大连市旅顺口区门诊胃镜患者幽门螺杆菌感染流行病学调查

目的了解大连市旅顺口区门诊胃镜检查患者幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）感染情况。方法用^14C呼吸试验和快速尿素酶试验（RUT）普查门诊胃镜检查患者H.pylori感染情况,H.pylori感染率用百分数表示,并用人口年龄构成比例调整。结果大连市旅顺口区门诊胃镜检查患者H.pylori总感染率为52．10％,男性人群感染率为53．86％,女性人群感染率为50．01％,男女性别间差异有显著性,H.pylori感染率在40—50岁最高（54．20％）,市区与农村间H.pylori感染率差异有显著性。结论H.pylori感染随年龄的增加有增高的趋势,男性感染率高于女性,市区低于农村。防治H.pylori感染应从儿童期开始。     

南京迈皋桥社区人群甲状腺功能减退症的流行研究

目的：研究南京迈皋桥社区人群甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）的流行特征。方法：采用随机整群抽样方法按全国城市人口普查的年龄构成在南京迈皋桥地区抽取≥20岁,5年之内不会动迁的常驻社区居民。采集空腹血清1540份,测定促甲状腺激素（TSH）、三碘甲状腺游氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）,甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）。结果：（1）南京迈皋桥地区社区人群的临床甲减和亚临床甲减的患病率分别为0.45%,3.96%。（2）男性亚临床甲减的患病率低于女性（P〈0.01）,临床甲减患病率男女之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。（3）男性不同年龄段间临床甲减和亚临床甲减的患病率均无差异（P〉0.05）。女性临床甲减的患病率有随年龄增加而升高的趋势（P=0.02）,50岁以上女性亚临床甲减患病率显著增高（P〈0.01）。结论：与临床甲减相比,南京社区人群的亚临床甲减患病率显著升高,应加强对其随访和早期防治。     

湖北地区普通人群卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染的血清学分析

卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(KSHV)可导致人类产生卡波氏肉瘤(KS),即AIDS病人最为常见的肿瘤.广泛的流行病学研究显示,KSHV的流行与KS相似并呈现明显的地域分布型.为调查KSHV在汉族普通人群中的感染情况,我们以KSHV ORF65编码的小衣壳蛋白(small capsid protein)为抗原,采用酶联免疫(ELISA)分析方法,对湖北地区560例汉族普通人群血清样品进行了KSHV抗体检测.在检测的560份血样中,KSHV抗体总阳性率为5.2%,其中,男性阳性率为5.7%,女性为4.5%.统计学分析显示,KSHV感染率在男女性别上无差异(P=0.542),但与年龄有一定的相关性10岁以下儿童群体较之10岁以上人群KSHV感染率具有显著的统计学差异(P=0.006,OR=6.692,95%CI=1.710-26.198);60岁以上的老年人群KSHV感染率有上升趋势,但无统计学明显差异(P=0.052).上述结果表明,KSHV在这一地区的流行与西方成年人群的感染率相似,但在儿童群体中的相对较高的感染率与一些非洲地区的接近.由此提示在该群体可能存在特殊的传播模式.     

甘肃省1～59岁人群乙型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学调查

为了解甘肃省现阶段乙型肝炎病毒感染的现状,分析乙肝病毒感染血清学指标的变化,采用多阶段整群抽样的方法,抽取5个县区1~59岁人群共2200人进行调查。以ELISA方法对血清标本统一检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果显示,甘肃省1~59岁调查人群HBsAg阳性率为3.59%,抗-HBs和抗-HBc阳性率分别为49.45%、16.33%;HBV总感染率为27.50%。比1992年HBV总感染率下降了36.48%,HBsAg阳性率下降了45.94%;1~4岁儿童HBsAg阳性率仅为1.13%,比1992年(5.34%)下降78.84%。甘肃省1~59岁人群乙肝病毒感染率下降,抗-HBs阳性率升高,尤其在1~4岁儿童变化更为明显;甘肃省乙肝感染逐步呈现由中高流行转向低流行区的趋势;乙肝疫苗免疫取得显著效果。     

湖北地区普通人群卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒感染的血清学分析

卡波氏肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(KSHV)可导致人类产生卡波氏肉瘤(KS),即AIDS病人最为常见的肿瘤。广泛的流行病学研究显示,KSHV的流行与KS相似并呈现明显的地域分布型。为调查KSHV在汉族普通人群中的感染情况,我们以KSHVORF65编码的小衣壳蛋白(smallcapsidprotein)为抗原,采用酶联免疫(ELISA)分析方法,对湖北地区560例汉族普通人群血清样品进行了KSHV抗体检测。在检测的560份血样中,KSHV抗体总阳性率为5.2%,其中,男性阳性率为5.7%,女性为4.5%。统计学分析显示,KSHV感染率在男女性别上无差异(P=0.542),但与年龄有一定的相关性:10岁以下儿童群体较之10岁以上人群KSHV感染率具有显著的统计学差异(P=0.006,OR=6.692,95%CI=1.710-26.198);60岁以上的老年人群KSHV感染率有上升趋势,但无统计学明显差异(P=0.052)。上述结果表明,KSHV在这一地区的流行与西方成年人群的感染率相似,但在儿童群体中的相对较高的感染率与一些非洲地区的接近。由此提示在该群体可能存在特殊的传播模式。     

318例胃癌患者营养状况和幽门螺杆菌感染情况调查

目的：调查胃癌患者营养风险和幽门螺杆菌感染情况,为胃癌临床治疗和营养管理提供指导。方法：于2015年1月—2017年12月搜集十堰市太和医院肿瘤科住院治疗的胃癌患者318例,采用营养风险筛查2002（NRS 2002）评估患者营养风险,采用粪便抗原试验（Hp SAT）检测Hp感染情况。 结果：胃癌患者营养风险发生率49.4%,不同年龄段和TNM分期营养风险发生率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Hp感染率高达90.6%,男性高于女性,Hp感染率随年龄增加而升高（P<0.05）。结论：胃癌患者营养风险发生率和Hp感染率较高,应积极开展营养支持,同时应在正常人种积极进行Hp筛查和根除治疗以预防胃癌的发生。     

职业献血员中庚型肝炎病毒感染状况的分析

为了解职业献血员中庚型肝炎病毒（HGV）的感染状况,应用ELISA法和RT-PCR法进行检测,在10069名职业献血员中有516例抗-HGV阳性,总感染率为5.12%,其中男性感染率5.79%。女性感染率4.45%,甘肃省感染率4.96%,宁夏区感染率5.70%,青海感染率5.67%以及陕西感染率4.91%,年龄18-25岁的感染率4.48%,26-35岁感染率4.87%;36-45岁感染率6.90%;将抗-HGV阳性作RT-PCR,HBsAg,抗HCV检测,其中HGV-RNA阳性362例,HBsAg阳性25例,抗HCV阳性37例,HBsAg和抗-HCV阳性8例,以上说明,在职业献血员中,HGV的感染与性别,地域及年龄无关,与HBV,HCV有重叠感染现象。     

合肥市蜀山区206例艾滋病高危人群HIV、HCV感染情况调查

目的了解合肥市蜀山区艾滋病高危人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染情况,为艾滋病高危人群疾病防治工作提供依据。方法采集合肥市蜀山区206例艾滋病高危人群血清样本,分别运用金标法和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)进行HIV抗体、HCV抗体检测。HIV抗体筛查结果阳性或一阴一阳标本再经蛋白印迹法(WB)确证阳性为最终结果,并对结果和不同人群、年龄、性别的感染情况进行统计分析。结果在206份血清样本中检出HIV抗体阳性17例,阳性率为8.73%;检出HCV抗体阳性21例,阳性率10.19%。合并感染病例2例,占0.97%。结论检测结果提示,在高危人群中存在HIV/HCV流行和传播的风险,因此应持续加强高危人群的监测,有效阻止艾滋病和丙型肝炎的流行和蔓延。     

2013至2017年4 542例泌尿生殖系感染者NG、CT和UU感染特点分析

探讨淋球菌（NG）、沙眼衣原体（CT）和解脲脲原体（UU）三种性传播疾病（STD）病原体在宁夏泌尿生殖系感染者中的感染状况,为临床防治提供参考。选取2013年1月至2017年12月在宁夏医科大学总医院就诊的患者4 542例,其中男性3 561例,女性981例,应用实时荧光PCR法检测上述病原体,并分析结果。3种病原体总感染率为26.51%（1 204/4 542）,NG、CT、UU单一病原体感染率分别为26.31%、15.21%和35.70%,男、女感染率分别为23.48%和37.51%,感染率有性别差异（P＜0.01）,NG、CT感染率男性显著高于女性,UU感染率女性显著高于男性;混合感染率为3.32%（151/4 542）,男、女混合感染率分别为3.82%和153%,主要以CT+UU为主,NG+UU次之;从年龄分布来说,男性≤20岁年龄段感染率最高,女性21～30岁年龄段感染率最高;5年来NG、CT和UU感染率呈上升趋势。泌尿生殖系感染者中NG、CT、UU感染情况严重,男性易感NG和CT,女性易感UU,同时,混合感染也较常见,提示应同时检测多种病原体以防漏检。     

北京血站献血员戊型肝炎流行病学调查

为了解献血员戊型肝炎感染情况,对2002年7～8月向北京市血液中心义务献血的所有人员进行整群抽样并抽血,应用ELISA检测戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)IgG的感染率.结果发现:北京献血员HEV IgG总感染率为26.59%,性别、年龄、省份分布存在着差别,男性比女性感染率高,年龄越大感染率越高,来自高感染省份者感染率也高,但ALT与HEV IgG感染无关.因此,男性、年龄大、来自高感染省份具有较高的HEV感染风险,进一步研究献血员的亚临床感染对HEV的输血安全性具有重要意义.     

Hepatitis E virus infection in two different regions of Indonesia with identification of swine HEV genotype 3

Hepatitis E is an emerging disease with a high incidence globally. Few data are available on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Indonesia. To obtain molecular information on HEV infection in two regions of Indonesia with different customs and swine breeding conditions, serum samples from 137 swine farm workers, 100 blood donors and 100 swine (27 fecal samples also obtained) in Yogyakarta (Central Java) and from 12 and 64 swine farm workers, 42 and 135 local residents and 89 and 119 swine in Tulungagung (East Java) and Mengwi (Bali), respectively, from our previous study, were compared. Serological tests for anti‐HEV antibodies by ELISA, HEV‐RNA detection by RT‐PCR and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The total prevalence of anti‐HEV antibodies in humans was higher in Bali (11.6%) than in Java (5.1%; P = 0.015). No significant differences in anti‐HEV prevalence among swine farm workers and local residents in Java were found. The finding of swine HEV genotype 3 in specimens from Yogyakarta and genotype 4 from Tulungagung and Bali is somewhat different from other reports. We suggest other factors in addition to close contact with swine might play an important role in HEV transmission of non‐endemic/related custom groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on swine HEV genotype 3 in Indonesia.     

Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in riverine communities from the Western Region of the Brazilian Amazon Basin.

The western region of the Brazilian Amazon Basin has long been shown to be a highly endemic area for hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses. Data concerning the prevalence of hepatitis C and E viruses in this region are still scarce. In this study we investigated the presence of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses infection in communities that live along the Purus and Acre rivers in the states of Acre and Amazonas within the Amazon Basin. A total of 349 blood samples were collected and tested for hepatitis A-E serological markers (antibodies and/or antigens) using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Anti-HCV positive sera were further assayed by an immunoblot. HBsAg positive sera were subtyped by immunodifusion. The overall prevalence for hepatitis A, B, C, and E were 93.7%, 66.1%, 1.7%, and 4%, respectively. A very high prevalence of delta hepatitis (66.6%) was found among HBsAg positive subjects. Hepatitis A, B and D viruses were shown to be largely disseminated in this population, while hepatitis C and E viruses infection presented low prevalence rates in this region. The analysis of risk factors for HBV infection demonstrated that transmission was closely associated with sexual activity.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection among leprosy patients in a leprosy-endemic region of central Brazil

Leprosy and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are highly endemic in some regions of the state of Mato Grosso, in central Brazil. The association of leprosy with HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was assessed using a seroprevalence study and 191 leprosy outpatients were included. Demographic data and the clinical classification of leprosy were recorded. Evidence of previous HBV infection was present in 53 patients (27.7%, 95% confidence interval: 21.9-34.5) and two (1%) were HBsAg positive. Five (2.6%) had antibodies to HCV. The prevalence of previous exposure to HBV was higher than expected for an adult population in central Brazil. In contrast, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was not much higher regarding the age range of participants. HBV markers were associated with a higher number of sex partners and the use of injections without proper sterilisation of the syringes. The number of HBV carriers was small, suggesting that there was no increased likelihood of chronification among these patients.     

Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in individuals exposed to swine in Mato Grosso, Brazil

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies (anti-HEV) among individuals exposed to swine in the rural areas of the state of Mato Grosso (MT) in Brazil. The study included 310 participants who had an average age of 39 years. Fifty-one per cent of the participants were female and 26 (8.4%) were anti-HEV-positive. Concomitantly, we studied 101 blood donors from the urban area of the state capital who had never lived in a rural area or handled swine. Four per cent (4%) of these individuals were anti-HEV-positive (p = 0.206). When we compared the anti-HEV-positive participants who had been exposed to swine with the anti-HEV-negative participants, we noticed associations between the presence of anti-HEV and increased age, a history of blood transfusions and contact with other farm animals. However, after a multivariate analysis was performed, this association was not confirmed. Finally, the ratio of anti-HEV-positive individuals who had been exposed to swine in rural MT was similar to that found in previous studies in Brazil. This prevalence did not characterise this type of exposure as a risk factor for HEV infection in this region.     

High Prevalence of HIV-1 CRF01_AE Viruses among Female Commercial Sex Workers Residing in Surabaya,Indonesia

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cause serious health problems and have an impact on the Indonesian economy. In addition, the rapid epidemic growth of HIV is continuing in Indonesia. Commercial sex plays a significant role in the spread of HIV; therefore, in order to reveal the current HIV prevalence rate among commercial sex workers (CSWs), we conducted an epidemiological study on HIV infection among CSWs residing in Surabaya, the capital of East Java province of Indonesia with large communities of CSWs.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The prevalence of HIV infection among 200 CSWs was studied. In addition, the subtype of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and the prevalence of other blood-borne viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus C (GBV-C), were studied. The prevalence rates of HIV, hepatitis B core antibody, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV antibodies and anti-GBV-C antibodies were 11%, 64%, 4%, 0.5% and 0% among CSWs involved in this study, respectively. HIV-1 CRF01_AE viral gene fragments were detected in most HIV-positive samples. In addition, most CSWs showed low awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and had unprotected sex with their clients.

Conclusions/Significance

The HIV prevalence rate among CSWs was significantly higher than that among the general population in Indonesia (0.2–0.4%). In addition, CSWs were at a high risk of exposure to HBV, although chronic HBV infection was less frequently established. Our results suggest the necessity of efficient prevention programs for HIV and other blood-borne viral infections among CSWs in Surabaya, Indonesia.     

Longitudinal study of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from integrated multisite cohorts of humans and swine

In a 3-year longitudinal study, we examined the relationship between the seasonal prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) Escherichia coli isolates from human wastewater and swine fecal samples and the following risk factors: the host species, the production type (swine), the vocation (human swine workers, non-swine workers, and slaughter plant workers), and the season, in a multisite, vertically integrated swine and human population representative of a closed agri-food system. Human and swine E. coli (n = 4,048 and 3,429, respectively) isolates from wastewater and fecal samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, using the Sensititre broth microdilution system. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among AR E. coli prevalence levels of (i) the host species, in which swine isolates were at higher risk for resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin; (ii) the swine production group, in which purchased boars, nursery piglets, and breeding boars isolates had a higher risk of resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline; and iii) the vocation cohorts, in which swine worker cohort isolates exhibited lower sulfisoxazole and cefoxitin prevalence than the non-swine worker cohorts, while the slaughter plant worker cohort isolates exhibited elevated cefoxitin prevalence compared to that of non-swine workers. While a high variability was observed among seasonal samples over the 3-year period, no significant temporal trends were apparent. There were significant differences in the prevalence levels of multidrug-resistant isolates between host species, with swine at a higher risk of carrying multidrug-resistant strains than humans. Considering vocation, slaughter plant workers were at higher risk of exhibiting multidrug-resistant E. coli than non-swine workers.     

Prevalence and determinants of antibodies to hepatitis C virus and markers for hepatitis B virus infection in patients with HIV infection in Aquitaine. Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus and serological markers for hepatitis B virus infection in patients with HIV. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: Aquitaine, southwestern France, 1991-94. SUBJECTS: 1935 HIV positive patients seen at least once since June 1991. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus were detected by second or third generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) and markers for hepatitis B virus detected by ELISA. RESULTS: The prevalence was 42.5% (823) for antibodies to hepatitis C virus, 56.4 (507) for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen, 6.9% (133) for hepatitis B surface antigen, 30.2% (584) for antibodies to hepatitis B core and surface antigen with no detectable surface antigen, 26.2% (507) for antibodies to core antigen only, and 4.8% (92) for antibodies to surface antigen only. The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus was 86.1% (726/843) in subjects who had bloodborne HIV infection and 7.3% (66/899) in those with sexually acquired infection. The prevalence of markers for hepatitis B was higher among homosexuals than in the other groups of patients, except for antibodies to surface antigen alone. The relation between markers for hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus was negative among men but positive among women. CONCLUSIONS: The results favour the hypothesis that hepatitis C virus is sexually transmitted much less commonly than either HIV or hepatitis B virus.     

Socio demographic and lifestyle factors of metabolic syndrome among adult rural indigenous Malaysian population from Perak State,Malaysia

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of known disorders that increase the risk for morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of MetS using Adult Treatment Panel 3 (ATP 3) classification and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors contributing to metabolic syndrome among rural indigenous Malaysian population from Perak state, Malaysia which included 148 rural Malay and 145 Orang Asli(OA) individuals. This community based cross-sectional study revealed that the prevalence of MetS was significantly higher among Malays (27.7%) as compared to Orang Aslis (13.8%). Overall Prevalence of Metabolic syndrome in the rural indigenous Malaysian population was 20.8%. Prevalence of abdominal obesity and high blood pressure were significantly higher among Malays as compared to OA population. Metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among those above 45 years of age group in overall rural indigenous Malaysian population and among OA. The prevalence of MetS was significantly higher among those who were obese and overweight and among Malays who were regularly taking snacks between meals. There was no significant association between other dietary risk factors, smoking, alcohol use or physical activity with metabolic syndrome.     

Metabolic syndrome in Yup'ik Eskimos: the Center for Alaska Native Health Research (CANHR) Study

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its defining components among Yup'ik Eskimos. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study design that included 710 adult Yup'ik Eskimos ≥18 years of age residing in 8 communities in Southwest Alaska. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the recently updated Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study cohort was 14.7%, and varied by sex with 8.6% of the men and 19.8% of the women having metabolic syndrome. This is lower than the prevalence of 23.9% in the general U.S. adult population. The most common metabolic syndrome components/risk factors were increased waist circumference and elevated blood glucose. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in Yup'ik Eskimos were significantly higher, and triglycerides lower than levels reported in National Health and Nutritional Examination III. Discussion: Compared with other populations, metabolic syndrome is relatively uncommon in Yup'ik Eskimos. The higher prevalence among Yup'ik women is primarily explained by their large waist circumference, suggesting central body fat accumulation. Further increases in metabolic syndrome risk factors among Yup'ik Eskimos could lead to increases in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, once rare in this population.     

Seroepidemiological markers of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis A and E in individuals living in a community located in the North Area of Rio de Janeiro,RJ, Brazil

We investigated the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in subjects living in the community of Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and assisted at the Health Unit of Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Funda??o Oswaldo Cruz. After formal consent, individuals were submitted to an interview using a standardized questionnaire. Anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies were detected by ELISA. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Epi-Info 6.04b software, to investigate possible associations between serological markers and risk factors. Results were regarded as significant when p value < 0.05. Although a high prevalence of anti-HAV was observed (87%), almost 50% of subjects under the age of 10 were susceptible to HAV infection, an unexpected rate in endemic areas. This fact could be attributed to improvements in environmental sanitation, occurring in this area in the last years. The increasing proportion of susceptible people may result in outbreaks of HAV infection, since the virus still circulates in this area, as verified by the detection of anti-HAV IgM in some individuals. No statistical association was met between HAV infection and the risk factors here assessed. The anti-HEV IgG prevalence found in this population was 2.4%, consistent with the one found in non-endemic areas.