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1.
Eretmocerus sp. nr. furuhashii (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an indigenous parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from southern China; the effects of constant temperatures on the life history of E. sp. nr. furuhashii were examined in the laboratory. The developmental period ranged from 39.2 days at 20°C to 12.40 days at 32°C. A total of
263.4 degree-days were required to complete development with a lower developmental threshold temperature of 11.1°C. Of the
eggs produced, 59.3% completed development at 20°C with completion increasing to 71.5% at 26°C. Adult female longevity was
10.8 days at 20°C and 5.2 days at 32°C while the mean daily offspring reproduced per female was highest at 29°C with 5.9 offspring.
Adult oviposition peaked three days after emergence at 26, 29 and 32°C, and four days post-emergence at 20°C and 23°C. The
total numbers of offspring produced per female ranged from 25.7 individuals at 32°C to 41.1 individuals at 20°C. The sex ratio
had a female bias and ranged from 0.72 at 17°C to 0.51 at 35°C. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.1727 at 29°C followed
with 0.1606 at 32°C. Results indicated that E. sp. nr. furuhashii reaches its maximum biological potential at temperatures ranging from 26°C to 32°C. 相似文献
2.
Shreenath Prasad Anurag Misra Ved Prakash Jangir Abhishek Awasthi Jog Raj Tek Chand Bhalla 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(3):345-353
Rhodococcus sp. NDB 1165, a nitrile-transforming organism was isolated from temperate forest soil of Himalayas. The nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.2)
activity of this organism had higher substrate specificity toward aromatic nitriles (benzonitrile, 3-cyanopyridine and 4-cyanopyridine)
and unsaturated aliphatic nitrile (acrylonitrile) in comparison to saturated aliphatic nitriles (acetonitrile, propionitrile,
butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile) nitrile and arylacetonitrile (phenylacetonitrile and indole-3-acetonitrile). The nitrilase
of Rhodococcus sp. NDB 1165 was inducible in nature and propionitrile proved to be an efficient inducer. However, the salts of ferrous and
cobalt ions had an inhibitory effect. Under optimized reaction conditions (pH 8.0 and temperature 45°C) the nitrilase activity
of this organism was 2.39 ± 0.07 U/mg dry cell mass (dcm). The half-life of this enzyme was 150 min and 40 min at 45°C and
50°C respectively. However, it was quite stable at 40°C and around 58 % activity was retained even after 6 h at this temperature.
The V
max and K
m value of this nitrilase were 1.67 μmol/ml min and 0.1 M respectively using 3-cyanopyridine as substrate. However, the decrease
in V
max and K
m values (0.56 μmol/ml min and 0.02 M, respectively) were ␣observed at >0.05 M 3-cyanopyridine which revealed that this enzyme
experienced uncompetitive inhibition at higher substrate concentrations. Under optimized reaction conditions, 1.6 M 3-cyanopyridine
was successfully converted in to nicotinic acid using 2.0 mg resting cells (dcm)/ml reaction mixture in 11 h. This is the
highest production of nicotinic acid i.e. 8.95 mg/mg resting cells (dcm)/h as compared to nitrilase systems reported hitherto. 相似文献
3.
Bin Zhang DanDan Jiang WenWen Zhou HuaKun Hao TianGui Niu 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(4):583-590
A new native feather-degrading bacterium has been isolated from the faeces of the agamid lizard Calotes versicolor, collected from the Beijing Zoo in China. The isolate, which has been identified as Bacillus sp. 50-3 based on morphological and biochemical and 16S rDNA tests, was shown to degrade native feather completely at 37°C
and pH 7.0 within 36 h when using chicken feathers as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Bacillus sp. 50-3 presented optimum growth at 37°C and pH 7.0 in feather meal medium. Under these conditions, the maximum keratinase
activity (680 ± 25 U/ml) was also achieved. The keratinase of Bacillus sp. 50-3 was active over a broad range of pH values and temperatures toward azokeratin, and presented an optimum pH and temperature
of 10.0 and 60°C, respectively. Furthermore, it was relatively heat-and alkali-stable. Inhibitor studies showed that it seemed
to belong to the serine-metalloprotease type. Therefore, the enzyme from Bacillus sp. 50-3 is a novel, high alkaline keratinase, suggesting its potential use in biotechnological processes. 相似文献
4.
Bacillus
thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki BUPM255 secretes a chitobiosidase Chi255 having an expected molecular weight of 70.665 kDa. When the corresponding gene,
chi255, was expressed in E. coli, the active form, extracted from the periplasmic fraction of E. coli/pBADchi255, was of about 54 kDa, which suggested that Chi255 was excessively degraded by the action of E. coli proteases. Therefore, in vitro progressive C-terminal Chi255 deleted derivatives were constructed in order to study their
stability and their activity in E. coli. Interestingly, when the chitin binding domain (CBD) was deleted from Chi255, an active form (Chi2555Δ5) of expected size
of about 60 kDa was extracted from the E. coli periplasmic fraction, without the observation of any proteolytic degradation. Compared to Chi255, Chi255Δ5 exhibited a higher
chitinase activity on colloidal chitin. Both of the enzymes exhibit activities at broad pH and temperature ranges with maximal
enzyme activities at pH 5 and pH 6 and at temperatures 50°C and 40°C, respectively for Chi255 and Chi255Δ5. Thus, it was concluded
that the C-terminal deletion of Chi255 CBD might be a nice tool for avoiding the excessive chitinase degradation, observed
in the native chitinase, and for improving its activity. 相似文献
5.
Fecundity and feeding of two introduced sibling biological control species, Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) were compared at constant temperatures of 12.5, 15, 20, 25, and 27.5 °C. Larval feeding was also carried
out at 30 °C, but at this temperature, larvae developed only to the L2 stage and none pupated. Thus, data for this temperature
were not used in the analysis. There were significant species × temperature interactions in fecundity. Of the two species,
Galerucella pusilla laid more eggs. Although egg production of both species was lowest at 12.5 °C and increased to 20 °C, at higher temperatures,
the two species reacted differently. From 25 to 27.5 °C, egg production decreased for G. pusilla, but G. calmariensis fecundity peaked at 27.5 °C. Significant temperature × species × life-stage interactions were also observed in feeding.
For each species, the amount of feeding varied with temperature and stage of development. Galerucella pusilla adults consumed more foliage at 15, 20, and 27.5 °C. However, at 12.5 °C G. calmariensis adults fed more than G. pusilla. G. pusilla larvae consumed an average of 25% less foliage than G. calmariensis. The lower larval consumption of G. pusilla suggests that when food is limited, G. pusilla larvae may have a higher survival rate because of its ability to complete larval development with less food and produce more
progeny due to its greater fecundity. When food is not limited neither species would have a competitive advantage and both
species could coexist temporally and spatially. However, since G. calmariensis larvae consumed more leaf material, the larval stage of this species would have a greater impact on purple loosestrife than
G. pusilla. 相似文献
6.
Butyramide is an important chemical commodity, which is used for the synthesis of hydroxamic acids and electrorheological
fluids and for the preparation of β-amodoorganotin compounds. The nitrile hydratase (Nhase) of Rhodococcus rhodochrous PA-34 catalyzed the conversion of butyronitrile to butyramide. The maximum Nhase activity [18 U/mg dry cell weight (dcw)]
of whole cells of R. rhodochrous PA-34 was observed at pH 7.0 with 10% (v/v) butyronitrile and 1 mg cells (dcw)/ml reaction mixture at 10°C. The cells of
R. rhodochrous PA-34 retained almost 50% activity when incubated for 1 h in the presence of 85% (v/v) butyronitrile. A yield of 597 g of
butyramide (6.8 M) was obtained using 60% (v/v) butyronitrile, 1 g cells (dry weight) in a 1-l batch reaction at 10°C for
6 h. 相似文献
7.
Anaerobic fungi belonging to the family Neocallimastigaceae are native inhabitants in the rumen of the most herbivores, such
as cattle, sheep and goats. A member of this unique group, Neocallimastix sp. GMLF2 was isolated from cattle feces and screened for its xylanase encoding gene using polymerase chain reaction. The
gene coding for a xylanase (xyn2A) was cloned in Escherichia coli and expression was monitored. To determine the enzyme activity, assays were conducted for both fungal xylanase and cloned
xylanase (Xyl2A) for supernatant and cell-associated activities. Optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were found to be
6.5 and 50°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at 40°C and 50°C for 20 min but lost most of its activity when temperature
reached 60°C for 5-min incubation time. Rumen fungal xylanase was mainly released to the supernatant of culture, while cloned
xylanase activity was found as cell-associated. Multiple alignment of the amino acid sequences of Xyl2A with published xylanases
from various organisms suggested that Xyl2A belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 11. 相似文献
8.
Twenty-three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sokorin and three isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) were assessed for their virulence against the two-spotted
spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Based on the screening results, nine isolates of M. anisopliae and two isolates of B. bassiana were tested for their virulence against young adult (1- to 2-day-old) female T. urticae at constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. At all temperatures tested, all the fungal isolates were pathogenic to T. urticae but mortality varied with isolates and temperatures. Fungal isolates were more virulent at 25, 30 and 35°C than at 20°C.
The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) and lethal time to 90% mortality (LT90) values decreased with increased temperature. There were no significant differences in virulence between fungal isolates
at 30 and 35°C; however, significant differences were observed at 20 and 25°C. 相似文献
9.
Erkang Yin Yilin Le Jianjun Pei Weilan Shao Qiyin Yang 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(2):275-280
According to the amino acid sequence, a codon-optimized xylanase gene (xynA1) from Thermomyces lanuginosus DSM 5826 was synthesized to construct the expression vector pHsh-xynA1. After optimization of the mRNA secondary structure in the translational initiation region of pHsh-xynA1, free energy of the 70 nt was changed from −6.56 to −4.96 cal/mol, and the spacing between AUG and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
was decreased from 15 to 8 nt. The expression level was increased from 1.3 to 13% of total cell protein. A maximum xylanase
activity of 47.1 U/mL was obtained from cellular extract. The recombinant enzyme was purified 21.5-fold from the cellular
extract of Escherichia coli by heat treatment, DEAE-Sepharose FF column and t-Butyl-HIC column. The optimal temperature and pH were 65 °C and pH 6.0,
respectively. The purified enzyme was stable for 30 min over the pH range of 5.0–8.0 at 60 °C, and had a half-life of 3 h
at 65 °C. 相似文献
10.
Luana Quassinti Daniela Pellegrino Filippo Garofalo Ennio Maccari Massimo Bramucci 《Polar Biology》2009,32(5):673-677
Biochemical parameters of the angiotensin converting enzyme-like activity (ACELA) in the gills of two Antarctic teleosts,
Chionodraco hamatus and Trematomus bernacchii were characterized. Enzymatic activity was revealed following hydrolysis of a specific substrate of angiotensin-converting
enzyme N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]l-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine (FAPGG) and metabolites were separated by reverse phase HPLC analysis. The results showed similar
Km values for the substrate FAPGG at 5°C for the two species with an increase of Km value for T. bernacchii at 25°C. The optimum pH value was 8.5 at 25°C and optimum chloride concentrations were about 300 mM. In T. bernacchii the optimum temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 50°C, while maximum activity in C. hamatus occurred at 35°C. Lisinopril was more efficient in inhibiting ACELA in C. hamatus with an I
50 value of 16.83 ± 5.11 nM, compared to an I
50 value of 30.66 ± 5.19 nM in T. bernacchii. In conclusion, it appears that some biochemical parameters of ACELA in C. hamatus differ from those in T. bernacchii, probably due to different ways that the enzyme adapts to the constantly cold temperatures of the animal’s environment. 相似文献
11.
The rpiB gene, encoding ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RpiB) from Clostridium thermocellum, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. RpiB converted d-psicose into d-allose but it did not convert d-xylose, l-rhamnose, d-altrose or d-galactose. The production of d-allose by RpiB was maximal at pH 7.5 and 65°C for 30 min. The half-lives of the enzyme at 50°C and 65°C were 96 h and 4.7 h,
respectively. Under stable conditions of pH 7.5 and 50°C, 165 g d-allose l−1
was produced without by-products from 500 g d-psicose l−1 after 6 h. 相似文献
12.
Durban MA Silbersack J Schweder T Schauer F Bornscheuer UT 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,74(3):634-639
Twenty-two Bacillus cereus strains were screened for phospholipase C (PLC, EC 3.1.4.3) activity using p-nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine as a substrate. Two strains (B. cereus SBUG 318 and SBUG 516) showed high activity at elevated temperatures (>70°C) at acidic pH (pH 3.5–6) and were selected for
cloning and functional expression using Bacillus subtilis. The genes were amplified from B. cereus DNA using primers based on a known PLC sequence and cloned into the expression vector pMSE3 followed by transformation into
B. subtilis WB800. On the amino acid level, one protein (PLC318) was identical to a PLC described from B. cereus, whereas PLC516 contained an amino acid substitution (E173D). PLC production using the recombinant strains was performed
by an acetoin-controlled expression system. For PLC516, 13.7 U g−1 wet cell weight was determined in the culture supernatant after 30 h cultivation time. Three purification steps resulted
in pure PLC516 with a specific activity of 13,190 U mg−1 protein. 相似文献
13.
An N-acetylglucosaminidase produced by Streptomyces cerradoensis was partially purified giving, by SDS-PAGE analysis, two main protein bands with Mr of 58.9 and 56.4 kDa. The Km and Vmax values for the enzyme using p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide as substrate were of 0.13 mM and 1.95 U mg−1 protein, respectively. The enzyme was optimally activity at pH 5.5 and at 50 °C when assayed over 10 min. Enzyme activity
was strongly inhibited by Cu2+ and Hg2+ at 10 mM, and was specific to substrates containing acetamide groups such as p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosaminide and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-N,N′-diacetylchitobiose. 相似文献
14.
Elaine O’Connell Patrick Murray Charles Piggott Franck Hennequart Maria Tuohy 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):557-565
A β-N-acetylglucosaminidase produced by a novel fungal source, the moderately thermophilic aerobic ascomycete Talaromyces emersonii, was purified to apparent homogeneity. Submerged fermentation of T. emersonii, in liquid medium containing algal fucoidan as the main carbon source, yielded significant amounts of extracellular N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. The N-acetylglucosaminidase present in the culture-supernatant was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and preparative
electrophoresis. The enzyme is a dimer with molecular weight and pI values of 140 and 3.85, respectively. Substrate specificity
studies confirmed the glycan specificity of the enzyme for N-acetylglucosamine. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed during enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the fluorescent substrate
methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminide at 50°C, pH 5.0 (Km value of 0.5 mM). The purified N-acetylglucosaminidase displayed activity over broad ranges of pH and temperature, yielding respective optimum values of pH
5.0 and 75°C. The T. emersonii enzyme was less susceptible to inhibition by N-acetylglucosamine and other related sugars than orthologs from other sources. The enzyme was sensitive to Hg2+, Co2+ and Fe3+. 相似文献
15.
Yin Li Zhiqiang Liu Fengjie Cui Yingying Xu Hui Zhao 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(6):837-843
A new strain of Penicillium sp. ZH-30 that produces xylanase was isolated from soil. According to the morphology and comparison of internal transcribed
spacer (ITS) rDNA gene sequence, the strain Penicillium sp. ZH-30 was identified as a strain of Penicillium oxalicum. When xylan or wheat bran was used as substrate at 30°C for 3 days under submerged cultivation, xylanase production was 5.3
and 13.3 U ml−1, respectively. The temperature and pH for optimum activity were 50°C and 5.0–6.0, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Studies were conducted to elucidate the nature of drought tolerance in the bacterium Rhizobium sp. NBRI2505 sesbania and its transposon Tn5 induced mutant to assess the role of salt, pH, and temperature stresses in contributing to drought tolerance, and to correlate
drought tolerance and symbiotic effectiveness. Rhizobium sp. NBRI2505 sesbania tolerated yeast extract mannitol broth (YEB) containing 28% salt (NaCl; wt/vol) for up to 18 h of incubation at 30°C, survived
a 2-h incubation in YEB at 65°C, and when subjected to drought stress, tolerated YEB containing 45% polyethylene glycol 6000
(PEG; wt/vol) for up to 5 days of incubation at 30°C. One drought-sensitive mutant Rhizobium sp. NBRI2505 sesbania T112 (T112) containing a single Tn5 insertion was selected after screening about 10,000 clones. T112 was specifically defective in its tolerance for drought:
when subjected to drought stress, it tolerated YEB containing 45% PEG for up to 2 days of incubation at 30°C. T122 mutant
was also more sensitive to the heat and desiccation stresses, compared with Rhizobium sp. NBRI2505 sesbania in the presence of 45% PEG. Our results demonstrated a positive effect of calcium on the survival of Rhizobium sp. sesbania under acidic stress conditions. The observed enhanced survival at pH 3 of Rhizobium sp. NBRI2505 sesbania and T112 in the presence of 5% CaCO3 suggests the requirement of calcium for growth and survival, which may have an ecological significance in acidic soils. Mutant
strain T112 produced ineffective symbiosis with the plant host in the presence of 2.5 and 5% PEG, indicating that drought
tolerance is required for effective symbiosis.
Received: 11 January 2002 / Accepted: 18 February 2002 相似文献
17.
Iryna Sorokulova April Krumnow Ludmila Globa Vitaly Vodyanoy 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2009,36(8):1123-1126
Two bacterial cultures were isolated and tested for degradation of shrimp shell waste. According to morphological examination,
physiological tests, and applied molecular techniques, isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Both strains were cultivated separately in flasks with 100 mL of shrimp shell waste broth (3% of washed, dried and ground
shrimp shell waste in tap water, pH 7.0) at 37°C. At determined periods of time, deproteinization and demineralization of
residuals were measured. Fermentation of 3% shell waste with B. cereus indicated 97.1% deproteinization and 95% demineralization. For E. acetylicum, the level of deproteinization and demineralization was 92.8 and 92%, respectively. Protein content was reduced from 18.7
to 5.3% with B. cereus and to 7.3% with E. acetylicum. No additional supplements were used during the fermentation of shell waste. B. cereus strain showed higher efficacy in decomposition of shell waste and was used for large-scale fermentation in 12 L of 10% shrimp
shell waste broth. Incubation of bacteria with shell waste during 14 days at 37°C resulted in 78.6% deproteinization and 73%
demineralization. High activity of isolated cultures in decomposition of shrimp shell waste suggests broad potential for application
of these bacteria in environmentally friendly approaches to chitin extraction from chitin-rich wastes. 相似文献
18.
Deok-Kun Oh Nam-Hee Kim Hye-Jung Kim Chang-Su Park Seon Won Kim Minsu Ko Bueng Wan Park Min Ho Jung Ki-Hong Yoon 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(4):559-563
Sinorhizobium sp., which can convert d-fructose into d-psicose, was isolated from soil. The optimal pH, temperature, and cell concentration for d-psicose production with the isolated strain were 8.5, 40°C, and 60 mg/ml, respectively. The toluene-treated cells showed
2.5- and 4.8-fold increases in the d-psicose concentration and productivity compared with untreated washed cells. Under the optimal conditions, the toluene-treated
cells produced 37 g d-psicose/l from 70% (w/v) (3.9 M) d-fructose after 15 h. 相似文献
19.
A moderately halophilic alkalitolerant Bacillus sp. Strain TSCVKK, with an ability to produce extracellular halophilic, alkalitolerant, surfactant, and detergent-stable alpha-amylase was
isolated from soil samples obtained from a salt-manufacturing industry in Chennai. The culture conditions for higher amylase
production were optimized with respect to NaCl, substrate, pH, and temperature. Maximum amylase production of 592 mU/ml was
achieved in the medium at 48 h with 10% NaCl, 1% dextrin, 0.4% yeast extract, 0.2% tryptone, and 0.2% CaCl2 at pH 8.0 at 30 °C. The enzyme activity in the culture supernatant was highest with 10% NaCl at pH 7.5 and 55 °C. The amylase
that was partially purified by acetone precipitation was highly stable in various surfactants and detergents. Glucose, maltose,
and maltooligosaccharides were the main end products of starch hydrolysis indicating that it is an alpha-amylase. 相似文献
20.
C. R. Tremacoldi R. Monti H. S. Selistre-De-Araújo E. C. Carmona 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2007,23(2):295-299
An extracellular alkaline serine protease has been purified from a strain of Aspergillus clavatus, to apparent homogeneity, by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G-75. Its molar mass, estimated
by SDS-PAGE, was 35 kDa. Maximum protease activity was observed at pH 9.5 and 40°C. The enzyme was active between pH 6.0 and
11.0 and was found to be unstable up to 50°C. Calcium at 5 mM increased its thermal stability. The protease was strongly inhibited
by PMSF and chymostatin as well as by SDS, Tween 80 and carbonate ion. Substrate specificity was observed with N-p-Tos-Gly-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide and N-Suc-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide being active substates. Parts of the amino acid sequence were up to 81% homologous with those of several fungal
alkaline serine proteases. 相似文献