秋水仙素对洋葱根尖细胞染色体结构变异的影响

用0.05%和0.1%秋水仙素溶液对洋葱Allium cepa根尖进行控时处理,研究不同秋水仙素浓度和不同处理时间对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂畸变的影响。结果显示,秋水仙素有促进细胞有丝分裂染色体停滞在中期的能力;不同固定时间对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂有影响;秋水仙素对洋葱根尖细胞染色体有畸变效应,诱导产生畸变的能力受溶液浓度和处理时间的影响。     

用大蒜做植物细胞有丝分裂实验的材料更好

植物细胞有丝分裂实验,一般都用洋葱作实验材料。可是我们在教学实践中发现洋葱作实验材料,效果不太好,为此我们改用大蒜作实验材料,大蒜比洋葱有以下几个优点: 1)生长快:在同等条件下,大蒜比洋葱生根快得多, 尤其是在温度偏低时更为明显。比如在15℃时,培养大蒜48 h,根尖可长出15 mm以上,而培养洋葱72 h根尖刚长出。     

新除草化合物WD对洋葱根尖细胞形态的影响

不同浓度梯度的双酯灵（简称WD）,在不同时间处理下的洋葱根尖细胞形态研究结果表明,双酯灵使洋葱根尖分生区细胞有丝分裂指数下降,其对有丝分裂的抑制表现为,低浓度短时间内,有丝分裂前,中后,末4个时期状态都存在,而高浓度长时间处理下,有丝分裂停滞,积累于间期或早前期,双酯灵对洋葱 根尖细胞形态的影响还表现在：胁状分生组织分层结构不清,细胞核缩小,分生区与根冠界线不清,根冠细胞从内向外受加重,呈现的南壁分离,原生质消失等死亡症状,上述结果初步探明了双酯灵的除草机理。     

工业废水诱发的洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂染色体畸变与微核的测定

用工业废水对洋葱根尖染毒,对其诱发的根尖细胞有丝分裂期染色体畸变、微术是定表明,处理样品有丝分裂过程中存在着大量的畸变类型,主要表现为多极分裂、染色体桥、染色体片段、滞后染色体以及微核的产生。     

8-羟基喹琳和对苯二酚对几种常用植物材料根尖细胞有丝分裂中期指数的影响

为了了解8-羟基喹啉（8-Hydroxyquinoline）和对苯二酚（P-hydroquinone）对蚕豆、洋葱和大蒜几种实验室常用植物有丝分裂材料根尖细胞中期分裂指数的效应．应用不同浓度的8-羟基喹啉和对苯二酚（0.002mol／L、0.004mol／L、0.006mol／L、0.008mol／L）分别处理3种植物根尖细胞．结果表明,8-羟基喹啉在0.004mol／L时处理洋葱和大蒜根尖,中期分裂指数较高：对苯二酚在0．004mol／L时处理蚕豆根尖,中期分裂指数较高;而对苯二酚处理洋葱和大蒜根尖时最佳浓度是0.008mol／L．该浓度根尖细胞有丝分裂指数达到最大值。     

一种培养植物根尖的新方法

在生物学教学中,洋葱根尖是观察植物细胞有丝分裂常用的实验材料。培养洋葱根尖的传统方法是清水培养。用这种方法,根尖生长缓慢,细胞分裂相少,所需培养时间较长。为此,笔者根据植物生长的生理需要,用植物溶液培     

快速诱导细胞凋亡及检测方法研究

目的：探讨Ca2＋和Na＋诱导细胞凋亡的最佳浓度及时间,并用甲基绿一派诺宁染色法检测凋亡细胞的形态变化。方法：分别用不同浓度梯度及时间梯度的Ca2＋和Na＋胁迫处理洋葱鳞茎内表皮细胞,得诱导的最佳浓度及时间;用甲基绿一派诺宁染色法检测诱导凋亡的洋葱鳞茎内表皮细胞、大蒜根尖细胞和鸡血红细胞的形态特征变化。结果：诱导处理的最佳Ca2＋和Na＋浓度为0．4mol／L,最适时间约为8h,且CaCl2的诱导效果较NaCl好;经甲基绿一派诺宁染色,洋葱鳞茎内表皮细胞、大蒜根尖细胞、鸡血红细胞凋亡细胞的细胞核均呈蓝紫色,细胞质呈红色。结论：找出了诱导细胞凋亡的最适Ca2＋和Na＋浓度和时间,并检测到细胞凋亡。     

洋葱根尖是多倍体诱发实验的好材料

由于洋葱根尖分生区的细胞分裂不是同步的,即每个细胞均按自身的细胞周期活动。而且根据我们的经验,在一天中任何时间取洋葱根尖制片观察都可看到染色体。因此,利用秋水仙素诱发洋葱根尖细胞多倍体很易成功,诱导频率也高。其方法如下: 取渡过了休眠期的洋葱鳞茎,先剪去老根,然后将它的根部浸泡在盛满水的烧杯口上。在室温下培养,烧杯中的水需每天换一次。一般约两三天后(不同品种,发根时间     

化学工业废水对洋葱根类细胞核结构的影响

报道了兰州化学工业公司工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂影响的研究结果．研究表明：（１）兰化工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞分裂具有严重的抑制和危害,其主要表现为间期核结构异常,形成大量的核裂团（Ｎｕｃｌｅｉ－ＳｐｌｉｔＢａｌｌ）和微核（Ｍｉｃｒｏｎｕｃｌｅｉ）;（２）洋葱根尖细胞分裂对环境诱变剂,特别是工业废水的反应是十分敏感的,可以作为环境监测的指示植物。     

化学工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞核结构的影响

报道了兰州化学工业公司工业废水对洋葱尖细胞有丝分裂影响的研究结果。研究表明（１）兰化工业废水洋葱根尖细胞分裂具有严重的抑制和危害,其主要表现期核结构异常,形成大量的核裂团和微核;（２）洋葱根尖细胞分裂对环境诱变剂,特别是工业废水的反应是十分敏感的,可以作为环境监测的指示植物。     

The Behaviour of Two Cell Populations in the Pericycle of Allium cepa, Pisum sativum, and Daucus carota During Early Lateral Root Development

The length of cells of the pericycle, endodermis and middlecortex not actively involved in lateral root primordia (LRP)development was measured in primary roots of Allium cepa, Pisumsativum and Daucus carota. The presence of two cell populationsin the pericycle was demonstrated in all three species. In Alliumcepa and Pisum sativum, pericyclic cells located opposite xylempoles were significantly shorter than cells lying opposite phloempoles. In both species, LRP originated opposite xylem poles.Our results, furthermore, strongly suggest that in regions ofthe root far from the apical meristem, numerous pericyclic cellsundergo transverse division both previous to and during LRPinitiation, decreasing in mean length throughout this period.In Daucus carota, LRP begin to form in pericyclic cells locatednext to the phloem poles, such cells were significantly shorterthan those opposite xylem poles, even in areas of the primaryroot located close to the root tip. Cells also appear to dividetransversely in regions far from the root tip in this species,leading to a conspicuous drop in the mean length of those cellslocated in portions of the pericycle destined to give rise toLRP. Two different cell populations can also be distinguishedin the endodermis of Allium cepa and Pisum sativum, althoughobservations were less conclusive in Daucus carota. In all threespecies, length of cortical cells was unaffected by their positionopposite xylem or phloem poles Allium cepa, carrot, cell division, cell length, Daucus carota, endodermis, lateral root development, onion, pea, pericycle, Pisum sativum     

Evaluation of mutagenic effect of the antihypertensive drug methyldopa (Aldomet) on mammalian systems in vivo and in vitro and on Allium cepa

The antihypertensive drug methyldopa (Aldomet) was tested for possible clastogenic activity on normal and hypertensive rats and on human lymphocyte cultures and for its influence on the cell cycle of Allium cepa. The drug had no clastogenic effect on rat bone marrow cells but showed a toxic effect on A. cepa root tip cells and significantly increased the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocyte cultures, without any effect on the frequency of chromosome aberrations.     

The effects of fungicide benomyl (benlate) on growth and mitosis in onion (Allium cepa L.) root apical meristem

In this study, the effects of benomyl, a systemic fungicide were investigated in the mitotic cell division in onion (Allium cepa) root tip cells during germination. For this aim, different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mM) of benomyl solutions were used. All the concentrations used caused several abnormalities in mitotic cell divisions and the mitotic frequency in the onion root tip cells decreased as the concentration of benomyl solution increased. Based on our findings, it is reported that benomyl has some negative effects on mitotic divisions in onion root tip cells.     

Number of aberrations per cell as a parameter of chromosome instability. 2. Comparative analysis of the factors of different nature

The average number of aberrations per aberrant cell was concluded to carry out information on chromosome instability peculiarities induced by different mutagens as it was shown in our previous work. The purpose of the current study was to present comparative analysis of intercellular distribution of number of aberrations and their theoretical approximations. Distribution of numbers of aberrations per cell in Allium cepa L. and Allium fistulosum L. root tip cells induced by different mutagenic factors (gamma-irradiation, thiotepa, formaldehyde and seed aging) have been studied. The results were approximated to theoretical Poisson, geometric and negative binomial distributions. The intercellular distribution of aberrations did not correspond to any of the used theoretical distributions when A. cepa seeds were gamma-irradiated. There was some, but not regular, accordance with theoretical distributions when chemical mutagens thiotepa in A. cepa and formaldehyde in A. fistulosum and seed aging in both species were evaluated. During seed aging frequency of aberrant cells increased more quickly in A. fistulosum in comparison with A. cepa.     

Loss of Microtubules in the Interphase Cells of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Root Tips from the Cell Cortex and Their Appearance in the Cytoplasm after Treatment with Cycloheximide

As part of a project to investigate the mechanism of cortical microtubule (MT) alignment, we examined the effects of cycloheximide (CHM) on cortical MTs in the root tip cells of Allium cepa L. Results show that although a preprophase band of MTs remained in the cell cortex, interphase MTs disappeared from the cortical cytoplasm and then appeared concomitantly in the inner cytoplasm when the rate of de novo protein synthesis was reduced with CHM (11-360 [mu]M for 2 h)     

Loosening of a preprophase band of microtubules in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tip cells by kinase inhibitors

Effects of kinase inhibitors on the preprophase band of microtubules in onion (Allium cepa L.) root tip cells were examined. Bundled microtubules in preprophase bands were dispersed on the cell cortex when onion seedlings were incubated with 2.5-5.0 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine. Fifteen min was enough for the bundled microtubules to disappear. Although many preprophase bands remained when the seedlings were incubated with 60 microM staurosporin, these preprophase band microtubules were loosened and the width of the band became broad. These results sugget that some kinases are involved in the microtubule bundling in the preprophase band development.     

Distribution of calcium during interphase and mitosis as observed by ion microscopy

The ion microscope, based on secondary ion mass spectrometry, has been used to demonstrate the distribution of calcium in the root tip cells of two plant species, Allium cepa and Vicia faba. Interphase nuclei showed higher intensities of calcium than cytoplasm, while nucleoli exhibited higher calcium intensities than the rest of the nucleoplasm. The chromosomes showed high intensities of calcium at all stages of mitosis. Calcium was also detected in the cell plate and phragmoplast region of dividing cells. It appears that during prophase calcium concentrates in the condensing chromosomes, and during telophase it is transferred to nucleoli. These observations suggest that chromosomes may serve as a reservoir of calcium during mitosis.     

Cyanamide mode of action during inhibition of onion (Allium cepa L.) root growth involves disturbances in cell division and cytoskeleton formation

Cyanamide is an allelochemical produced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.). Its phyotoxic effect on plant growth was examined on roots of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. Water solution of cyanamide (2-10 mM) restricted growth of onion roots in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of onion roots with cyanamide resulted in a decrease in root growth rate accompanied by a decrease in accumulation of fresh and dry weight. The inhibitory effect of cyanamide was reversed by its removal from the environment, but full recovery was observed only for tissue treated with this chemical at low concentration (2-6 mM). Cytological observations of root tip cells suggest that disturbances in cell division may explain the strong cyanamide allelopathic activity. Moreover, in cyanamide-treated onion the following changes were detected: reduction of mitotic cells, inhibition of proliferation of meristematic cells and cell cycle, and modifications of cytoskeleton arrangement.     

Inhibitory effect of adrenaline and hydrocortisone on the growth of Allium cepa roots

The roots of Allium cepa were allowed to grow in distilled water containing 10(-4) M adrenaline hydrochloride or 2 X 10(-3) M hydrocortisone sodium succinate. Adrenaline inhibited the growth of roots; they decreased in length, number and total dry weight. The total amount of DNA in the roots was reduced much less than that of extracellular root components after adrenaline. Also hydrocortisone treatment resulted in a considerable decrease of the length and dry weight of Allium cepa roots. Both DNA and extracellular root components were influenced.