耐低磷水稻基因型筛选指标的研究

采用溶液培养试验,并结合大田试验,研究和探讨了耐低磷水稻基因型的筛选指标.结果表明,溶液培养试验中,在正常供磷和低磷胁迫条件下,在所有调查性状中水稻单株干重都具有较大的基因型间变异(CV分别为21.73%和19.54%).在所有调查性状的相对值中,相对单株干重(低磷胁迫/正常供磷)也具有较大的基因型间变异(CV为19.60%);相关分析表明,相对单株干重与相对根干重、相对株高、相对单株吸磷量、相对地上部磷积累、相对磷利用效率和相对植株磷浓度均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).因此,水稻相对单株干重可以作为苗期筛选水稻耐低磷基因型的一个筛选指标.溶液培养试验中水稻的相对单株干重和大田试验中水稻的相对稻谷产量(不施磷/施磷)没有显著相关性,因此溶液培养试验的相对单株干重不能作为评价大田试验中水稻耐低磷能力的指标.低磷营养液培养的水稻体内磷利用效率与缺磷土壤生长的水稻体内磷利用效率呈极显著正相关.因此,直接以低磷营养液培养水稻苗期体内磷利用效率作为筛选指标,然后进行大田试验验证,是一条筛选水稻磷高效利用基因型的有效途径.     

耐低磷山羊草基因型的筛选与鉴定

为研究小麦近缘属种的耐低磷特性,本试验通过砂培法,以9种山羊草为供试材料,对低磷和正常供磷2个处理下山羊草苗期的相对地上部干重、相对根干重、相对生物量、相对根长、相对根冠比、相对磷积累量、相对磷吸收效率进行研究。结果表明,不同基因型山羊草对低磷胁迫的反应存在一定的差异。相关分析和主成分分析结果表明,相对地上部干重、相对根干重、相对生物量和相对磷积累量可作为耐低磷基因型山羊草筛选的指标。筛选结果表明,双角、粘果、小伞和拟斯卑尔脱山羊草为耐低磷型山羊草,尾状山羊草为磷敏感型山羊草。     

32个切花菊品种的耐低磷特性

本研究利用砂培试验对32个切花菊品种进行了苗期耐低磷筛选和鉴定。结果表明,供试切花菊品种耐低磷能力存在明显的基因型差异,表现在幼苗相对干重（低磷胁迫/正常供磷）、相对磷含量和相对磷积累量存在较大的基因型间变异(CV分别为12.14%、20.99%和26.41%),相对干重、相对磷含量和相对磷积累量之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。通过聚类分析可将32份供试品种的耐低磷胁迫能力分为极强、强、中等、弱、极弱5个级别,‘南农银山’对低磷的忍耐能力最强,属耐低磷能力极强的品种;‘南农红枫’、‘南农香槟’和‘优香’对低磷胁迫的忍耐能力最差,属耐低磷能力极弱的品种。相对干重、相对磷含量和相对磷积累量可作为切花菊耐低磷特性的筛选指标,为切花菊育种、栽培管理、磷营养学研究提供参考。     

不同磷源对云南松幼苗生长和磷吸收量的影响

磷是控制生命过程的重要元素,植物在生长过程中需要大量的磷,低磷常导致一些植物发生适应性变化.云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch.)对低磷土壤环境表现出了很强的适应能力,广泛分布并正常生长于贫瘠的低磷红壤上,研究不同磷源对云南松幼苗生长和磷吸收量影响,对揭示云南松的低磷适应机理具有重要参考意义.试验所用培养云南松幼苗的种子采集自云南省通海县秀山森林公园内的健壮云南松林.试验研究了不同磷源对云南松幼苗茎高、主根长、生物量、根冠比、磷含量的影响,结果表明:(1)不同磷源处理间云南松幼苗茎高(F=2.352,P=0.067)、主根长(F=1.775,P=0.151)、茎叶生物量(F=1.359,P=0.269)、根系生物量(F=2.807,P=0.035)和总生物量(F=1.017,P=0.427)几个参数并没有表现出实质性差异,云南松幼苗生长在不同磷源处理间的差异不明显;(2)不同磷源处理下云南松幼苗根冠比的大小顺序依次为普通磷源KH2PO4>钙磷Ca3(PO4)2>铝磷AlPO4>无磷CK>铁磷FePO4 · 4H2O,幼苗体内磷含量的高低顺序依次为普通磷源KH2PO4>铁磷FePO4 · 4H2O>铝磷AlPO4>钙磷Ca3(PO4)2>无磷CK;(3)普通磷源比其它磷源更能够被云南松幼苗吸收利用;(4)云南松幼苗地下部分磷含量始终比地上部分磷含量高.     

苦荞耐低磷基因型筛选及评价指标的鉴定

土壤缺磷是限制我国黄土高原作物高产的主要因子之一,苦荞是黄土高原区优势杂粮作物且不同基因型苦荞对低磷胁迫的响应存在显著差异,因而筛选磷高效利用苦荞基因型成为提高苦荞产量、促进当地农业可持续发展的重要途径.以14份不同基因型苦荞为材料,采用砂培试验,对正常供磷(2 mmol·L^-1)和低磷胁迫(0.2 mmol·L^-1)下苦荞苗期的农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用情况进行测定,通过计算苦荞苗期耐低磷特性,筛选出耐低磷苦荞品种及其评价指标,为苦荞磷高效育种及黄土高原瘠薄土壤栽培提供理论依据.结果表明:低磷胁迫下,各基因型苦荞苗期地上部受影响程度大于根系,地上部形态指标、根系平均直径、根系表面积和根系体积降低,而主根长伸长;苦荞根系活力、可溶性蛋白含量均下降,其他生理生化指标升高;植株全磷含量与磷积累量均降低,但磷利用效率升高.主成分分析将22个单项指标转化成4个相互独立的综合指标(累计贡献率达90.1%),聚类分析将14种苦荞划分成3类:耐低磷型、中间型和磷敏感型.为探讨苦荞苗期耐低磷鉴定指标,以耐低磷性综合评价值(D值)为因变量,各单项指标耐低磷系数为自变量,建立最优回归方程,进行耐低磷预测.最终筛选出根表面积、根长、株高、地上部干质量、酸性磷酸酶、磷积累量、过氧化物酶活性7项指标,可用于苦荞苗期耐低磷能力的快速鉴定.     

硒对水稻的生态毒理效应及临界指标研究

通过土壤添加硒盆栽试验,研究了黄棕壤不同浓度Se对水稻生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,低浓度Se(<8mg·kg^-1)对水稻根和地上生物量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a/b有促进作用,并整体提高了作物抗氧化酶系统,使MDA下降,SOD、CAT、POD、GSHPx活性相应提高.而高浓度Se(>16mg·kg^-1)对水稻根和地上生物量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a/b有明显的抑制作用,对抗氧化酶系统产生胁迫效应,使GSHPx明显上升,MDA上升,SOD、CAT、POD酶活性明显下降.各项生理指标与土壤Se处理浓度之间相关分析表明,土壤Se浓度与地上部干重相对百分率、根干重百分率、叶绿素a/b、MDA、SOD、CAT、POD之间有显著相关性.比较胁迫效应10%值的临界指标EC10值表明,作物地上部干重抑制率作为土壤临界值制定的依据更为可靠,EC10为21mg·kg^-1.     

耐低氮茄子基因型的筛选

在正常供氮和低氮胁迫条件下,比较了10个茄子不同基因型的果实产量、地上部生物量和氮素吸收总量的变化。结果显示,与正常供氮相比,在低氮胁迫条件下,供试基因型的果实产量、地上部生物量和氮素吸收总量均有下降,但不同基因型下降幅度不同。在低氮胁迫条件下,06—991的果实产量、地上部生物量和氮素吸收总量的相对指数均显著高于其他基因型,是一个理想的耐低氮茄子基因型。     

不同基因型苦荞幼苗对低磷胁迫的响应

采用沙培法,以4个不同耐低磷苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn)品种为材料,设正常磷处理(P1,2 mmol/L对照)、低磷胁迫(P2,1 mmol/L)和极低磷胁迫(P3,0.2 mmol/L) 3个处理,研究低磷胁迫对苦荞苗期农艺性状、生理生化指标以及植株磷利用的影响。结果显示:(1)低磷胁迫下,苦荞苗期株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系干重、根系平均直径、根系表面积、根系体积等指标均有所下降;主根伸长、根冠比有所升高,但不同品种的升降幅度有所不同。(2)低磷胁迫使苦荞叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力均有所下降,根系的SOD活性、POD活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,且表现为耐低磷苦荞品种的增幅大于不耐低磷苦荞。(3)低磷胁迫使苦荞植株全磷含量和单株磷积累量下降,却使磷利用效率升高。研究结果表明耐低磷品种通过主根伸长下扎以及分泌较多的酸性磷酸酶,合理吸收与利用土壤磷素,通过保持叶片较高的叶绿素含量维持较强的光合能力,通过保持较高的抗氧化酶活性降低膜脂过氧化伤害,最大程度的适应低磷环境。     

全球水稻分子育种核心种质资源耐低钾品种的苗期筛选

以全球水稻分子育种计划提供的117份核心种质资源为供试材料,进行苗期水培试验,比较两种不同K 浓度处理下的苗期根茎性状表现.结果表明:两种处理条件下,品种间存在显著差异;以发根数、总根长、苗高、地下部干重、地上部干重等5个性状相对指数的平均值构成品种的综合指数,作为筛选耐低钾品种的评判标准,结合稻苗生长情况,从117份核心种质资源中筛选出9个耐低钾品种和32个较耐低钾品种.     

小麦地上部和根系生长的相关性及其在耐Al性筛选中的作用

1　引　　言以往的研究中 ,测定植物根系长度或重量通常以相对根长或相对根系干重作为耐性指标进行耐Ａｌ性的筛选[2 ,4 ,5,8] .但是根系性状在土培或田间试验中不仅取样和测定困难 ,而且易造成根系损伤 ,影响测定的精度 .因此 ,有必要建立简便、可靠且易于测定的筛选指标 .能否采用植株地上部耐性指标来衡量不同小麦基因型的耐Ａｌ性 ?以往涉及植物在铝毒胁迫下地上部和根系生长的耐性指标间的相关性 ,以及地上部耐性指标用于耐Ａｌ性筛选方面的研究甚少 .本研究采用两种筛选方法探讨了 2 4个小麦基因型地上部和根系耐性指标间的相关性 ,旨…     

Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with salt tolerance at seedling stage from Oryza rufipogon

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and crop production.In the present study,salt tolerance at rice seedling stage was evaluated using 87 introgression lines (ILs),which were derived from a cross between an elite indica cultivar Teqing and an accession of common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.).Substantial variation was observed for four traits including salt tolerance score (STS),relative root dry weight (RRW),relative shoot dry weight (RSW) and relative total dry weight (RTW).STS was significantly positively correlated with all other three traits.A total of 15 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these four traits were detected using single-point analysis,which were located on chromosomes 1,2,3,6,7,9 and 10 with 8％-26％ explaining the phenotypic variance.The O.rufipogon-derived alleles at 13 QTLs (86.7％) could improve the salt tolerance in the Teqing background.Four QTL clusters affecting RRW,RSW and RTW were found on chromosomes 6,7,9 and 10,respectively.Among these four QTL clusters,a major cluster including three QTLs (qRRW10,qRSW10 and qRTW10) was found near the maker RM271 on the long arm of chromosome 10,and the O.rufipogon-derived alleles at these three loci increased RRW,RSW and RTW with additive effects of 22.7％,17.3％ and 18.5％,respectively,while the phenotypic variance explained by these three individual QTLs for the three traits varied from 19％ to 26％.In addition,several salt tolerant ILs were selected and could be used for identifying and utilizing favorable salt tolerant genes from common wild rice and used in the salt tolerant rice breeding program.     

Rice cultivar evaluation for phosphorus use efficiency

Phosphorus deficiency is one of the most growth-limiting factors in acid soils in various parts of the world. The objective of this study was to screen 25 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) at low, medium, and high levels of soil P. Number of tillers, root length, plant height, root dry weight and shoot dry weight were related to tissue P concentrations, P uptake and P-use efficiency. Shoot weight was found to be the plant parameter most sensitive to P deficiency. Significant cultivar differences in P use efficiency were found. Phosphorus use efficiency was higher in roots than shoots and decreased with increasing levels of soil P. Positive correlations were found among growth parameters such as plant height, tillers, root and shoot weight, and P content of roots and shoots. These results indicate selection of rice cultivars for satisfactory performance under low P availability can be carried out using shoot and root dry weight as criteria.     

Combined effects of chromium and arsenic on rice seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) growth in a solution culture supplied with or without P fertilizer

The growths of two rice genotypes (Jin23A and CDR22) under the coexistence of As and Cr in solution culture with and without P were investigated. The result showed that rice shoot dry weight decreased due to the complex contamination of As and Cr, however, the influences on plant height, root length and root dry weight were insignificant.     

Insights on the role of tillering in salt tolerance of spring wheat from detillering

Tillering is reduced by salinity, with the primary and secondary tillers being more affected than is the mainstem. To understand the importance of tillering in the salt tolerance of wheat plants, two contrasting genotypes of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a greenhouse under saline or non-saline conditions and were subjected to five progressive levels of detillering. Regardless of the genotype and salinity, shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant were all significantly decreased in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant remained compared with the untouched treatment (more than three tillers), whereas these same variables per tiller tended to be increased on a per tiller (mainstem or substem tiller) basis. The increased seed yield per tiller observed with tiller reduction may be attributed to the enhanced seed number within the spikelet. Under saline conditions, the reductions in shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant for the salt-tolerant genotype Kharchia were of a greater magnitude in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant were present compared with the untouched treatment, whereas the magnitude of this reduction in the salt-sensitive genotype Sakha 61 was decreased.     

Water stress mediated root trait dynamics and identification of microsatellite markers associated with root traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

To identify microsatellite markers associated with root traits for drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) a study was conducted at Department of Plant Physiology, College of Agriculture, Trivandrum, Kerala Agricultural University. A set of thirty-five rice genotypes were exposed to water stress and evaluated for physio-morphological components as indices of water stress tolerance. Observations were made on leaf rolling score and root traits, especially the root length, root dry weight, root volume and root shoot ratio at booting stage. As of the data obtained, ten tolerant and ten susceptible varieties were selected for bulk line analysis to identify the DNA markers linked with target gene conferring drought tolerance. Out of 150 SSR primers screened, RM474 showed polymorphism between the tolerant and susceptible bulks. Individual genotypes of the bulks also showed the same product size of the respective tolerant and susceptible bulks.     

Response of Contrasting Rice Genotypes to Zinc Sources under Saline Conditions

Abiotic stresses are among the major limiting factors for plant growth and crop productivity. Among these, salinity is one of the major risk factors for plant growth and development in arid to semi-arid regions. Cultivation of salt tolerant crop genotypes is one of the imperative approaches to meet the food demand for increasing population. The current experiment was carried out to access the performance of different rice genotypes under salinity stress and Zinc (Zn) sources. Four rice genotypes were grown in a pot experiment and were exposed to salinity stress (7 dS m⁻¹), and Zn (15 mg kg⁻¹ soil) was applied from two sources, ZnSO₄ and Zn-EDTA. A control of both salinity and Zn was kept for comparison. Results showed that based on the biomass accumulation and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, KSK-133 and BAS-198 emerged as salt tolerant and salt sensitive, respectively. Similarly, based on the Zn concentration, BAS-2000 was reported as Zn-in-efficient while IR-6 was a Zn-efficient genotype. Our results also revealed that plant growth, relative water content (RWC), physiological attributes including chlorophyll contents, ionic concentrations in straw and grains of all rice genotypes were decreased under salinity stress. However, salt tolerant and Zn-in-efficient rice genotypes showed significantly higher shoot K⁺ and Zn concentrations under saline conditions. Zinc application significantly alleviates the harmful effects of salinity by improving morpho-physiological attributes and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and the uptake of K and Zn. The beneficial effect of Zn was more pronounced in salt-tolerant and Zn in-efficient rice genotypes as compared with salt-sensitive and Zn-efficient genotypes. In sum, our results confirmed that Zn application increased overall plant’s performance under saline conditions, particularly in Zn in-efficient and tolerant genotypes as compared with salt-sensitive and Zn efficient rice genotypes.     

不同决明基因型的耐铝特性

在铝浓度120 mg·L-1条件下,通过溶液培养试验,研究了40个决明品种(系)对铝毒的反应.比较了不同基因型各性状的相对耐性值及其与综合评价系数的相关性.结果表明:相对株高、相对根系干物质量、相对地上部干物质量和相对根系活力可作为决明耐铝毒基因型筛选的重要指标.40个品种(系)中,86134R2、2208、3170、316、2211、2232的耐铝毒能力较强,属于耐铝毒的决明基因型,而34721R1、92985、3184的耐铝毒能力较弱,属于铝敏感的决明基因型.     

应用AFLP与RFLP标记研究水稻磷吸收与利用率的数量性状位点

To identify genetic factors underlying phosphorus (P) uptake and use efficiency under low-P stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.), 84 selected genotypes (recombinant inbred lines) and their parents (which differed in tolerance for low-P stress) “IR20” and IR55178-3B-9-3, were cultured in liquid medium supplemented with adequate and low P levels in a greenhouse. Plants were sampled after 6 weeks in culture for measurements of plant dry weight, P concentration, P uptake and P use efficiency under both P sufficient and stress conditions. A total of 179 molecular markers, including 26 RFLPs and 153 AFLPs, mapped on all 12 chromosomes of rice based on the 84 selected genotypes were used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying tolerance for low-P stress. Three QTLs were detected on chromosomes 6, 7 and 12, respectively, for relative plant dry weight (RPDW) and relative P uptake (RPUP). One of the QTLs flanked by RG9 and RG241 on chromosome 12 had a major effect which explained about 50% of the variations in the two parameters across the population. The results coincided with the QTLs for low-P stress based on relative tillering ability from the same population from a cross between Nipponbare and Kasalath under soil condition. The identical major QTL for P uptake and plant growth under low-P stress in both liquid medium and soil strongly suggests that the ability of P uptake mainly controls rice tolerance for low-P stress.