芳香族化合物生物降解的研究进展

本文综述了以苯,取代苯,联苯和多环芳烃为代表的芳香族化合物的生物降解途径,其共同之处在于经过两步双加氧酶作用,生成二醇和开环,两步双加氧酶分别为芳环羟基化双加氧酶和芳环断裂双加氧酶,以甲苯途径为代表讨论了芳香族化合物的分子生物学研究情况,代谢工程研究是九十年代兴起的芳香族化合物生物降解的研究内容,通过对甲苯途径的代谢工程研究明确了途径中的关键酶,并通过对关键酶的活性提高使整个途径的代谢流增加。     

邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、功能及同工酶现象研究进展

邻苯二酚是芳香族化合物多条生物降解途径中共有的一种重要的中间产物,根据开环方式的不同,可分为邻位降解途径和间位降解途径,其中邻位降解途径中的关键酶是邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶。本文主要综述了邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的结构、酶学性质,以及它在芳香烃降解菌中存在的同工酶现象及其功能研究进展。     

环羟基化双加氧酶α亚基保守序列的克隆及基因定位

利用PCR法成功地克隆了不动杆菌 (Acinetobacter) L2菌株的环羟基化双加氧酶α亚基保守序列310 bp片段,并对其进行测序.序列分析结果表明该片段与3-苯基丙酸盐双加氧酶α亚基、苯1,2-双加氧酶α亚基、甲苯2,3-双加氧酶α亚基的氨基酸序列同源性分别为72%、75%和78%.Southern杂交将菌株L2的环羟基化双加氧酶α亚基基因定位在L2质粒的不同酶切片段上.     

PAHs降解基因及降解酶研究进展

由于环境中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有高遗传毒性和"三致"性(致癌、致畸和致突变),其生物降解基因和降解功能酶研究备受关注.多环芳烃双加氧酶是近年来研究较多的多环芳烃降解的关键酶系之一,主要由细菌产生,可通过氧化反应使多环芳烃开环生成小分子的中间产物并最终氧化成CO2和水.目前,有关这类酶的理化性质、结构特点、功能等的研究相继开展,本文对PAHs降解基因、降解酶的研究现状与发展趋势进行综述.     

Aeromonas sp.XJ-6双加氧酶基因的克隆、表达及对酪氨酸的降解

目的:从Aeromonas sp.XJ-6中克隆双加氧酶基因,初步探索该酶的功能,为芳香烃化合物的生物降解提供基因资源。方法:PCR扩增双加氧酶基因dio6,并实现该基因在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中的诱导表达。产物经Ni-NTA柱纯化后,通过薄层层析(TLC)和HPLC检测双加氧酶dio6对Tyr的降解效果,再结合LC-MS检测降解产物,并分析其可能的降解途径。结果:Aeromonas sp.XJ-6双加氧酶基因dio6大小为1 194bp;通过金属鳌合亲和层析(MCAC)纯化后dio6表达产物的大小为44.9k Da。双加氧酶dio6对Tyr具有较强的降解作用。TLC和HPLC检测表明,在60μl酶量和30℃反应温度等条件下,Tyr降解较快;Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)略微抑制酶促反应,Mn~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Ca~(2+)促进底物降解,其中Mn~(2+)对双加氧酶影响最大。LC-MS分析表明,在双加氧酶dio6作用下,Tyr被降解为延胡索酸。结论:Aeromonas sp.XJ-6双加氧酶dio6是一种苯环开环酶,为芳香烃化合物的生物降解提供了良好的基因资源。     

苯甲酸-1,2-双加氧酶高产菌株的筛选和发酵条件的研究

苯甲酸-1,2-双加氧酶(ECl.13.99.2)催化苯甲酸转化成邻苯二酚。该酶是微生物降解芳香烃的一个关键酶,它催化氧化开环的第一步反应,在研究微生物的芳香烃代谢中占有重要位置。近年来,发现该酶可以用来在工业上合成邻苯二酚以及消除芳环化合物的污     

沈抚灌区广宿主石油烃代谢质粒的分离及鉴定

本研究采用“三亲配对外源分离法”,从沈抚灌区土壤、底泥和水样中共计分离得到8个广宿主（BHR）石油烃代谢质粒,并通过对其进行抗生素抗性检测和抗性遗传标记,将其转移至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)EC100宿主中进行操作.不相容性群分析结果表明: pS3-2C、pS4-6G为Inc P质粒;pS3-2G、pW22-3G、pA15-7G为Inc N质粒;pS7-2G 为Inc W质粒;pA23-1G和 pA10-1C为Inc Q质粒.采用PCR扩增已报道的石油烃污染物降解基因的方法初步分析其石油烃代谢功能,质粒pS3-2G、pS7-2G、pA23-1G、pW22-3G和pA10-1C上含有编码芳香环羟化双加氧酶基因(phdA)和甲苯单加氧酶基因(touA)的片段;pA15-7G含有编码甲苯双加氧酶和甲苯单加氧酶基因片段;pS3-2C含有编码芳香环羟化双加氧酶、苯双加氧酶和甲苯双加氧酶基因片段;pS4-6G仅含有编码芳香环羟化双加氧酶基因片段.通过宿主范围检测,除质粒pS3-2C外,其余7个质粒均可在变形菌纲(Proteobacteria)α-、β-、γ-亚纲的代表性菌株根瘤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)C58、钩虫贪铜菌(Cupriavidus necator)JMP228、大肠杆菌EC100间进行转移并稳定传代.     

蜡状芽孢杆菌菌株Jp-A的分离鉴定及其降解苯酚特性

从某钢铁厂处理废水的活性污泥中驯化分离一株能高效降解苯酚的细菌（Jp-A）.通过形态观察、生理生化实验和16srRNA序列分析,初步鉴定Jp A为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.在实验条件下,该菌在16、24和32 h内能将浓度分别为5、10和15 mmol·L^-1的苯酚完全降解,而30 mmol·L^-1的苯酚则完全抑制该菌的生长.该菌也能以甲苯、氯酚类和硝基酚类等芳香烃类物质作为唯一碳源和能源生长.双加氧酶检测表明,其通过间位途径开环裂解苯酚,该途径的关键酶邻苯二酚2,3 双加氧酶主要定位在细胞膜上,为诱导酶,补加葡萄糖能抑制该酶的产生.     

4株苯系物降解菌菌株的筛选鉴定、降解特性及其降解基因研究

分别以苯、甲苯为碳源,从厦门污水处理厂活性污泥中富集筛选获得了2株苯降解菌B1、B2和2株甲苯降解菌J2、J6。16S rRNA基因鉴定结果表明B1、J2属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonassp.),B2、J6属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobactersp.)。研究表明,这些菌在pH7~10的碱性范围内能很好生长。在以0.1%(V/V)苯或甲苯为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,B1、B2菌在72小时内对苯的降解率分别为67.7%、94.2%,J2、J6菌对甲苯的降解率分别为92.4%、84.8%。简并PCR扩增、序列分析表明,这些菌含有相同的苯双加氧酶基因,表明苯降解基因在这些降解菌中可能存在水平转移。此外,J2,J6两株菌还含有甲苯双加氧酶基因,而且J2能在甲苯浓度为70%(V/V)的LB培养基中生长。这些降解菌在苯、甲苯污染的生物治理中有应用前景。     

代谢工程改造微生物生产芳香族化合物的研究进展

芳香族化合物广泛应用于化学工业。利用代谢工程改造微生物生产各种芳香族化合物越来越受到人们的关注。通过理性改造,微生物可以定向地大量积累人们需要的各种芳香族化合物。此外,通过设计新的反应途径并引入外源基因,可以拓宽微生物生物合成的产物谱,获得某些具有重要应用价值的新的芳香族化合物。这些研究成果对解决化石能源危机和环境可持续发展问题具有积极意义。本文中,笔者主要对近年来微生物生产各种芳香族化合物的最新研究进展及相应的代谢工程改造策略进行综述,为开展相关研究提供参考。     

毕赤酵母表达重组人白细胞介素11的纯化与鉴定

报道了毕赤酵母表达人白细胞介素11的下游工艺研究,并对其产物进行了分析鉴定。所用工艺流程为离心收集上清、超滤浓缩脱盐、离子交换层析、疏水层析、凝胶过滤。所得产物经SDSPAGE电泳、RPHPLC分析、N端和C端序列分析、质谱、等电点分析和生物学活性分析,结果表明：产品纯度大于97%,结构和性质与E.coli融合表达的Neumega完全一致。     

甲基对硫磷降解菌假单胞菌WBC-3的筛选及其降解性能的研究

从农药污染土样中分离出的一株细菌具有彻底降解甲基对硫磷的能力。该菌经生理生化特性分析和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定为假单胞菌属,命名为Pseudomonas sp.WBC\|3。该菌在pH7～8、温度23℃～30℃范围内均生长良好,对甲基对硫磷的耐受浓度在单纯无机盐培养基中可达到800mg/L,在含有01%葡萄糖的培养基中可达到2000mg/L。该菌能够以甲基对硫磷作为唯一碳源、氮源,将其彻底降解作为生长基质,对于300mg/L甲基对硫磷的降解速度达15mg/L\5h,于22h后达到其稳定生长期。该菌对于多种有机磷农药及部分芳烃类化合物具有生化代谢能力。从该菌的细胞周质组分中纯化出的有机磷水解酶在SDSPAGE胶上显示为分子量约为33.5×103的条带。     

Analysis of the multicopper oxidase gene regulatory network of Aeromonas hydrophila

Multicopper oxidase (MCO) is an enzyme which involves in reducing the oxygen in a four electron reduction to water with concomitant one electron oxidation of reducing the substrate. We have generated the 3-D structure of MCO by homology modeling and validated on the basis of free energy while 90.4 % amino acid residues present in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot. The screening of potential hazardous aromatic compounds for MCO was performed using molecular docking. We obtained Sulfonaphthal, Thymolphthalein, Bromocresol green and Phloretin derivatives of phenol and aromatic hydrocarbon were efficient substrates for MCO. The phylogeny of MCO reveals that other bacteria restrain the homologous gene of MCO may play an important role in biodegradation of aromatic compounds. We have demonstrated the gene regulatory network of MCO with other cellular proteins which play a key role in gene regulation. These findings provide a new insight for oxidization of phenolic and aromatic compounds using biodegradation process for controlling environmental pollution.     

Inducible uptake and metabolism of glucose by the phosphorylative pathway in Pseudomonas putida CSV86

Pseudomonas putida CSV86 utilizes glucose, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, benzyl alcohol and benzoate as the sole source of carbon and energy. Compared with glucose, cells grew faster on aromatic compounds as well as on organic acids. The organism failed to grow on gluconate, 2-ketogluconate, fructose and mannitol. Whole-cell oxygen uptake, enzyme activity and metabolic studies suggest that in strain CSV86 glucose utilization is exclusively by the intracellular phosphorylative pathway, while in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 and P. putida KT2442 glucose is metabolized by both direct oxidative and indirect phosphorylative pathways. Cells grown on glucose showed five- to sixfold higher activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase compared with cells grown on aromatic compounds or organic acids as the carbon source. Study of [14C]glucose uptake by whole cells indicates that the glucose is taken up by active transport. Metabolic and transport studies clearly demonstrate that glucose metabolism is suppressed when strain CSV86 is grown on aromatic compounds or organic acids.     

Dynamic cross-talk among remote binding sites: the molecular basis for unusual synergistic allostery

Allosteric regulation of protein function is critical for metabolic control. Binding of allosteric effectors elicits a functional change in a remote ligand binding site on a protein by altering the equilibrium between different forms in the protein ensemble. 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS) catalyzes the first step in the shikimate pathway, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids Trp, Phe, and Tyr. Feedback regulation by the aromatic amino acids is important for controlling the cellular levels of the aromatic amino acids, and many organisms have two or more DAH7PS isozymes that show differing sensitivities to aromatic compounds. Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses a single DAH7PS that is insensitive to the presence of a single amino acid yet shows extraordinary synergistic inhibition by combinations of the pathway end products Trp and Phe. The Trp+Phe-bound structure for M. tuberculosis DAH7PS, showing two separate binding sites occupied by Trp and Phe for each monomer of the tetrameric protein, was obtained by cocrystallization. Comparison of this structure with the ligand-free M. tuberculosis DAH7PS demonstrates that there is no significant change in conformation upon ligand binding, suggesting that contributions from altered dynamic properties of the enzyme may account for the allosteric inhibition. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments demonstrate that the inhibitor binding sites are in direct communication. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal different changes in dynamic fluctuations upon single ligand binding compared to dual ligand binding. These changes account for the cross-talk between inhibitor binding sites and the active site, simultaneously potentiating both dual ligand binding and diminution of catalytic function.     

Bacterial mandelic acid degradation pathway and its application in biotechnology

Mandelic acid and its derivatives are an important class of chemical synthetic blocks, which is widely used in drug synthesis and stereochemistry research. In nature, mandelic acid degradation pathway has been widely identified and analysed as a representative pathway of aromatic compounds degradation. The most studied mandelic acid degradation pathway from Pseudomonas putida consists of mandelate racemase, S-mandelate dehydrogenase, benzoylformate decarboxylase, benzaldehyde dehydrogenase and downstream benzoic acid degradation pathways. Because of the ability to catalyse various reactions of aromatic substrates, pathway enzymes have been widely used in biocatalysis, kinetic resolution, chiral compounds synthesis or construction of new metabolic pathways. In this paper, the physiological significance and the existing range of the mandelic acid degradation pathway were introduced first. Then each of the enzymes in the pathway is reviewed one by one, including the researches on enzymatic properties and the applications in biotechnology as well as efforts that have been made to modify the substrate specificity or improving catalytic activity by enzyme engineering to adapt different applications. The composition of the important metabolic pathway of bacterial mandelic acid degradation pathway as well as the researches and applications of pathway enzymes is summarized in this review for the first time.     

Purification and characterization of a 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene 1,2-dioxygenase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene (THB) is an intermediate in the Phanerochaete chrysosporium degradation of vanillate and aromatic pollutants. A P. chrysosporium intracellular enzyme able to oxidatively cleave the aromatic ring of THB was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic and ion-exchange chromatographies, and native gel electrophoresis. The native protein has a molecular mass of 90 kDa and a subunit mass of 45 kDa. The enzyme catalyzes an intradiol cleavage of the substrate aromatic ring to produce maleylacetate. 18O2 incorporation studies demonstrate that molecular oxygen is a cosubstrate in the reaction. The enzyme exhibits high substrate specificity for THB; however, catechol cleavage occurs at approximately 20% of the optimal rate. THB dioxygenase catalyzes a key step in the degradation pathway of vanillate, an intermediate in lignin degradation. Maleylacetate, the product of THB cleavage, is reduced to beta-ketoadipate by an NADPH-requiring enzyme present in partially purified extracts.     

Mode of Action of Herbicidal Derivatives of Aminomethylenebisphosphonic Acid. Part II. Reversal of Herbicidal Action by Aromatic Amino Acids

The herbicidal action of N-pyridylaminomethylenebisphosphonic acids is accompanied by an impairment of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This suggests that they might act as inhibitors of some steps in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Herbicidal effects were reversed by aromatic amino acids using both bacterial and plant models, a finding that strongly supports this hypothesis. Structural features of these compounds suggest the sixth enzyme in the shikimate pathway 5-enol-pyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase as a possible target, since a strong structural similarity exists between aminomethylenebisphosphonic acid and an inhibitor of EPSP synthase, the herbicide glyphosate. This is, however, not the case since they did not act as inhibitors of this enzyme. Received July 29; 1996; accepted May 27, 1997     

cAMP对转化细胞中几种基因表达及CREB DNA结合活性的影响

 从癌基因、抑癌基因及转录因子 CREB(c AMP反应序列结合蛋白 )对 CRE DNA序列结合活性的相关性 ,对 db- c AMP处理的小鼠 C3H10 T1 /2转化细胞增殖抑制作用进行了研究 .实验结果表明 ,转化细胞中 PKA(蛋白激酶 A)活性显著低于正常细胞 ,而 PKC(蛋白激酶 C)活性则显著高于正常细胞 .斑点印迹和 Northern印迹分析显示转化细胞中 c- myc和 Ca M(钙调素 )基因表达明显高于正常细胞 ,而 p53基因和 Rb基因表达则明显低于正常细胞 ,这些差别与 C3H10 T1/ 2 转化细胞增殖失控有关 .转化细胞经 db- c AMP(1 mmol/L)处理后 ,细胞增殖受到明显抑制 ,db- c AMP处理0 .5h后 ,转化细胞中 PKA活性便明显增强 ,PKC活性则被显著抑制 ,处理 2 h后 ,c- myc和 Ca M基因表达下降 ,而 p53和 Rb基因表达则增强 ,这些变化与 c AMP抑制 C3H10 T1/ 2 转化细胞增殖有密切联系 .凝胶阻滞电泳分析显示 db- c AMP(1 mmol/L )处理短时间内 ,CREB对 CRE DNA序列无结合活性 ,1 2 h后开始出现较弱的结合活性 ,2 4 h后才明显加强 ,表明在 db- c AMP处理的早期 ,调控区中含有 CRE序列的基因不参与 db- c AMP对细胞增殖抑制的调节 ,即与 CREB磷酸化及其相应的 DNA结合活性无相关性 .