花生抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选与评价

为确定鉴定花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)抗旱性指标体系, 综合评价花生品种(系)的抗旱性, 在人工控水条件下, 通过盆栽试验, 测定了29个花生品种(系)苗期和花针期的株高、分枝数、生物累积量、叶片含水量和光合色素含量等与抗旱性有关的13个表观形态性状和生理性状的指标, 采用抗旱系数法和隶属函数值法, 对各指标性状进行了水分胁迫下的抗性评价和鉴定。结果表明, 29个花生品种(系)可划分为抗旱性较强、中等、较弱和不抗旱4类, 其中‘唐科8号’、‘冀花2号’、‘大唐油’、‘花育25号’、‘花育17号’、‘鲁花14号’、‘丰花1号’ 7个品种(系)具有较强的抗旱能力; 苗期同一品种(系)的主茎高、分枝数和生物累积量等形态指标和光合色素等生理指标的隶属函数值均有较大差别, 苗期各指标隶属函数值与品种(系)抗旱性无显著相关关系, 苗期单一形态指标不能作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标; 但苗期抗旱性综合评价值(D)与抗旱系数间存在显著相关关系, D的大小可作为抗旱性的鉴定指标。花针期形态指标和生理指标D值间, 以及各类指标D值与抗旱系数间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系, 此期植株形态指标、生理指标隶属函数值以及综合D值均可作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标。     

用层次-关联评判法对烤烟品种进行综合评判

本文采用AHP与灰色关联理论结合的层次-关联评判法对1996年黄淮烟区烤烟区试品种（系）进行了综合评判,较好地克服了以往烤烟品种综合评判方法中的弊端,取得了较理想的效果．评判结果表明：CF80的综合性状超过NC89,可以在生产中推广应用;AH9103和MSA01略差于NC89,可以考虑选择使用;9504和6603的综合性状明显不如NC89,应予淘汰．     

不同类型灵芝品种的农艺性状、显微结构以及功能成分的比较

以育粉灵芝‘G-HN01’、‘G-XZ01’、‘G-LQ01’和育芝灵芝‘G-LQ02’两类品种为比较研究对象,进行袋料栽培实验。观测比较发现4个灵芝品种的菌丝生长速度和袋料栽培模式的子实体农艺性状差异显著;利用扫描电镜观测比较两种类型灵芝品种子实体显微结构差异,无孢子品种在显微结构上与其他3种育粉灵芝有着明显的区别;测定4个品种代料栽培子实体中功效成分及总的抗氧化能力,结果显示3个育粉品种之间功效成分和抗氧化活性上有显著差异,但育粉品种和育芝品种之间含量差异不显著。     

建国以来我国棉花品种遗传基础的分子标记分析

采用MPD分子标记、遗传距离和聚类分析方法,研究建国以来我国有代表性的166个棉花主栽品种(或品系)的遗传多样性。41个RAPD标记Nei’s遗传距离(GD)与两组不同来源实验数据的表型性状欧氏距离(UD)间相关系数分别为0．6445(n＝1770)和0．7078(n＝7140),表明RAPD可以揭示棉花品种间遗传差异。通过对不同棉种、不同品种类型、不同时期、不同种植区域和不同来源的棉花品种(系)遗传差异的比较,探讨我国棉花品种的遗传基础。各层次上遗传差异的比较表明：在我国主栽棉花品种中,海岛棉品种遗传基础窄于陆地棉品种;我国自育陆地棉品种的遗传基础窄于国外引进品种;杂交陆地棉品种的遗传基础窄于常规品种;上世纪80年代以后陆地棉品种遗传基础窄于70年代品种;长江棉区品种遗传基础窄于黄淮棉区品种,西北内陆棉区品种窄于长江棉区品种。启示我们如何在我国棉花育种的全局和不同层面上把握和制定拓宽棉花育种遗传基础的策略和手段,并为进步深入探讨建国以来我国棉花品种遗传改良规律打下基础。     

24个菊芋品种（系）遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了来源于国内外不同区域的24个菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus Linn．）品种（系）的遗传多样性,并结合块茎特征采用聚类分析法探讨了它们的遗传关系。结果表明：用16条ISSR引物从24个品种（系）的基因组DNA共扩增出242条带,包含228条多态性条带,多态性条带百分率达94．2％,其中7条引物的多态性条带百分率达100．0％。各品种（系）间的遗传距离为0．19～1．01,遗传距离平均值为0．45。聚类分析结果显示：在遗传相似系数0．68处可将24个品种（系）划分为5类,第1类仅包含‘青芋1号’（‘Qingyu No．1’）,第Ⅱ类仅包含W12,第Ⅲ类包含W30、W42、‘青芋2号’（‘Qingyu No．2’）、W09、W18、W26和WSl,第Ⅳ类包含W06和W84,第V类包含‘青芋3号’（‘Qingyu No．3’）、w23、W36、W43、W54、W75、WS0、W62、W64、W79、S150、S138和W66;多数块茎特征相似的品种（系）被聚在一起,但也有部分块茎特征不同的品种（系）被聚在同一类中;部分品种（系）的聚类分析结果与其形态分类结果及地理分布不一致。研究结果表明：供试的菊芋品种（系）具有较高的遗传多样性,存在着较为频繁的基因交流;基于ISSR标记分析能较准确地揭示出菊芋品种（系）间的遗传多样性。     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。     

DTOPSIS法在草莓品种综合评价中的应用研究

以本地主栽草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)品种‘丰香’和‘法兰地’为对照,应用逼近理想解的排序方法(DTOPSIS法)对11个草莓品种的产量、果实品质等11个性状指标进行综合评价,筛选出了适合在广西地区推广种植的优良草莓品种。其中赋予产量性状指标中的平均单株产量的权重值最大,为0.3500,赋予果实品质性状指标中的可溶性糖含量权重值次之,为0.1500。11个供试品种中,9个品种的综合性状表现优于对照,其中,具有自主知识产权的草莓新品种‘艳丽’的综合性状最优,理想解的相对接近度(Ci)及平均单株产量均为第1位;国外引进品种‘本妮西亚’综合性状较优,Ci值及平均单株产量均位于第2位;而‘斯坦勒’、‘丰香’、‘甜查理’、‘法兰地’4个品种综合性状表现较差,不适合继续引进种植。草莓新品种‘艳丽’及引入的‘本妮西亚’具有株型适中、产量高、果实硬度高、果实可溶性糖含量高、抗病性强等优点,可作为良种在广西地区进一步示范推广。     

江淮地区巨峰系葡萄经济性状的Fuzzy综合评判

本文根据Fuzzy集理论,运用多级模型综合评判法,对巨峰系13个品种在江淮地区的经济性状表现作了评价。结果表明,江淮地区发展巨峰系葡萄,应以红伊豆三泽系红伊豆、藤稔三个早熟品种为主,还步缩小巨峰等中晚熟品种的比例。     

引进盆栽小菊品种观赏价值及园林应用的综合评价

为更好地指导盆栽小菊的引种和栽培,筛选适宜粤港澳大湾区产业化生产应用的优良品种,该文以荷兰引进的30个盆栽小菊品种为研究对象,从观赏性和适应性两个方面选取22个评价指标,基于层次分析法(AHP)构建了一套盆栽小菊园林应用综合评价体系。结果表明:(1)花色、花径、冠幅和观花期等4个评价指标权重值居前,是影响盆栽小菊观赏价值的关键因子。(2)利用该评价体系对30个盆栽小菊品种进行综合评价,将其划分为优秀、良好、一般和较差等4个等级,各等级品种数所占比例分别为16.67%、26.67%、43.33%和13.33%。从中筛选出‘西奥’‘马里奥’‘红粉佳人’‘绿色心情’和‘卡斯蒂赫’等5个优秀品种,这些品种普遍具有花色艳丽、花径大、花期长和抗旱性强等优点,可在粤港澳大湾区规模化生产。同时筛选出‘德里粉’‘朝阳繁华’‘粉草莓’‘小乒糖心’‘夏之恋’‘迪迪’‘红日’和‘小行星’等8个优良品种,这些品种整体性状表现优良,可作为园林应用的补充材料进行小规模栽培。采用AHP法可有效进行盆栽小菊品种综合评价与分级,并筛选观赏价值高、适应性强的优良品种供园林生产应用。     

基于主成分分析法的墨兰品种观赏价值评价

以福州地区栽培多年的30个墨兰品种为材料,对其植株高、花色、瓣型等20个观赏性状进行测定和观察,分析墨兰品种观赏性状的变异范围、性状间的相关性以及主成分因子,并利用主成分分析法对30个墨兰品种的观赏价值进行评价。结果表明,不同品种间的16个数量性状均存在不同程度的变异,花部形态存在较大差异,叶片形态和数量变异小;4个质量性状中,花色和叶艺的遗传多样性较高。叶部形态和花部形态的观赏性状间存在显著相关性。20个观赏性状指标可以分为7个主成分因子,分别为株高因子、瓣型因子、花色因子、叶片数因子、花径因子、叶宽因子和叶艺因子,7个主成分因子的方差贡献率累计达全部性状信息的87.35%。通过计算30个品种的重要主成分值并对其进行排序,筛选出4个观赏性状优良的品种,分别为‘白墨’、‘宝山爪’、‘龙梅’和‘金华山’。     

On the populational structure of sterlet <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser ruthenus</Emphasis> (Acipenseridae) from the Volga Lower reaches

Trawl surveys made in the Lower Volga and the Caspian Sea revealed that the full life cycle of the Lower Volga sterlet is confined to fresh water and only single specimens living in the Volga-Caspian canal can live in the canal and swim to weakly saline and stagnant waters. Therefore, the sterlet living in the Volga-Caspian canal with its expressed current should be attributed to potamodromous forms. In consideration of the data on distribution, the variation of the complex of plastic characteristics, growth rate, and infestation with the parasite Amphilina foliacea it is concluded that within the Lower Volga population of sterlet three populations of the lower rank may be discerned: the Volgograd population living from the Volgograd Hydroelectric Complex dam to the Kamennyi Yar settlement; the eastern population living in the top of the Volga Delta and Buzan channel; and the western population in the Volga-Caspian canal. These populations differ in some plastic characteristics, linear growth rate, the part of fish infested with the parasite A. foliacea, and in the occurrence of anomalies in the structure of mature ovicells.     

Morphological and Genetic Traits of Pikeperch <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> of the Volga–Akhtuba Aquatic System: on the Spatial Structure of a Species in the Lower Volga Basin

Characters of external morphology and ten loci of microsatellite DNA are investigated in pikeperch Sander lucioperca from the Volga–Akhtuba water system on sites of the Akhtuba and the Volga situated 150 km from the beginning of the Volga Delta and 300 km from the dam of the Volgograd Power Plant. Significant differences in plastic characters are found between samples from the Akhtuba and the Volga. Differences are also found in the genetic diversity of pikeperch: the found alleles are more numerous in most loci and the mean value of allele diversity is higher in the sample from the Akhtuba. At the same time, the calculated distance between samples of pikeperch is not certain. However, this may follow from limitations accompanying the calculation of differentiation parameters. The allele diversity and heterosis of pikeperch from the Akhtuba and the Volga are higher than those in populations from the Baltic basin and Western Europe. The known differences in external morphology and in genetic characters indicate to the present day partial separation of the Volga pikeperch from the Akhtuba pikeperch and that the found polymorphism of morphological and genetic characters reflects the ecological plasticity of the species, which is an adaptive response to changing environmental conditions.     

Cryopreservation of sperm of two European percid species, the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and the Volga pikeperch (S. volgensis)

Experiments were carried out on sperm cryopreservation of two European percid fish species, the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and the Volga pikeperch (S. volgensis). Two experiments were conducted on pikeperch sperm. In the first, the effects of three extenders (Glucose, KCl, Sucrose) and two cryoprotectants (dimethyl-sulfoxide: DMSO, methanol: MeOH) were tested on motility and fertilization. In the second, the effects of two dilution ratios (1 : 1, 1: 9) and two cryoprotectants (DMSO, MeOH) on hatching were investigated. In the experiment on Volga pikeperch the suitability of using cryopreservation for fertilization was investigated. In the first experiment on pikeperch the highest post-thaw motility (28 +/- 21%) and fertilization rate (43 +/- 12%) was found with DMSO as cryoprotectant in combination with Glucose extender. In the second, the highest hatch rate (41 +/- 22%) was observed with MeOH as cryoprotectant and 1 : 1 sperm dilution ratio, however no significant difference was found among the results. In the experiment on Volga pikeperch hatch rates with cryopreserved sperm (60 +/- 2%) did not significantly differ from the control (60 +/- 6%). Contamination of sperm with urine seems to be a key problem in the success of sperm cryopreservation of these species.     

Alpine dandelions originated in the native and introduced range differ in their responses to environmental constraints

Few studies have compared the response of native and invasive populations under stressful conditions. Furthermore, there is little consensus as to whether a plastic response is related to invasiveness in stressful environments. Exotic species have recently been reported in the high Andes of central Chile, where individuals have to cope with drought and poor soils, in addition to extreme temperatures. We explored if the exotic species Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) has plastic responses to soil moisture and nutrient availability, and whether two sets of alpine populations derived from native and introduced populations can converge to similar plastic responses to environmental constraints. Using a common garden approach, we compared plants grown from seeds collected in alpine populations of its native range (Alps, France) and in alpine populations of its introduced range (Andes, Chile) under a drought experiment, a potassium gradient, and a nitrogen gradient. Plasticity was only found as a response to drought. Moreover, different responses were found between both origins. Andean individuals are drought-resistant, while individuals from the Alps were drought-sensitive. According to the nutrient experiments, Andean dandelions behave as a nitrogen demanding-potassium avoiding species, whereas individuals from the Alps did not show any particular dependency or repulsion tendency to either of these two nutrients. Results suggest that differences in life history traits of both derived sets of populations may have an important role in determining the response of dandelions under the evaluated conditions. However, the relative importance of genetic adaptation in these responses is still unclear. Although T. officinale is a cosmopolite weed, this is the first study that compares individuals coming from its native and invaded range under stressful conditions.     

Activating KIR and HLA Bw4 ligands are associated to decreased susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus, an autoimmune blistering skin disease

The KIR genes and their HLA class I ligands have thus far not been investigated in pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and related autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris. We genotyped 233 patients and 204 controls for KIR by PCR-SSP. HLA typing was performed by LABType SSO reagent kits. We estimated the odds ratio, 95% confidence interval and performed logistic regression analyses to test the hypothesis that KIR genes and their known ligands influence susceptibility to PF. We found significant negative association between activating genes and PF. The activating KIR genes may have an overlapping effect in the PF susceptibility and the presence of more than three activating genes was protective (OR=0.49, p=0.003). A strong protective association was found for higher ratios activating/inhibitory KIR (OR=0.44, p=0.001). KIR3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 were negatively associated to PF either isolated or combined, but higher significance was found for the presence of both together (OR=0.34, p<10(-3)) suggesting that the activating function is the major factor to interfere in the PF pathogenesis. HLA-Bw4 (80I and 80T) was decreased in patients. There is evidence that HLA-Bw4(80T) may also be important as KIR3DS1 ligand, being the association of this pair (OR=0.07, p=0.001) stronger than KIR3DS1-Bw4(80I) (OR=0.31, p=0.002). Higher levels of activating KIR signals appeared protective to PF. The activating KIR genes have been commonly reported to increase the risk for autoimmunity, but particularities of endemic PF, like the well documented influence the environmental exposure in the pathogenesis of this disease, may be the reason why activated NK cells probably protect against pemphigus foliaceus.     

Biochemical Characterization and Agglutinating Properties of Xenorhabdus nematophilus F1 Fimbriae

Xenorhabdus spp., entomopathogenic bacteria symbiotically associated with nematodes of the family Steinernematidae, occur spontaneously in two phases. Only the phase I variants of Xenorhabdus nematophilus F1 expressed fimbriae when the bacteria were grown on a solid medium (nutrient agar; 24 and 48 h of growth). These appendages were purified and characterized. They were rigid, with a diameter of 6.4 (plusmn) 0.3 nm, and were composed of 16-kDa pilin subunits. The latter were synthesized and assembled during the first 24 h of growth. Phase II variants of X. nematophilus did not possess fimbriae and apparently did not synthesize pilin. Phase I variants of X. nematophilus have an agglutinating activity with sheep, rabbit, and human erythrocytes and with hemocytes of the insect Galleria mellonella. The purified fimbriae agglutinated sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutination by bacteria and purified fimbriae was mannose resistant and was inhibited by porcine gastric mucin and N-acetyl-lactosamine. The last sugar seems to be a specific inhibitor of hemagglutination by X. nematophilus.     

Implication of co-measured platelet factor 4 in the reliability of the results of the plasma transforming growth factor-beta 1 measurement.

We examined the possible alteration of circulating transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) concentrations in a time-dependent fashion in human plasma. Plasma TGF-beta1 was measured three times at 2 week-intervals from each of 12 healthy participants. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) was measured in parallel with TGF-beta1 to estimate the degree of platelet degranulation. TGF-beta1 levels of the second and third plasma samples, in which PF4s were measured as < approximately 1000 IU/ml, were relatively low and fell in a narrow range. However, TGF-beta1 levels of the first samples, in most of which PF4s were > approximately 1000 IU/ml, appeared much higher and more variable than those of the second or third samples. These results indicate that the platelet degranulation accounted for the higher TGF-beta1 levels in the first samples, and thus did not support our initial assumption. We, nevertheless, could propose a useful guidance in the assessment of TGF-beta1 levels in plasma. When the PF4 level is measured as < approximately 1000 IU/ml under our assay conditions, the TGF-beta1 level in a given plasma sample might be accepted as a reliable value considering the effect of platelet degranulation on TGF-beta1 level.     

Effect of exogenous extracellular matrices on proteoglycan synthesis by cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes

We examined the effect of an extracellular matrix (ECM), produced by either bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells or mouse PF HR-9 teratocarcinoma cells, on the ability of rabbit costal chondrocytes to re-express their phenotype once confluent. Rabbit chondrocytes seeded at low densities and grown on plastic tissue culture dishes produced a heterogeneous cell population composed of both overtly differentiated and poorly differentiated chondrocytes, as well as fibroblastic cells. On the other hand, cultures grown on BCE-ECM- or HR-9-ECM-coated dishes reorganized into a homogeneous cartilage-like tissue composed of round cells surrounded by a refractile matrix that stained intensely with alcian green. The cell ultrastructure and that of their pericellular matrix were similar to those seen in vivo. The differentiation of chondrocyte cultures grown on the ECMs vs. plastic was reflected by a two- to three-fold increase in the maximal rate of incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine into proteoglycans. Furthermore, the ratio of 35S-labeled proteoglycans incorporated in the cell layer vs. those released into the medium was 1.5-2.5-fold higher when cultures were grown on the ECMs than on plastic. This suggests that the ECMs stimulate the incorporation of newly synthesized proteoglycans into a cartilaginous matrix. Since chondrocyte cultures grown on BCE-ECM or HR-9-ECM give rise to a homogeneous cartilage-like tissue even when seeded at low cell densities, they provide a model for the study of cell-substrate interactions that are responsible for the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes.     

Dose-response curves for radish seedling phototropism

Radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown for 4 days in complete darkness, or in white light, or for 3 days in darkness followed by 1 day of red light. Phototropic dose-response curves for the seedlings grown in these three ways were determined with 460-nm light. The dark-grown and red light-treated seedlings responded with positive curvatures of no more than 10° to energy doses in the first positive range and with larger positive curvatures in the second positive dose range. No indifferent or negative curvature was seen with the light intensity used. White light-grown seedlings did not respond to first positive energy doses, but responded as strongly to second positive doses as the other types of seedlings.     

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from a densely populated estuary (Seine, France)

Over 6 years, Escherichia coli were isolated from water samples from seven Seine estuary stations, characterized by a densely populated watershed (654 isolates). Resistances of these E. coli to 16 antibiotics were determined and compared with the same resistances in E. coli isolated from a small stream (120 isolates) and from the treated effluent of the largest estuary wastewater treatment plant (123 isolates). Between 30.2% and 56.6% of the estuary isolates were resistant, whatever the station or time of sampling; of these, 60.5–80% were resistant to at least two and up to 12 antibiotics. In the three contrasting sites, resistances to tetracycline, amoxicillin and ticarcillin were the commonest. DNA was extracted from 279 estuary isolates (January 2006) and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were detected by multiplex real-time PCR and confirmed by classic PCR. IntI1 and intI2 genes were found in 11% of isolates. No intI3 gene was detected. The variable regions of the class 1 and 2 integrons sequenced contained predominantly gene cassettes aadA and dfr . However, for slightly over half of the E. coli isolates exhibiting the class 1 integron, the variable region could not be amplified, because part of the 3' conserved sequence was missing.