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1.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):1-39
Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker
remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead
of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin
to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special
creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics
and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had
carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications. 相似文献
2.
Jane Maienschein 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(2):215-230
In his 1987 book Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology, Philip Pauly presented his readers with the biologist Jacques Loeb and his role in developing an emphasis on control of life
processes. Loeb’s work on artificial parthenogenesis, for example, provided an example of bioengineering at work. This paper
revisits Pauly’s study of Loeb and explores the way current research in regenerative medicine reflects the same tradition.
A history of regeneration research reveals patterns of thinking and research methods that both echo Loeb’s ideology and point
the way to modern studies. Pauly’s work revealed far more than we readers realized at the time of its publication. 相似文献
3.
Stephane Schmitt 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(3):429-457
Lacepède was a key figure in the French intellectual world from the Old Regime to the Restoration, sinc e he was not only
a scientist, but also a musician, a writer, and a politician. His brilliant career is a good example of the progress of the
social status of scientists in France around 1800. In the life sciences, he was considered the heir to Buffon and continued
the latter’s Histoire naturelle, but he also borrowed ideas from anti-Buffonian (e.g. Linnaean) scientists. He broached many important subjects such as the
nature of man, the classification of animals, the concept of species, and the history of the Earth. All these topics led to
tensions in the French sciences, but Lacepède dealt with them in a consensual, indeed even ambiguous way. For example, he
held transformist views, but his concept of evolution was far less precise and daring than Lamarck’s contemporaneous attempts.
His somewhat confused eclecticism allowed him to be accepted by opposing camps of the French scientific community at that
time and makes his case interesting for historians, since the opinions of such an opportunistic figure can illuminate the
figure of the French intellectual better than more original works could do. In turn, Lacepède’s important social and scientific
position gave his views a significant visibility. In this sense, his contributions probably exerted an influence, in particular
with regard to the emergence of transformist theories. 相似文献
4.
Comfort N 《Journal of the history of biology》2011,44(4):651-669
Interviewing offers the biographer unique opportunities for gathering data. I offer three examples. The emphatic bacterial
geneticist Norton Zinder confronted me with an interpretation of Barbara McClintock’s science that was as surprising as it
proved to be robust. The relaxed setting of the human geneticist Walter Nance’s rural summer home contributed to an unusually
improvisational oral history that produced insights into his experimental and thinking style. And “embedding” myself with
the biochemical geneticist Charles Scriver in his home, workplace, and city enabled me to experience the social networks that
drive the practical events of his career, which in turn helped me explain the theoretical basis of his science. Face-to-face
interaction and multisensory experience will shape each biographer’s experience uniquely. Recent developments in sensory physiology
suggest that the experience of integrating sense data encourages different patterns of observation and reflection. It is reasonable,
then, to think that biography based on face-to-face interviews will, for a given author, have a different character than one
based entirely on documents. I reflect on how interviewing shapes my own writing and I encourage the reader to do the same. 相似文献
5.
6.
Cam Sharp Jones 《Curtis's Botanical Magazine》2017,34(3):203-210
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk in 1917. The second son of Sir William Jackson Hooker, Joseph Hooker would, throughout the course of his life, become one of the most famous and lauded scientists of his day. At its pinnacle, Joseph Hooker's career would see him hold the post of Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for 20 years (1865–1885), and be the first botanist after Joseph Banks to be elected President of the Royal Society between 1873 and 1878. His archives and letters, which are described here, are held in the Library, Art and Archives at Kew. 相似文献
7.
Lloyd T. AckertJr. 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(1):109-145
Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis
of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely neglected but
very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point
of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept
of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches
and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational
figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling
features of that discipline – such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal
“cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks
and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy,
matter, and life; over the course of five decades – in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany,
and Switzerland – he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically
conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s. These methods, bolstered by his authority as a founding father
of microbiology, captured the attention of an international network of scientists. Vinogradskii’s conceptualization of the
“cycle of life” as chemosynthesis, autotrophy, and global nutrient cycles attracted the attention of ecosystem ecologists;
and his methods appealed to practitioners at agricultural experiment stations and microbiological institutes in the United
States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union. 相似文献
8.
Michael J. Yochim 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2001,12(2):141-167
In this article I critique Charles Kay’s aboriginal overkill hypothesis, which states that Native Americans numbered 100 million or more in precolumbian North America, extensively humanized the landscape, and suppressed wildlife numbers, thus allowing wildlife browse to proliferate. By examining Kay’s source use and pertinent information, I find that he makes four kinds of significant mistakes: exaggerations, failure to provide necessary data, errors of omission, and errors of logic. Through examples I illustrate that Kay’s errors compromise his hypothesis. Kay uses Yellowstone National Park as his primary example of such a humanized area; in contrast, I suggest it is a relatively pristine area. 相似文献
9.
Ogilvie MB 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(3):467-507
Helen Dean King’s scientific work focused on inbreeding using experimental data collected from standardized laboratory rats
to elucidate problems in human heredity. The meticulous care with which she carried on her inbreeding experiments assured
that her results were dependable and her theoretical explanations credible. By using her nearly homozygous rats as desired
commodities, she also was granted access to venues and people otherwise unavailable to her as a woman. King’s scientific career
was made possible through her life experiences. She earned a doctorate from Bryn Mawr College under Thomas Hunt Morgan and
spent a productive career at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology in Philadelphia where she had access to the experimental
subjects which made her career possible. In this paper I examine King’s work on inbreeding, her participation in the debates
over eugenics, her position at the Wistar Institute, her status as a woman working with mostly male scientists, and her involvement
with popular science. 相似文献
10.
Gliboff S 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(2):259-294
The German paleontologist H. G. Bronn is best remembered for his 1860 translation and critique of Darwin’s Origin of Species, and for supposedly twisting Darwinian evolution into conformity with German idealistic morphology. This analysis of Bronn’s
writings shows, however, that far from being mired in an outmoded idealism that confined organic change to predetermined developmental
pathways, Bronn had worked throughout the 1840s and 1850s on a new, historical approach to life. He had been moving from the
study of plant and animal forms in the abstract towards placing them into geological and biogeographical context, analyzing
patterns of progress and adaptation, explaining species diversity and individual variation, and applying biological insights
to practical problems such as artificial breeding. Even though Bronn never fully accepted the idea of species transformation,
he saw Darwin’s theory as a bold new move toward his own goal of establishing a comprehensive, historical science of life,
and he presented it as such in his translation and commentary. Thus Darwin’s ideas gained a quick and generally favorable
hearing in Germany not because of their easy assimilability into an older tradition, but because of their appeal to the innovative
Bronn. 相似文献
11.
Linda M. Gustafsson Pål Börjesson 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(3):151-159
Background, Aims and Scope Using renewable feedstock and introducing biocatalysts in the chemical industry have been suggested as the key strategies
to reduce the environmental impact of chemicals. The Swedish interdisciplinary programme ‘Greenchem’, is aiming to develop
these strategies. One target group of chemicals for Greenchem are wax esters which can be used in wood surface coatings for
wood furniture, etc. The aim of this study was to conduct a life cycle assessment of four different wood surface coatings,
two wax-based coatings and two lacquers using ultra violet light for hardening (UV lacquers). One of the two wax-based coatings
is based on a renewable wax ester produced with biocatalysts from rapeseed oil, denoted ‘green wax’, while the other is based
on fossil feedstock and is denoted ‘fossil wax’. The two UV lacquers consist of one ‘100% UV’ coating and one ‘water-based
UV’ coating. The scope was to compare the environmental performance of the new ‘green’ coating with the three coatings which
are on the market today.
Methods The study has a cradle-to-grave perspective and the functional unit is ‘decoration and protection of 1 m2 wood table surface for 20 years’. Extensive data collection and calculations have been performed for the two wax-based coatings,
whereas mainly existing LCI data have been used to characterise the production of the two UV lacquers.
Results For all impact categories studied, the ‘100% UV’ lacquer is the most environmentally benign alternative. The ‘water-based
UV’ is the second best alternative for all impact categories except EP, where the ‘fossil wax’ is slightly better. For GWP
the ‘fossil wax’ has the highest contribution followed by the ‘green wax’. For AP and EP it is the ‘green wax’ that makes
the highest environmental impact due to the contribution from the cultivation of the rapeseed and the production of the rapeseed
oil. For POCP the ‘fossil wax’ makes the highest contribution, slightly higher than the contribution from the ‘green wax’.
Also the energy requirements for the ‘100% UV’ lacquer is much lower than for the other coatings. The results from the toxicological
evaluation conducted in this study, which was restricted to include only the UV lacquers, are inconclusive, giving different
results depending on the model chosen, EDIP97 or USES.
Discussion The result in this study shows that the environmental benefits of using revewable feedstock and processes based on biocatalysis
in the production of wax esters used in wood surface coatings are rather limited. This is due to the high environmental impact
from other steps in the life cycle of the coating.
Conclusions Overall the ‘100% UV’ lacquer seems to be the best alternative from an environmental point of view. This study shows that
the hot spots of the life cycle of the coatings are the production of the ingredients, but also the application and drying
of the coatings. The toxicity assessment shows the need for the development of a new model, a model which finds common ground
in order to overcome the current situation of diverging results of toxicity assessments. The results in this study also point
to the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product based on fossil or renewable feedstock from
a life cycle perspective.
Recommendations and Perspectives The results in this study show that an efficient way to improve the wood coating industry environmentally is to increase the
utilization of UV lacquers that are 100% UV-based. These coatings can also be even further improved by introducing biocatalytic
processes and producing epoxides and diacrylates from renewable raw material instead of the fossil-based ones produced with
conventional chemical methods in use today. In doing this, however, choosing a vegetable oil with good environmental performance
is important. An alternative application of the ‘green wax’ analysed in this study may be as an ingredient in health care
products, for example, which may result in greater environmental benefits than when the wax is used inwood coating products.
The results in this study illustrate the importance of investigating the environmental performance of a product from cradle-to-grave
perspective and not consider it ‘green’ because it is based on renewable resources. 相似文献
12.
Karl E. Ricker 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2006,75(1):39-72
Synopsis Bill Ricker’s career went through many twists in his academic years. He had taken botany in his senior matriculation year
at high school and he had collected over 100 species of flora before commencement of university life. At the conclusion of
his first university year, he set out over the summer to collect a much larger sample of species, primarily from the Great
Lakes-St. Lawrence ecoregion, to fulfil a requirement for a second year botany course (spermatophytes). He identified about
390 species, and some 254 were collected and pooled with those from previous years to make a final submission of 354 spermatophyte
species. Field plant identification continued in each academic year thereafter, in concert with collections and identifications
of aquatic invertebrates in his summer projects while under the employment of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory. At
the conclusion of his undergraduate years, Bill had taken more courses in botany than in zoology, and it was the summer employment
that had really prepared him for postgraduate work in fisheries biology, which was ecologically oriented. When Bill left Ontario
in the autumn of 1931 he had identified over 600 species of plants, excluding lower cryptogams, but including many aquatic
species of higher plants. In western North America Bill’s botanical career began at Cultus Lake in 1931. He again studied
all aspects of the basin while employed with the federal government, and from the work he assembled a Ph.D. thesis. At the
time of thesis completion he had identified over 300 species of flora, including alpine plants at timberline, 1500 – 1800 m
above lake level, and planktonic algae in its water column. In 1939, after more field fisheries work in the Fraser River basin
of British Columbia, Bill accepted a position with the biological staff at Indiana University. In this period which concluded
in 1950 he identified another 50 – 110 species of flora, all in the Carolinian ecoregion, and hitherto not seen by him. Considering
all floral classes, Bill’s eastern North American repertoire had by then added up to 791 species, representative of more than
112 families of plants. Returning west for the remainder of his life, new identifications elsewhere added to his Cultus Lake
list which slowly added up to about 1000 species for the west coastal region of North America. Flora was also identified elsewhere
in the mid-continental region of North America, in Eurasia where the Abisko region of Lappland was a highlight, and in South
America and New Zealand. Records of his botanical prowess, were kept primarily in his diaries, which began in 1923 and were
maintained consistently to the end of 1934, and thereafter intermittently to 1949. The diaries reveal that his career as a
budding botanist was subtly hijacked by a wily Professor W.H.K. Harkness in the rival Biology Department who out-manoeuvred
Drs. R.B. Thompson and R.A. Sifton in the Botany Department. The former always managed to employ Bill in summer and keep him
occupied in the department’s labs during the autumn and winter and spring, tying up any free time when the botanist had approached
him on lab work. Certainly, the botany courses taken and which he excelled at were more appropriate for his aquatic ecological
pursuits. Salesmanship won the day for the zoologists, but Bill was a life-long botanist regardless of whatever else he studied
or managed throughout his professional career. The last days of his life had a botanical conclusion. 相似文献
13.
According to the approach developed by Thomas A. Sebeok (1921–2001) and his ‘global semiotics,’ semiosis and life converge.
This leads to his cardinal axiom: ‘semiosis is the criterial attribute of life.’ His global approach to sign life presupposes
his critique of anthropocentrism and glottocentrism. Global semiotics is open to zoosemiotics, indeed, even more broadly,
biosemiotics which extends its gaze to semiosis in the whole living universe to include the realms of macro- and microorganisms.
In Sebeok’s conception, the sign science is not only the study of communication in culture, but of communicative behaviour
from a biosemiotic perspective. 相似文献
14.
The levels of selection problem was central to Maynard Smith’s work throughout his career. This paper traces Maynard Smith’s
views on the levels of selection, from his objections to group selection in the 1960s to his concern with the major evolutionary
transitions in the 1990s. The relations between Maynard Smith’s position and those of Hamilton and G.C. Williams are explored,
as is Maynard Smith’s dislike of the Price equation approach to multi-level selection. Maynard Smith’s account of the ‘core
Darwinian principles’ is discussed, as is his debate with Sober and Wilson (1998) over the status of trait-group models, and
his attitude to the currently fashionable concept of pluralism about the levels of selection. 相似文献
15.
Raphael Chijioke Njoku 《Dialectical Anthropology》2007,31(1-3):45-64
It is difficult to completely understand the life history of an intellectual excluding an understanding of his family upbringing
and formative years. Family upbringing and childhood environment, often the less known part of a life history, play crucial
roles in shaping the ideas and values individuals espouse in their adult life. Notwithstanding, this paper is not concerned
with Don C. Ohadike’s childhood. It rather focuses on the professional career of our able historian – that is the part of
his life as revealed by his most outstanding published writings. Ohadike’s published works contain a wellspring of idioms
that tell much about his values, quality of mind, and his mission as an African historian. Ohadike was a humanist, an African
patriot, and a nationalist crusader. His entire philosophy centered on safeguarding his African identity in an emergent world
of cultural imperialism.
The funds for this research were provided by a NEH-funded fellowship at the Schomburg Center, New York in the Spring of 2007.
I owe a lot of gratitude to Professor John McLeod and Dean Blaine Hudson for granting me the extra incentives to pursue my
research in New York. While all errors and misinterpretations are mine, I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers
for Journal of Dialectical Anthropology for their perspective comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
16.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2001,34(1):51-82
During the 1840s and the 1850s botanist Joseph Hooker developeddistinct notions about the proper characteristics of aprofessional
man of science. While he never articulated theseideas publicly as a coherent agenda, he did share his opinionsopenly in letters
to family and colleagues; this privatecommunication gives essential insight into his and his X-Clubcolleagues' public activities.
The core aspiration of Hooker'sprofessionalization was to consolidate men of science into adutiful and centralized community
dedicated to nationalwell-being. The nation in turn owed the scientific community forits ministration. When the government
bestowed funds and statuson men of science it was rewarding science – not purchasing it. His proposed reforms were piecemeal,
immediate, and above allpractical. He harbored no taste for vast millenariantransformation, and rested his conception of scientificprofessionalism
upon a respectable High Victorian foundation ofpatronage and pillars of duty, reciprocity, intimacy, andinequality. The process
of professionalization he envisioned wasas much shrewd compromise between existing interests as avindication of principle.
His power and prestige from themid-1850s onward gave him considerable ability to carry out hisreform program, although his
general success did occasion someundesired consequences for the status of natural-historypursuits.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Christian Reiß 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(4):155-164
Julius Schaxel is an almost forgotten figure in the history of early twentieth century biology. By focusing on his life and
work, I would like to illustrate several central developments in that period of history of biology. Julius Schaxel was an
early representative and organizer of theoretical biology, discussing and criticizing both Wilhelm Roux’s mechanism and Hans
Driesch’s vitalism. In addition to his theoretical work, Schaxel also did experimental research on developmental issues to
support his critique. In this paper, special emphasis is made on the negotiating practice of Schaxel, which he used to establish
a new area of biological research and a new audience for that area. In contrast to these new fields, Schaxel can be also portrayed
as the endpoint of a research tradition investigating ontogeny and phylogeny together, which today is called Evo–Devo. Following
Garland Allen’s dialectical processes that led to the decline of the Evo–Devo research agenda, Schaxel’s example is used to
investigate these processes. 相似文献
18.
This abstract is a prologue to this paper. Prior to his health failing, Martin Gibbs began writing remembrances of his education
and beginning a science career, particularly on the peaceful uses of nuclear radiation, at the U.S. Brookhaven National Laboratory
(BNL), Camp Upton, NY. Two years before his death Martin provided one of us (Govindjee) a draft text narrating his science
beginnings in anticipation of publication in Photosynthesis Research. Govindjee edited his draft and returned it to him. Later, when it became difficult for him to complete it, he phoned Govindjee
and expressed the desire that Govindjee publish this story, provided he kept it close to his original. Certain parts of Martin’s
narrations have appeared without references (Gibbs 1999). The Gibbs family made a similar request since the narrations contained numerous early personal accounts. Clanton Black
recently presented an elegant tribute on Martin Gibbs and his entire science career (Black 2008). Clanton was given the draft, which he and Govindjee then agreed to finish. This chronicle is their effort to place Gibbs’s
narrations about his education and his maturation scientifically, in context with the beginnings of biological chemistry work
with carbon-14 at the BNL (see Gibbs 1999). Further, these events are placed in context with those times of newly discovered radioisotopes which became available as
part of the intensive nuclear research of World War II (WW II). Carbon-14, discovered during WW II nuclear research in 1940,
was extremely useful and quickly led to the rapid discovery of new carbon metabolism pathways and biochemical cycles, e.g.,
photosynthetic carbon assimilation, within a decade after WW II.
相似文献
GovindjeeEmail: |
19.
Strick J 《Journal of the history of biology》1999,32(1):51-92
Henry Charlton Bastian's support for spontaneous generation is shown to have developed from his commitment to the new evolutionary
science of Darwin, Spencer, Huxley and Tyndall. Tracing Bastian's early career development shows that he was one of the most
talented rising young stars among the Darwinians in the 1860s. His argument for a logically necessary link between evolution
and spontaneous generation was widely believed among those sympathetic to Darwin's ideas. Spontaneous generation implied materialism
to many, however, and it had associations in Britain with radical politics and amateur science. Huxley and the X Club were
trying to create a public posture of Darwinism that kept it at arm's length from those negative associations. Thus, the conflict
that developed when Huxley and the X Club opposed Bastian was at least as much about factional in-fighting among the Darwinians
as it was about the experiments under dispute. Huxley's strategy to defeat Bastian and define his position as “non-Darwinian”
contributed significantly to the shaping of Huxley's famous address “Biogenesis and Abiogenesis.” Rhetorically separating
Darwinism from Bastian was thus responsible for Huxley's first clear public statement that a naturalistic origin of life was
compatible with Darwin's ideas, but only in the earth's distant past. The final separation of the discourse on the meaning
of Brownian movement and “active molecules” from any possible link with spontaneous generation also grew out of Huxley's strategy
to defeat Bastian. Clashes between Bastian and the X Club are described at the BAAS, the Royal Society, and in the pages of
Nature and other journals.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Some hereditary ataxias are treatable and the insight required for this has come from an in depth knowledge of the phenotypes
and clinical biochemistry of the conditions. This has required both fundamental and translational clinical research. Prof
John Blass was fortunate to begin his career at what we can now recognise as a golden era for such studies and he worked upon
two important conditions; Refsum’s disease and Friedreich’s ataxia. More recently the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies have
been described and similar investigative work has been undertaken upon them. Ubiquinone, CoQ10, deficiency is the most recently recognised encephalomyopathy and is itself treatable. Though rare, it is becoming increasingly
recognised and patients are benefiting from the same scholarly approach to its’ investigation as was afforded Refsums’ disease
and Friedreich’s ataxia.
A dedication to Professor John P. Blass. 相似文献