飞行阻隔器在昆虫采集中的应用探究

飞行阻隔器主要由一个垂直悬到地面的拦截屏(塑料网、PVC塑料玻璃或树脂玻璃)和一个昆虫标本接收器组成,用于拦截和收集飞行中的昆虫,是一种有效的昆虫采集装置。近年来在国外昆虫采集中已被广泛应用,但在国内昆虫采集中尚未见正式报道。通过英国同行推荐、资料查阅和实际使用,本文作者摸索出一整套符合中国国情的组装及使用方法,并结合在秦岭山脉实际采集效果,统计了飞行阻隔器对昆虫纲膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和毛翅目等主要类群的采集效果。结果表明飞行阻隔器对于膜翅目、双翅目和鞘翅目均有非常好的采集效果,每个飞行阻隔器每天平均采集昆虫总量为332头,包括膜翅目126头、鞘翅目101头、双翅目87头、鳞翅目10头、毛翅目3头及其他昆虫5头。另外,本文比较了同一时间段、同一地点飞行阻隔器和马氏网的采集效果,飞行阻隔器采虫效果优于马氏网、在采集类群上两种方法各有侧重点,飞行阻隔器对膜翅目采集效果最好,其次为鞘翅目;马氏网以双翅目采集效果最好,其次为膜翅目。     

不同取样方式在稻田节肢动物采集中的效率评估

水稻是我国主要粮食作物,每年都会因虫害造成大量的经济损失,为了挽回害虫造成的损失,必须对害虫进行防治。田间节肢动物群落调查是评价害虫防治效果的重要依据,取样方式对节肢动物群落调查的准确性具有重要的影响。另外,对转基因作物对稻田生物多样性安全性进行评价时,取样方式对多样性评价的准确性也具有重要的影响。本文采用吸虫器法、盆拍法和马氏网诱集法3种取样方式进行稻田节肢动物调查,并评估不同取样方式的采集效率。得到的结果有:1.采集到的节肢动物物种数:马氏网诱集法吸虫器法盆拍法;2.采集的节肢动物数量:盆拍法吸虫器法马氏网诱集法;3.吸虫器取样法在调查叶蝉科、秆蝇科、茧蜂科、姬蜂科、金小蜂科、缘腹细蜂科、蕈蚋科时,取样效率较高;4.盆拍取样法在调查叶蝉科、瘿蚊科、微蛛亚科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、猫蛛科、弹尾虫目、飞虱科时,取样效率较高;5.马氏网诱集法在调查缟蝇科和毛蠓科时取样效率较高。马氏网诱集法善于采集具有飞行能力的节肢动物;吸虫器法对不同习性的节肢动物采集效果均较高;盆拍法适合采集活动于水稻基部的节肢动物。     

中国角蝉总科部分昆虫马氏管分泌物“网粒体”的超微结构研究(半翅目:蝉亚目)

运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜分别对中国角蝉总科18种昆虫(叶蝉17种,角蝉1种)的成虫“网粒体”进行了超微结构及合成部位研究.研究结果证实体表网粒体均合成于马氏管第三区( MT3)管壁细胞的高尔基体;这些网粒体可被分为4种类型:小球形网粒体(SB)、棒状网粒体(RB)、多室大球形网粒体( LMB)及少室大球形网粒...     

中国霍普丽赤螨属一新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:赤螨科)

记述赤螨科霍普丽赤螨属一新种,即炎陵霍普丽赤螨Hauptmannia yanlingica sp.nov,新种与H.miy-atakei Kawashima在背盾板形状上最为相似,但新种具躯体背毛126根,腹毛158根,而H.miyatakei只有躯体背毛100根,腹毛120根,可资区别,新种标本用马氏网采集得到,其中一个标本叮附在一双翅目虻类昆虫体上,其余标本则从马氏网酒精保存液中获得。     

中国开依丽赤螨属一新种记述 (蜱螨亚纲 :赤螨科 )(英文)

记述赤螨科开依丽赤螨属一新种。湖南开依丽赤螨新种Caeculisomahunanicasp .nov .,新种与该属已知种幼螨的区别可由文中检索表查得。新种标本用马氏网采自湖南石门壶瓶山自然保护区     

中国开依丽赤螨属—新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：赤螨科）

记述赤螨科开依丽赤螨属一新种。湖南开依丽赤螨新种Caeculisoma hunanica sp.nov.,新种与该属已知种幼螨的区别可由中检索表查得。新种标本用马氏网采自湖南石门过壶瓶山自然保护区。     

温度、盐度对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量的联合效应

采用中心复合设计和响应曲面分析法,在实验室条件下研究了温度(16 ～40℃)、盐度(10 ～50)对马氏珠母贝鳃热休克蛋白Hsp70基因表达量的联合效应.设定温度范围为16～40℃,盐度范围为10～50.结果表明:温度的一次效应、二次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量影响显著;盐度的一次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响、二次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量影响显著,温度、盐度之间的互作效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响,且温度的效应大于盐度.建立了马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量模型方程,决定系数98.7％、矫正决定系数97.4％,预测决定系数89.2％,模型的拟合度极高,可用于预测马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因的表达量.通过对模型方程优化,得到在温度26.78℃、盐度29.33时,马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量达到最小值0.5276,满意度达到98％.试验结果可为马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因的上调表达、维持细胞内环境稳定以及提高马氏珠母贝抗逆性提供理论指导.     

温度、盐度对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量的联合效应

采用中心复合设计和响应曲面分析法,在实验室条件下研究了温度(16～40 ℃)、盐度(10～50)对马氏珠母贝鳃热休克蛋白Hsp70基因表达量的联合效应.设定温度范围为16～40 ℃,盐度范围为10～50.结果表明: 温度的一次效应、二次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量影响显著;盐度的一次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响、二次效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量影响显著,温度、盐度之间的互作效应对马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量无显著影响,且温度的效应大于盐度.建立了马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量模型方程,决定系数98.7%、矫正决定系数97.4%,预测决定系数89.2%,模型的拟合度极高,可用于预测马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因的表达量.通过对模型方程优化,得到在温度26.78 ℃、盐度29.33时,马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因表达量达到最小值0.5276,满意度达到98%.试验结果可为马氏珠母贝鳃Hsp70基因的上调表达、维持细胞内环境稳定以及提高马氏珠母贝抗逆性提供理论指导.     

马氏珠母贝血清抗菌肽的初步分析

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)是生产海水珍珠的主要经济贝类,近年来马氏珠母贝因病害频繁发生而对我国珍珠产业造成巨大的经济损失。因此,对于马氏珠母贝的免疫机制研究尤为重要。抗菌肽是贝类生物免疫机制中最重要的一个环节,但目前对马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的报道甚少。为深入了解马氏珠母贝的抗菌肽分子组成及特征,本实验采取多步高效液相色谱结合质谱分析,对马氏珠母贝血清中具有抗菌活性的蛋白质分子开展了分离纯化及鉴定研究,得到了5种有明显抗菌活性的蛋白,其中3种相对分子质量在5 000 k D左右;通过透射电镜进一步观察了抗菌活性蛋白对细菌的作用机制。上述研究为了解马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的分子多样性及抗菌机制奠定了基础。     

马氏珠母贝外套膜组织细胞体外培养技术的改进

建立一套有效的马氏珠母贝外套膜组织细胞体外分离及培养的技术和方法,同时探讨体外形成具有完整结构和分泌功能的珍珠囊并最终生成优质珍珠的最佳方法。使用0．25％胰蛋白酶消化马氏珠母贝外套膜组织,收获的细胞使用M199（含10％胎牛血清）培养基置入经多聚赖氨酸预先处理的35mm×100mm培养皿中进行培养,培养体系中添加10ng／ml的角质细胞生长因子和10％自制的、     

Can Malaise traps be used to sample spiders for biodiversity assessment?

Malaise traps are typically used to sample a range of flying insect groups; however non-target taxa such as spiders may also be collected in large numbers. In this study, spiders were sampled in peatlands and wet grasslands and catches in Malaise and pitfall traps were compared in order to determine the adequacy of Malaise traps for use in spider biodiversity assessment. Overall, the number of species and individuals caught in Malaise and pitfall traps were comparable, although more species were sampled in Malaise traps in locations with a greater structural diversity of the vegetation. The spider fauna sampled by the Malaise traps differed from that of the pitfall traps, but both methods consistently separated the species assemblages by biotope. These results demonstrate that Malaise traps are effective at sampling spiders and indicate that they can be used in biodiversity assessment. In addition the complementary species sampled by each method mean that employing both techniques will be useful where a full inventory of the species is required. The authors do not suggest that Malaise traps should be used solely to sample spiders; however, if traps are set to collect insects, identification of the spiders sampled may reduce the need to employ additional sampling techniques.     

Efficiency of Malaise traps and colored pan traps for collecting flower visiting insects from three forested ecosystems

Pan and Malaise traps have been used widely to sample insect abundance and diversity, but no studies have compared their performance for sampling pollinators in forested ecosystems. Malaise trap design and color of pan traps are important parameters that influence insect pollinator catches. We compared pan trap (blue, yellow, white, and red) and Malaise trap catches from forests in three physiographic provinces (Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Blue Ridge) of the southeastern United States. Similarities in trap performance between sites were observed with blue pan traps being most effective overall. Our results showed that various pollinator groups preferred certain pan trap colors and that adding color to Malaise traps influenced insect pollinator catches. However, pan traps generally caught more pollinators than Malaise traps. Because of their low cost and simplicity, using several colors of pan traps is an effective way to sample relative abundance and species richness of flower-visiting insects.     

Adult aquatic insects: Potential contributors to riparian food webs in Australia's wet–dry tropics

Abstract Changes in the abundance and biomass of aquatic and terrestrial aerial insects with distance (mid‐stream, 0, 10–15 and 160 m) from lowland streams were examined across the dry season landscape in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Malaise traps and sticky intercept traps were used to sample the insects at four streams, spaced over an area of 1650 km². Malaise and intercept catches were dominated by Diptera (flies and midges), both numerically and by biomass. Chironomid midges were the most abundant taxon, making up 43.4 and 51.0% of the malaise and intercept trap catches, respectively. However, most chironomids were small (less than 3 mm body length), contributing 34.9% to intercept trap biomass, but only 5.2% in malaise traps. Ceratopogonid midges and caddisflies (Trichoptera) accounted for most of the remaining adult aquatic insects. Major terrestrial components were Diptera and Hymenoptera in malaise traps and Coleoptera and Diptera in intercept traps. The total abundance and biomass of insects were much greater over streams and along the water's edge than in riparian (10–15 m) and savanna (160 m) habitats primarily because of the presence of large numbers of adult aquatic insects. The abundance and biomass of terrestrial insects in malaise traps showed no relationship with distance, but intercept trap catches suggested slightly greater abundances over the water and at the water's edge. The great abundance of aquatic insects relative to terrestrial insects close to streams suggests that they have the potential to be an important component of the diets of riparian insectivores, and predation may be an important pathway by which aquatic nutrients and energy are moved into terrestrial food webs.     

The macrobenthos of the pristine stream, Skiftesåa, Høylandet, Norway

The species composition of aquatic insects in theboreal stream, Skiftesåa, was investigated usingemergence traps, Malaise traps and kick samples. Atleast 13 Ephemeroptera, 16 Plecoptera, 25 Trichopteraand 120 Chironomidae species were recorded. This faunais representative for non-polluted, northern streams.The production of macrobenthos was estimated to beonly about 1 g dry weight per year and m²,possibly due to the fluctuating flow of water.     

Using insect traps to increase weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda) prey capture

Weaver ants (Oecophylla spp.) are managed in plantations to control insect pests and are sometimes harvested as a protein‐rich food source. In both cases, the amount of insect prey caught by the ants is imperative for returns, as more prey leads to more effective biocontrol and to a higher production of ants. Malaise‐like traps placed in trees may catch flying insects without catching ants, as ants may use pheromone trails to navigate in and out of the traps. Thus, ants may increase their prey intake if they are able to extract insects caught in traps. In a mango plantation in Tanzania, we estimated the amount of insects caught by simple traps (cost per trap = 3.9 USD), and whether Oecophylla longinoda was able to collect insects from them. On average, a trap caught 110 insects per month without catching any weaver ants. The number of insects found in traps with ant access was 25% lower than in control traps (ants excluded), showing that ants were able to gather prey from the traps. Ant activity in traps increased over time, showing that prey extraction efficiency may increase as ants customize to the traps. The prey removed from traps by ants constituted 5% of the number of prey items collected by O. longinoda under natural conditions (without traps), potentially increasing to 14% if ants learn to extract all insects. Thus, prey intake may be increased with 5–14% per 3.9 USD invested in traps. These numbers increased to 38 and 78%, respectively, when light was used to attract insects during night time. Combining ant predation with insect trapping is a new approach potentially building increased returns to ant biocontrol and to ant entomophagy.     

Efficiency of six different octenol-baited traps for collecting horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae)

The efficiency and the potential species preference for six different horsefly trap types was studied. A total of 2401 horseflies were collected during this study. The most effective trap was the modified box trap with (27.9%), followed by the Nzi trap with (24.5%), Malaise trap (Townes design 1972) with (22.5)%, canopy trap with (17.9%), modified small canopy trap with (7.0%) and Malaise trap (Townes design 1962) with (0.2%). The Nzi and Malaise trap (Townes design 1972) did not differ significantly in the number of collected horseflies. The comparison of all other traps revealed significant differences in the number of collected horseflies. Tabanus bromius was the most abundant species with (58.6%) of the collected sample. The modified box trap was the most successful in collecting of T. bromius, while the Malaise trap (Townes design 1972) was the most successful in collecting the species Haematopota pluvialis, T. maculicornis and T. tergestinus. This study demonstrated that different trap designs influenced the quantity, species and taxonomic diversity of horseflies that were collected. Variables in the trap design included cloth type and colour and size and shape of trap. More detailed studies should be done to determine which factor or factors are most significant.     

采用马氏诱集器法对不同小生境昆虫相的初步研究

本文采用马氏诱集器法对6种不同小生境的昆虫相进行初步研究。对采集到的昆虫进行整理和数据分析后表明,采用马氏诱集器法对不同昆虫的诱集效果不同,其中对双翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目的诱集效果较好。根据诱集结果,不同生境的昆虫种类和数量都存在明显差异。     

Toward a standardized quantitative and qualitative insect monitoring scheme

The number of insect species and insect abundances decreased severely during the past decades over major parts of Central Europe. Previous studies documented declines of species richness, abundances, shifts in species composition, and decreasing biomass of flying insects. In this study, we present a standardized approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess insect diversity, biomass, and the abundance of taxa, in parallel. We applied two methods: Malaise traps, and automated and active light trapping. Sampling was conducted from April to October 2018 in southern Germany, at four sites representing conventional and organic farming. Bulk samples obtained from Malaise traps were further analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. Larger moths (Macroheterocera) collected with light trapping were further classified according to their degree of endangerment. Our methods provide valuable quantitative and qualitative data. Our results indicate more biomass and higher species richness, as well as twice the number of Red List lepidopterans in organic farmland than in conventional farmland. This combination of sampling methods with subsequent DNA metabarcoding and assignments of individuals according depending on ecological characteristics and the degree of endangerment allows to evaluate the status of landscapes and represents a suitable setup for large‐scale long‐term insect monitoring across Central Europe, and elsewhere.     

Comparative efficacy of five types of trap for woodborers in the Cerambycidae, Buprestidae and Siricidae

1 Traps of four new designs were tested against the conventionally used multiple‐funnel trap to determine whether trapping of large wood‐boring insects can be improved in western Canada. All four new traps used a large collecting receptacle containing detergent‐laced water, and three presented a prominent visual silhouette above the receptacle. 2 In total, 27 336 large woodborers were captured from 10 June to 30 September in an experiment in the southern interior of British Columbia, and 4737 from 6 June to 27 July in an experiment in northern Alberta. The woodborers captured in the British Columbia experiment were mainly beetles in the families Cerambycidae (79%) and Buprestidae (15%), and woodwasps in the family Siricidae (6%). Most woodborers, e.g. three Monochamus spp. and Xylotrechus longitarsus (the predominant cerambycids), were captured throughout the summer, with peak captures in August. 3 Cross‐vane, pipe and stacked‐bottomless‐flower‐pot traps were generally superior to pan and multiple‐funnel traps for insects in nine taxa, but cross‐vane traps were the most effective overall, trapping 32% of all insects captured. 4 The large number of target insects captured in a relatively small number of traps in the two experiments suggests that employment of an efficacious trap with a large vertical silhouette and a wide, escape‐proof collecting receptacle could make mass trapping of large woodborers in timber processing areas operationally feasible. 5 Because the most effective traps were unstable in the wind, and the detergent‐laced water captured unacceptably high numbers of small mammals, design modifications are necessary. We are currently developing a wind‐firm trap, with a prominent vertical silhouette, a wide collecting surface, and an escape‐proof, but dry collecting receptacle.     

北京市珍珠泉乡不同昆虫采集方法采集效果对比分析

为了探究科研调查中不同昆虫采集方法的采集效率差异,在北京珍珠泉乡不同的生境类型中,采用样线法、马氏网法、灯诱法、陷阱法(糖醋液)4种采集方法进行昆虫采集,按生境类型对不同采集方法采集的昆虫进行统计分析.在实验中共采集昆虫3996头,隶属12目87科,其中在昆虫种类数量上,鳞翅目最多,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;在数量上,半翅...