14℃范围内STS处理SOD和POD活性较GTS处理低,CAT活性相反.二化螟滞育幼虫生理指标的变化反映了其应对不同温度胁迫的生理响应.     

寄主对豆野螟的药剂敏感性和体内解毒酶活性的影响

比较取食不同寄主植物的豆野螟MarucatestulalisGeyer幼虫对3种药剂敏感性的差异,及其体内4种解毒酶活性之间的差异。结果表明:取食不同寄主植物的豆野螟对高效顺反氯氰菊酯和灭多威的敏感性差异显著,豇豆>四季豆>扁豆;对茚虫威的敏感性差异不显著。取食不同寄主植物的豆野螟体内4种酶活性都发生了变化,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)羧酸酯酶(CarE)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活性之间存在显著差异,豇豆>四季豆>扁豆;但谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)活性之间不具有显著差异。推测:取食扁豆的豆野螟体内产生对高效顺反氯氰菊酯和灭多威具有一定解毒作用的物质;而取食豇豆的豆野螟产生的某种物质对茚虫威具有一定的解毒作用,4种酶在其对茚虫威的解毒过程中起一定的作用。     

Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory colonies of cotton bollworm larvae, Helicoverpa armigera, kept at 20 degrees C under a photoperiod of L:D=10:14 were fed on five host plants (cotton, corn, kidney bean, tobacco and tomato) and an artificial diet (control) to determine the effects of larval host quality on survival and pupal over-wintering preparedness. A separate experiment showed that diapausing pupae weighed more and contained greater nutrient stores than did non-diapausing pupae. Diapausing pupae reared on different host plants showed significant differences in terms of over-wintering reserve storage, and degree of cold-hardiness (extent of low-molecular-weight substances and SCPs), and survivorship. The more nutrients the host plant had, the more the pupae weighed and the higher the levels of total lipids and glycogen. Body water content was also significantly affected by larval food quality. The mean pupal super-cooling capacities varied significantly from -16.7 to -18.9 degrees C according to host plants the larvae feed on, and these significantly related to water content, pupal weight, lipid and glycogen content, and the levels of glycerol. Levels of trehalose, glycerol, and inositol, which were mainly low-molecular-weight substances, showed no significant differences among different host plants, except for trehalose. Pupal mortality varied from 39.7% on corn to 3.3% on the artificial diet, which was significantly related to pupal weight, total lipid content, trehalose levels, and super-cooling points. These results suggest that larval food quality can affect survival and influence the over-wintering preparedness of the cotton bollworm.     

Metabolic dynamics across prolonged diapause development in larvae of the sawfly,Cephalcia chuxiongica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae)

Nutrient metabolism is crucial for the survival of insects through the diapause. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism of prolonged diapause. The sawfly, Cephalcia chuxiongica (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), is a notorious defoliator of pine trees in southwest China. One of the distinguishing biological characteristics of this pest is the prolonged diapause of about 1.5 years. In this study, the body lipid, carbohydrate (total body sugar, glycogen, trehalose, and glucose), protein, and glycerol contents were measured in diapausing larvae of C. chuxiongica. The results showed that the changes of biochemical composition in C. chuxiongica are associated with the diapause initiation, maintenance, and termination phases. During the initiation phase, trehalose, glucose, and glycerol increased significantly, but glycogen decreased sharply. In general, the lipid, carbohydrate, and glycerol levels decreased gradually across the maintenance phase. At termination phase, the contents of glycogen and lipid persistently decreased, while an increase of trehalose, glucose, and glycerol contents were detected. The protein level was significantly higher at maintenance phase than at initiation and termination phases. It was also found that elevation of trehalose, glucose, and glycerol contents occurred in winter. These implies that the metabolites with altered levels in diapausing larvae of C. chuxiongica are responsible for maintaining a prolonged development and overwintering.     

亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导外源性因子研究

研究了食料、温度、光周期等外源性因子对亚洲螟滞育的影响,试验证明,食料性质对其滞育诱导影响显著,取食玉米雌的幼虫以滞育诱导光周反应的敏感性强于取食棉铃的幼虫,在一定范围内,食料中可溶性糖含量增加可促进幼虫的滞育诱导,而粗蛋白含量的增加则具有抑制滞育诱导的作用,两者的互作效应不显著。高温抑制滞育诱导,你 促进滞育诱导。短光周对幼虫的滞育诱导无特定的敏感龄期,但以３龄与２龄对短光周刺激敏感性较强,包光     

Nutrition,sex and season contribute to variation in fat and glycerol levels in the long‐lived moth Caloptilia fraxinella

The ash leaf cone roller Caloptilia fraxinella Ely (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an invasive leaf‐mining moth pest of horticultural ash Fraxinus spp. in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Caloptilia fraxinella overwinter as adults in reproductive diapause and mating occurs after overwintering in the spring. The effect of a carbohydrate food source on fat and glycerol reserves throughout the long adult life stage of this moth is investigated. Insects collected as pupae are given access to either water or sugar water upon adult eclosion. Moths held under the different feeding regimes are sampled before (summer and autumn) and after overwintering in the spring. Analysis of either glycerol or lipid content is conducted for male and female moths from each collection period. Both moth weight and glycerol concentration are affected by moth sex, food regime and season of collection. Although female moths are heavier than males, a higher glycerol concentration occurs in males. Moths fed sugar are heavier and have a higher glycerol concentration than water‐fed moths late in reproductive diapause and after overwintering. Moths collected in the spring after overwintering are lighter and have a lower glycerol content than moths collected before winter. There is a significant influence of feeding regime and season on moth body lipid content, with sugar‐fed moths having more fat than water‐fed moths; however, this difference is smaller in the summer than the autumn or spring. An initial understanding of the overwintering biology and diapause of this pest is provided in the present study.     

Physiology of larval diapause: a tool for insect pest management

Summary

Two major pests cause damage of economic importance to maize crops in France: the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), which has a worldwide distribution, and the pink maize stalk borer (Sesamia nonagrioides), which is present all around the Mediterranean. During winter, last instar larvae of these species exhibit a facultative diapause. Early forecasting of the field emergence period and a good knowledge of the overwintering survival (both strongly dependent on conditions controlling diapause maintenance and termination) are key features for effective management of these pests. In this connection physiological studies of diapause provide us with useful information. Special emphasis is given to variations of carbohydrate metabolism, particularly glycogen, trehalose and glycerol in both species. In the European corn borer the presence of glycerol and trehalose makes it possible to forecast diapause termination 2–3 months before the first field pupal molts. These data are used for the construction of a model of the population dynamics, developed by the National Institute of Agronomic Research. In the pink maize stalk borer we demonstrate the great sensibility of this pest to low temperatures, and we propose a novel cultural pest-suppressing method which is now being tested in collaboration with the General Association of Maize Producers.     

Diapause development and acclimation regulating enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis in the Shonai ecotype of the rice stem borer larva,Chilo suppressalis walker

Overwintering larvae of the Shonai ecotype of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, enter diapause in early September and terminate diapause at the end of October. Cold acclimation at 0°C did not influence glycerol, trehalose or glycogen content in larvae collected on 22 September. Acclimation at 0°C increased the glycerol content and reduced the glycogen content significantly in larvae collected on 2 October and 22 November compared with acclimation at 15°C. These results indicate that overwintering larvae at different phases of diapause development respond differently to the low temperature stimulus for glycerol synthesis. Thus, we evaluated the metabolic rearrangements associated with glycerol synthesis during diapause development and after temperature acclimation. Larvae collected on 2 October were acclimated at 15°C for 15 and 60 days. Some of those acclimated at 15°C were then moved to 0°C for 15 days. The larvae acclimated at 15°C for 15 days were in deep diapause and accumulated little glycerol, while larvae acclimated at 15°C for 60 days were nearly ready to emerge from diapause and accumulated glycerol at 155.5 μmol/g. When larvae acclimated to 15°C for 15 days were transferred to 0°C, glycerol accumulation was stimulated to the same extent (ca 140 μmol/g) as it was in larvae that were acclimated to 15°C for 60 days and then transferred to 0°C. These results indicate that low temperature has a cumulative effect on glycerol production in larvae at different phases of diapause development. Glycerol accumulation was accomplished by activation of glycogen phosphorylase and inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and activation of enzymes associated with glycerol synthesis, mainly glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase and polyol dehydrogenase with glyceraldehyde activity.     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾三龄幼虫抗寒力的影响

寄主植物是影响昆虫抗寒性的主要因子之一。研究了不同温度下甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)3龄幼虫取食小白菜、甘蓝、葱和菠菜后,对过冷却能力和体内冷冻保护剂的影响。结果表明,寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫的过冷却能力有显著性影响,其中以取食甘蓝的幼虫过冷却点最低。温度和寄主植物对其过冷却点、结冰点和虫体含水量有明显的交互作用。寄主植物对其体内的海藻糖含量有显著性影响,而对甘油和糖原含量没有显著性影响。温度和寄主植物仅对海藻糖含量有显著的交互作用。随着温度的升高,取食不同寄主的幼虫体内海藻糖和糖原含量的变化趋势完全相反,认为海藻糖是由糖原转化而来。研究结果提示冬季合适的寄主植物有利于甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫越冬。