昆虫趋光的性别差异及其影响因素

趋光是众多夜行性昆虫的主要行为特征之一.研究表明: 许多夜行性昆虫的趋光存在明显的性别差异现象,而这种差异受多种因素的影响.本文从雌雄成虫飞行能力差异导致其飞行距离与高度的不同、雌雄成虫复眼结构差异导致其对光源反应不同,以及雌雄成虫对光源和环境刺激的敏感性不同等方面综述了导致昆虫趋光性别差异的因素,并探讨了昆虫趋光性别差异的应用及今后研究方向.     

中国昆虫趋光性及灯光诱虫技术的发展、成就与展望

害虫灯光诱控技术是一种利用昆虫的趋光性来进行害虫防治的技术,具有高效、环保、无残留、不产生抗性等特点。本文系统综述了我国建国70年来灯光诱控技术的发展与成就,分析了该技术研究和应用存在的问题,进而展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

三种常绿阔叶树光系统Ⅱ在低温胁迫下的光抑制及恢复

冬季低温胁迫对亚热带常绿阔叶树光合活性的主要影响之一,体现在光合机构的低温光抑制。为了阐明冬季低温胁迫下常绿阔叶树光系统Ⅱ的光抑制程度及光保护机制,该文研究了冬季自然低温胁迫(零下低温冻害和零上低温寒害)对红叶石楠、枇杷和猴樟三种亚热带常绿阔叶树光合机构光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制的影响以及春季气温回暖后的恢复情况。结果表明:冻害和寒害低温胁迫使猴樟的PSⅡ活性显著降低,PSⅡ受到较严重的光抑制,低温胁迫解除后PSⅡ活性未能完全恢复。红叶石楠PSⅡ活性下降程度和光抑制程度最轻,春季PSⅡ活性显著上升,光抑制显著下降。枇杷PSⅡ活性和光抑制程度介于猴樟和红叶石楠之间。低温胁迫下红叶石楠的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)接近常温水平; 枇杷的NPQ略有降低,春季恢复正常; 猴樟NPQ最低,春季低温解除后仍不能完全恢复。此外,三种常绿阔叶树在冬季低温胁迫和春季恢复时期的NPQ与PSⅡ的光抑制程度存在显著的负相关关系。综合以上结果分析表明,冬季低温对红叶石楠PSⅡ影响不大,对枇杷有一定影响但春季气温回暖后可以及时恢复,对猴樟PSⅡ有显著的光抑制且恢复过程较慢,同时NPQ对保护常绿阔叶树PSⅡ免受冬季低温光抑制有重要的贡献。     

蛋白核小球藻在光胁迫下的超补偿现象

2000.3-2000.7以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为实验材料,测定了其在光胁迫条件下及胁迫解除后细胞的生长密度及生长率。结果表明:光照条件恢复后,遮光处理组较对照组在短期内有更高的产量及生长速率。藻类中存在的这种特性很可能也是形成赤潮爆发的一个生物内源性因素。     

昆虫趋光性及其机理的研究进展

依据目前已有资料 ,从行为学、生理学及田间应用调查等方面概述了近几十年昆虫趋光性的国内外研究进展。其中 ,行为学与生理学研究较多 ,且两者结果基本一致 ,相互补充 ,为趋光性机制的假说提供了可靠的依据。关于昆虫趋光性机制的假说较多 ,其中报道较多的是光干扰假说、光定向行为假说和生物天线假说 3种 ,现在较为普遍接受的是前两者。光干扰假说是指刺眼作用干扰昆虫的正常活动导致趋光 ,而光定向行为假说则指昆虫趋光是由于光定向行为所致     

水流对草鱼幼鱼趋光行为的影响

为了探讨水流对鱼类趋光性的影响, 利用自制的循环水槽装置, 以草鱼(Ctenpharyngodon idellus)幼鱼为研究对象, 研究其在光照度为300 lx, 不同流速工况(0、0.1和0.2 m/s)下的趋光性行为, 同时设黑暗静水工况为对照组。结果表明: (1) 0.2 m/s的流速可完全激发草鱼幼鱼的趋流性, 使其游泳方向多数与顶流方向呈± 20°。(2)根据草鱼幼鱼在不同流速工况下随光照度衰减在水槽内的分布情况, 计算得其在3种流速工况下的光强期望值分别为: 52.45, 34.62和37.86 lx。(3)当照度为300 lx时, 静水工况下的实验鱼在水槽中呈现“两头高, 中间低”的分布情况, 并未表现出对某一光强范围的偏好行为; 在小于感应值的低流速下, 草鱼幼鱼的分布情况总体趋势与静水工况类似, 但在远离光源处的分布较多, 多呈“逆流后退”行为; 当流速值超过感应流速时, 在趋流性的作用下, 鱼类在尾部的聚集情况明显下降, 同时在水槽中的分布更加均匀, 其原有光环境的作用减弱。研究初步证明了略大于感应值的小流速所引发的草鱼趋流性即可对其光环境响应行为产生影响。     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统Ⅱ和光系统Ⅰ的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.     

四列藻在光限制胁迫下的超补偿生长响应

采用海洋微藻四列藻为试验材料,试验前期微藻经光限制(500 LX)胁迫处理10 d,试验后期重新接种并恢复正常光照(5000 Lx)培养10 d,均以正常光照(5 000 Lx)培养作对照,测定四列藻的细胞密度、细胞内蛋白质含量、细胞内糖分含量等指标。结果表明,处理组在恢复工常光照的初期(1～2 d)细胞生长量超过对照(P<0.05),即藻细胞平均相对生长率提高,细胞数增多,叶绿素 a含量和生物量增加,细胞数净增率最高达31.6%,生物量净增率最高达34.8%。同时,四列藻在受到光限制胁迫后,藻细胞内蛋白质、细胞内糖和蛋白质/糖(P/C)的比值发生了变化,但是在恢复正常光照培养后,这几个指标均逐渐恢复至处理前的水平。四列藻的这种受到光胁迫后细胞生长量增加的特征表明微藻具有超补偿性能。     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统II和光系统I的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度, 快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数, 因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究。该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况。与单纯强光胁迫相比, NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变, 光系统II (PSII)光抑制加重, 同时PSII反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响, 而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSII供体侧受伤害明显, 同时PSI反应中心活性(P700⁺)在盐胁迫下明显降低。这些结果表明, NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制, 并且浓度越高抑制越明显, 但对PSI的抑制作用低于PSII。高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSII供体侧造成破坏, 且PSI光抑制严重。     

UV对昆虫的生物学效应及昆虫适应机制

紫外光（Ultraviolet light,UV）源于太阳辐射,是一种重要的环境因子,昆虫作为地球生态系统中的重要参与者其生命活动也会受到UV辐射的影响。UV辐射对昆虫造成的生物学效应除与波长、辐射强度等光学特性有关,还与其他非生物因素和生物因素有关。昆虫长期与UV共存,也进化出了行为适应、生理适应等各种抵御UV辐射的能力。本文从多方面综述了UV对昆虫的生物学效应,以及昆虫对UV胁迫的适应机制,有利于认识和理解昆虫应对物理胁迫的生理对策,为丰富和完善害虫物理防治策略提供科学依据,对促进害虫物理防治产业的发展具有重要意义。     

紫外光和蓝光对云斑天牛行为反应和诱捕效果研究

本文研究了云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi (Hope)对不同波段光源的选择性,寻找云斑天牛敏感波长光源,为云斑天牛绿色防治技术提供科学依据。采用波长为365~370 nm,370~375 nm,380~385 nm,385~390 nm和395~400 nm 5种紫外光以及400~405 nm,405~410 nm,410~415 nm和415~420 nm 4种蓝光,进行室内行为试验和野外诱捕试验,测定云斑天牛对紫外光和蓝光的趋性差异。结果显示：9种不同波长光源对云斑天牛均表现出一定的引诱作用。385~390 nm紫外光对云斑天牛的引诱效果最好,在室内行为试验中对云斑天牛引诱数量分别为2.80±0.37头/次和3.40±0.51头/次,显著优于其它紫外光和蓝光波段光源（P＜0.05）;385~390 nm紫外光在野外诱捕试验中对云斑天牛诱捕数量分别为4.53±0.30头/次和4.47±0.41头/次,同样显著优于其它紫外光和蓝光波段光源（P＜0.05）;385~390 nm波长光源在室内行为试验中引诱到的云斑天牛雌雄比分别为1∶1.80 和1∶1.83,但在野外诱捕试验中诱捕到的云斑天牛雌雄比为1∶0.79和1∶0.86。本研究结果表明,云斑天牛对385~390 nm紫外光具有较强的趋性,显著高于其他4种紫外光和4种蓝光。光源诱捕为云斑天牛提供了一种新的防控思路,对于这种林业重大害虫的绿色防控具有重要意义。     

A one-instant mechanism of phototaxis in the cyanobacterium Phormidium uncinatum

Abstract The front portion ('head') of a Phormidium uncinatum trichome responds to a step-down in light intensity [10], whereas the rear end ('tail') responds to step-up stimuli [11]. We studied this phenomenon further and found that: (i) illumination of the head caused a reversal within 1 min in only 6% of the trichomes, whereas illumination of the tail produced a reversal in 56% of trichomes; (ii) if a light spot trained on the head of a trichome was moved together with the trichome, there were no reversals for > 20 min, while the normal rate of spontaneous reversals was once per 3–5 min. Shifting the light spot from the head to the tail caused a reversal within 1–2 min; (iii) both the step-up response of the tail and phototaxis were suppressed by an inhibitor of methylation, ethionine, but not by inhibitors of photosynthesis (DCMU, DBMIB); phototaxis and the step-up response of the tail were absent in red light ( λ > 670 nm). It was concluded that trichomes of P. uncinatum possess a one-instant mechanism of phototaxis, which involves a simultaneous comparison of light intensities between two parts of the organism.     

光谱和光强度对龟纹瓢虫成虫趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了光谱、光强对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunberg)成虫的趋、避光行为的影响.结果显示:(1)在340～605nm波谱内其光谱趋光行为反应为多峰型,峰间主次不明显,紫外340nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达21%,其它各峰依大小次序分别位于绿光524nm、蓝光400～440nm和483nm处;(2)随光强增强其趋光反应率增大,白光和483nm刺激时其光强趋光行为反应呈一倒"L"型式样,524nm时呈一阶梯型,340nm时为一较平直的线型;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台;(3)性别对其光谱和光强度行为反应均有一定影响,但影响不大;(4)龟纹瓢虫无明显的避光反应,其避光行为可能是趋光行为衍生或其随机活动造成.结果表明:光谱对其趋光行为有一定影响,光强度的影响较大且其影响大小与波长因素有关;其复眼可感受的光强范围更宽.     

Review of stress in marine mammals

There has been a growing concern over the last few decades about theeffects of environmental stress, including anthropogenic impacts, onmarine mammals. This paper provides an overview of the wide range ofanthropogenic stressors that marine mammals may encounter and the levelof understanding on their potential effects. Sources of stress andphysiological responses of the animals are explored. Many of the lifehistory traits of marine mammals (i.e., long-life spans, late maturity,relatively low reproductive potential, and feeding high in the foodchain), make them susceptible to various anthropogenic stressors. Sincemarine mammals are exposed to a diverse array of multiple stressors,this paper focuses on three case studies (acute and chronic effects fromoil spills; chronic effects from environmental contaminants, andfishery-induced stress) to emphasize potential relevant hazards and toprovide a perspective on the use of marine mammals in assessingecosystem health. Additional research to enhance our understanding ofstress on marine mammals and to provide the science needed to guidemanagement decisions is recommended.     

Differential response to UV stress and DNA damage during the yeast replicative life span

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mortal. Before they die, individual yeasts bud repeatedly producing a finite number of progeny, which have the capacity for a full life span. A feature of aging in many species is the waning of resistance to stress. To determine whether this is the case in yeast, we have examined the survival (viability) of age-synchronized populations of yeasts of various ages, spanning youth, midlife, and old age, after irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV). Resistance to UV was biphasic. There was an increase through midlife, followed by a precipitous decline. For comparison, another mutagenic agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), was tested in the same way. The response was very different. A uniphase decrease in resistance to this DNA-alkylating agent was found with a plateau later in life. The results argue that the increase in resistance to UV with age is an active process and not simply a monotonic age change. RAS2 is among the genes that determine yeast longevity. This gene is preferentially expressed in young cells and has a life span-extending effect on yeasts. One known function of RAS2 is to mount a protective response to irradiation by UV, which occurs independently of DNA damage. The distinction between UV and EMS found here is consistent with the notion that resistance to UV plays a role in yeast longevity in a manner not related to DNA damage. Furthermore, it suggests that RAS2 may participate in this response. We have found that RAS2 expression and UV resistance coincide in middle-aged yeasts bolstering this possibility. These data and the eclipse in activity of several longevity determining genes at midlife in yeasts also raise the possibility that active life maintenance processes function through this period, after which the organism operates on any remaining reserves until death. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

铜绿丽金龟对不同光谱的行为反应

【目的】旨在获得铜绿丽金龟 Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky敏感的波谱范围及性别差异。【方法】本研究利用室内行为学的方法,测试了在波长为340~610 nm的14个单色光刺激下铜绿丽金龟的趋、避光行为反应,并计算趋、避光反应率曲线。【结果】观测显示,各单色光均能引起铜绿丽金龟产生一定的趋、避光反应,其雌雄虫的趋光敏感光区位于紫外光（405 nm）、蓝光（460 nm）和绿光区（505和570 nm）,性别对趋光行为有一定的影响,但是仅存在于趋光反应率曲线波峰的大小,而对波峰的位置没有影响。铜绿丽金龟的避光行为反应,在雌雄之间无明显的性别分化,其避光敏感光谱为紫外光（380 nm）、蓝光（440 nm）和绿光区（492和505 nm）。【结论】铜绿丽金龟成虫对不同波长光的趋性存在差异,性别对其光谱行为反应有一定的影响。该研究结果为铜绿丽金龟光视觉的深入研究奠定必要的理论基础,也为利用其趋光性对该金龟甲进行综合治理提供科学依据。     

光强度对大草蛉成虫感光性和趋光性行为的影响

运用视网膜电位（electroretinogram, ERG）技术和行为学方法研究了大草蛉Chrysopa pallens Ramber成虫的光强度反应。结果显示: （1）白光（Log I= 4.5~0.0）可引发2 h暗适应的大草蛉复眼的电位反应。随光强增强其ERG值呈近线性增大, 最强时未出现高端平台, 表明该光强范围内其感光性基本一致, 且可感受更强的光; （2）一定光强度（Log I= 4.0）以上的白光可引发大草蛉较明显的趋光性行为, 该行为具有光强域值特征和较明显的光强度依赖性。弱光时（Log I=4.5）无趋光性行为, 随光强增大趋光性反应率增大, 光较弱（Log I= 4.5~1.5）时增大缓慢, 较强（Log I=1.5~0.0）时迅速增大, 至最强（Log I=0.0）时最大（37.1%）, 呈一近“J”型式样。避光行为无或很低, 且无规律, 最大值仅为4.5%。这些结果表明: 光强度是大草蛉感光性与趋光性行为的重要决定因素, 强光时感光性电位反应与趋光性行为反应基本一致, 弱光时则不同, 暗示了光强度信息在感光性和趋光性间作用的有条件性和复杂性。     

秋末苏南茶园昆虫的群落组成及其趋色性

苏南地区名茶荟萃,而虫害历来较为严重。秋末选丹阳市一片无公害茶园,使用纯白、桃红、墨绿、果绿、湖蓝、天蓝、素馨黄、芽绿、土黄、桔黄、大红和紫色12种粘性色板诱虫。结果表明:① 4日内捕获7目42科85种30455头昆虫,其中优势类群是同翅目、膜翅目和双翅目,三者个体数分别占总个体数的86.5%、8.8%和2.5%。②主要害虫是假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜,分别占总个体数的15%和71.5%。③ 捕获的中华蜜蜂占总个体数8.2%。④捕获天敌昆虫1034头,其中,瓢虫类32头,占3.1%,主要种类是异色瓢虫和黄斑盘瓢虫;草蛉类582头,占56.3%,包括中华草蛉、大草蛉和丽草蛉;伞裙追寄蝇和蚕饰腹寄蝇等5种寄生蝇类111头,占10.7%;门氏食蚜蝇和黑带食蚜蝇等7种食蚜蝇类110头,占10.6%;螟蛉瘤姬蜂和花胸姬蜂等5种姬蜂类、茶尺蠖绒茧蜂和单白绵绒茧蜂等7种茧蜂类个体数分别占3.9%和9.4%。⑤ 芽绿、素馨黄和桔黄色板显著地引诱假眼小绿叶蝉和茶蚜;芽绿、素馨黄色板显著地引诱姬蜂和茧蜂;芽绿、土黄和果绿色板明显地引诱草蛉类;果绿、天蓝和紫色色板引诱较多的蝇类和蚊类等双翅目昆虫;素馨黄引诱的各类昆虫种数最多;纯白板上各类昆虫的多样性指数最大,表明其对许多昆虫都有引诱效应。秋末时节查明即将越冬的害虫和天敌昆虫种类、数量和益害比、以及优势种害虫和优势种天敌数量,探明多种色彩引诱益、害虫的差异,对于有效实施无公害封园防治,以压低越冬基数有重要意义。     

Tuning the white light spectrum of light emitting diode lamps to reduce attraction of nocturnal arthropods

Artificial lighting allows humans to be active at night, but has many unintended consequences, including interference with ecological processes, disruption of circadian rhythms and increased exposure to insect vectors of diseases. Although ultraviolet and blue light are usually most attractive to arthropods, degree of attraction varies among orders. With a focus on future indoor lighting applications, we manipulated the spectrum of white lamps to investigate the influence of spectral composition on number of arthropods attracted. We compared numbers of arthropods captured at three customizable light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (3510, 2704 and 2728 K), two commercial LED lamps (2700 K), two commercial compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs; 2700 K) and a control. We configured the three custom LEDs to minimize invertebrate attraction based on published attraction curves for honeybees and moths. Lamps were placed with pan traps at an urban and two rural study sites in Los Angeles, California. For all invertebrate orders combined, our custom LED configurations were less attractive than the commercial LED lamps or CFLs of similar colour temperatures. Thus, adjusting spectral composition of white light to minimize attracting nocturnal arthropods is feasible; not all lights with the same colour temperature are equally attractive to arthropods.