三角梅属植物的生物学研究进展

三角梅属（Bougainvillea）属于紫茉莉科（Nyctaginaceae）,有14个种。该文综述了三角梅属植物的生物学特性,展望了该属植物在增进人类健康、丰富精神生活以及保护环境等方面的应用前景。三角梅属植物因其苞片的形态色彩以及植株形态的变化而具有独特的观赏价值。三角梅属植物不仅作为花卉备受关注,近年来,有关三角梅其它应用价值的研究使人们对其有了新的认识。从三角梅叶片中分离得到具有类胰岛素功能的松醇（D-pinitol）对替代胰岛素治疗糖尿病以及减轻胰岛素疗法带来的副作用具有重要意义。研究还表明,三角梅叶片和根中至少含有2种抗病毒蛋白——BAPI和Bouganin,它们对于多种植物病毒具有不同程度的抑制作用。这些研究结果对于开发低毒高效的生物农药具有十分积极的意义。三角梅还是研究甜菜色素代谢的重要模式植物之一,其甜菜色素的种类和含量之丰富为开发安全的天然食用色素开辟了广阔的前景。这些相关研究展示了三角梅作为资源植物的多元价值,为进一步开发三角梅的观赏、医药、生物农药价值和作为天然食用色素以及发挥环境修复作用提供了充分的科学依据。     

植物甜菜色素的研究进展

天然植物色素的存在使植物呈现出缤纷的色彩。甜菜色素是四大类天然植物色素之一,主要存在于石竹目某些科属植物中,使植物呈现出红色至黄色的多种色彩。作为一种重要的次生代谢产物,甜菜色素在植物中不仅起呈色的作用,同时也是一种重要的渗透调节物质,在植物适应逆境的过程中发挥着重要作用。在实际应用中,甜菜色素既可作为食品、药品的着色剂,同时因其良好的抗氧化能力,还具有一定的药用功效。从甜菜色素的理化性质、生物合成、提取工艺、应用前景等方面对其研究进展进行了综述。     

植物中甜菜色素的研究进展

甜菜色素是一类主要存在于石竹目植物中的天然植物色素，分为甜菜红素和甜菜黄素。甜菜色素不仅具有吸引昆虫授粉的作用，还可以作为一种重要的渗透调节物质和非酶促抗氧化剂来帮助植物抵抗逆境，维持植物体内正常的生理活动。甜菜色素生物合成途径独特，具有重要的医疗保健价值，目前已被广泛用于食品、药物和化妆品中。本文结合国内外最新研究进展，从理化性质、合成途径、生物学功能和应用价值等方面对甜菜色素进行了介绍，重点阐述了甜菜色素和花青素的关系以及光照对甜菜色素生物合成的影响，以期为进一步深入了解甜菜色素和开发利用甜菜色素提供参考依据。     

火棘色素理化特性初探

在丰富的天然食用色素资源中,火棘色素将成为崛起的新秀。火棘(Pyracantha SPP)属蔷薇科常绿灌木,主要分布于亚洲东部至欧洲南部。在我国西南、华南、华中及西北等地分布甚广,储量极丰富。火棘色素蕴藏于果皮、果肉中,呈红色或黄色,色泽鲜艳。火棘果可生食或代粮食用。长期食用实践证明,无毒无副作用。研究和开发火棘色素对充分利用野生植物资源,发展经济,开发新的天然食用色素都具有重大意义。但至今国内外尚未见有关     

仙人掌红色素的研究

仙人掌红色素是从仙人掌科(Gactaceae)仙人掌属植物(Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Hawl)的成熟果实中提取的一种天然食用色素。在pH2—8范围内呈鲜艳的紫红色。色素的主要化学成份是甜菜花青素(betacyanines):甜菜甙(betanin)。本色素为水溶性色素,对光、热不稳定,抗坏血酸能提高色素的热稳定性。     

你的花儿为什么这样红

正三角梅花团锦簇,最吸引人的是它色彩缤纷艳丽的"苞片"。三角梅之所以如此绚烂,是因为苞片可以合成一类类似于花青苷的植物次生代谢物——甜菜色素。这类色素包括两种:甜菜红素(betac yanin)和甜菜黄素(betaxanthin)。甜菜红素主要显示红色、紫色、粉色等,甜菜黄素主要表现黄色、橘色等。甜菜色素在自然界的分布并非与花青素平分秋色。自然界绝大多数植物果实和花的颜色是由属于类黄酮的花青苷引起的,只有被子植     

三色(Bougainvillea peruviana‘Thimma’)在转录水平的甜菜色素和类黄酮积累比较

Bougainvillea peruviana‘Thimma’属于三角梅属,该属植物积累甜菜色素而不是像绝大多数高等植物一样积累花青素。该材料特征同株出现3种颜色：白色、洋红色和白/洋红相间。本研究首次使用3种花色特征的花序（红色Yp、混合色的Ym、白色Yw）作为研究材料进行高通量测序。并通过real-time PCR方法对探测到的花色代谢基因进行验证。共获得平均长度为616 bp的73 325条基因。3种材料的差异显示基因（DEGs）中有327个被注释到甜菜色素合成基因,308个被注释到类黄酮合成基因,466个被注释到花青素合成基因。我们选出8个基因：4个甜菜色素合成基因（PPO,CYP76AD1,cDOPA-5-GT,DODA）和4个花青素合成基因（FLS,DFR,LDOX,3-GT）进行验证。其中,4个甜菜色素合成基因在3种花色材料中的表达较好的正相关于甜菜色素含量。花青素合成途径末端的3个基因（DFR,LDOX,3-GT）在B.peruviana中首次被验证。real-time PCR的验证结果很好的吻合转录组测序的结果。同时,B.peruviana也提供了一个很好的三角梅属植物的生理、生化和分子生物学研究的工具,有效的摒除其他生物学干扰。     

三色(Bougainvillea peruviana ‘Thimma’)在转录水平的甜菜色素和类黄酮积累比较（英文）

Bougainvillea peruviana‘Thimma’属于三角梅属,该属植物积累甜菜色素而不是像绝大多数高等植物一样积累花青素。该材料特征同株出现3种颜色:白色、洋红色和白/洋红相间。本研究首次使用3种花色特征的花序(红色Yp、混合色的Ym、白色Yw)作为研究材料进行高通量测序。并通过real-time PCR方法对探测到的花色代谢基因进行验证。共获得平均长度为616 bp的73 325条基因。3种材料的差异显示基因(DEGs)中有327个被注释到甜菜色素合成基因,308个被注释到类黄酮合成基因,466个被注释到花青素合成基因。我们选出8个基因:4个甜菜色素合成基因(PPO,CYP76AD1,c DOPA-5-GT,DODA)和4个花青素合成基因(FLS,DFR,LDOX,3-GT)进行验证。其中,4个甜菜色素合成基因在3种花色材料中的表达较好的正相关于甜菜色素含量。花青素合成途径末端的3个基因(DFR,LDOX,3-GT)在B.peruviana中首次被验证。real-time PCR的验证结果很好的吻合转录组测序的结果。同时,B.peruviana也提供了一个很好的三角梅属植物的生理、生化和分子生物学研究的工具,有效的摒除其他生物学干扰。     

天然植物食用色素的开发利用

限制人工合成食用色素 ,推广使用天然食用色素已势在必行。本文综述了我国天然植物资源开发利用情况和天然食用色素的生产方法 ,并论述了实际开发利用中所面临的问题及对策。     

食用玫瑰的研究进展

玫瑰作为观赏植物和精油植物被广泛种植,但玫瑰花还是一种具有保健功能的花卉,营养丰富,具有很高的食用价值,在食品行业具有广阔前景。本文总结了前人对食用玫瑰的品种、营养价值和在食品中应用等方面的研究成果,并对食用玫瑰花的开发前景进行了展望,以期为食用玫瑰花的深入研究和新产品开发提供参考。     

Betalains in the era of global agri-food science, technology and nutritional health

Natural pigments from plants are of growing interest as substitutes for synthetic dyes in the food and pharmaceutical industry and they increase their added value if they possess positive effects on health. These pigments can be added as such if they are in the legal authorized lists of additives or can be added as phytochemical-enriched plant extract achieving the original product, which has received it, the new nomenclature of functional food. In this way, we comprise on this review a wide point of view of a group of natural pigments known as betalains. From a chemical point of view, betalains are ammonium conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-DOPA (betacyanins, violet) and aminoacids or amines (betaxanthins, orange or yellow), which are compounds present in our diet. Besides and taking into account that one type of betalain, betanin is approved as food colorant (E-162) by the European Union and that enlarges the specific weight of these compounds in the diet, we have evolved an overview from the biosynthesis, technology and promoting production, industrial uses as pigments up to physiological and nutritional biovailability or biological and health-promoting properties of betalains for accessible information to industrials, researchers and consumers.     

Antimicrobial betalains

Betalains are nitrogen-containing plant pigments that can be red-violet (betacyanins) or yellow-orange (betaxanthins), currently employed as natural colourants in the food and cosmetic sectors. Betalains exhibit antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microbes including multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as single-species and dual-species biofilm-producing bacteria, which is highly significant given the current antimicrobial resistance issue reported by The World Health Organization. Research demonstrating antiviral activity against dengue virus, in silico studies including SARS-CoV-2, and anti-fungal effects of betalains highlight the diversity of their antimicrobial properties. Though limited in vivo studies have been conducted, antimalarial and anti-infective activities of betacyanin have been observed in living infection models. Cellular mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of betalains are yet unknown; however existing research has laid the framework for a potentially novel antimicrobial agent. This review covers an overview of betalains as antimicrobial agents and discussions to fully exploit their potential as therapeutic agents to treat infectious diseases.     

Betalain producing cell cultures ofBeta vulgaris L. var. bikores monogerm (red beet)

Summary The betalains are a class of natural pigments comprising the yellow betaxanthins and the violet betacyanins. Callus lines developed fromBeta vulgaris, L. var. bikores monogerm exhibited cell colors ranging from white/green (nonpigmented) through yellow, orange, red, and violet and were representative of all betalain pigments found in the whole plant. The betalains have gained particular interest from the food industry as potential natural alternatives to synthetic food colorants in use today. Red beet extracts (E162), which contain significant amounts of the betacyanins, are currently used in products such as yogurts and ice creams. We describe here the characteristics of culture growth and betalain production for cell suspensions derived from the orange (predominantly betaxanthin-producing) and violet (betacyanin producing) callus lines. The major factors affecting betalain biosynthesis in both cultured and whole plant tissues are reviewed. Presented in the Session-in-Depth Batch Production and Fermentation at the 1991 World Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture, Anaheim, California, June 16–29, 1991.     

A dopamine-based biosynthetic pathway produces decarboxylated betalains in Chenopodium quinoa

Betalains are the nitrogenous pigments that replace anthocyanins in the plant order Caryophyllales. Here, we describe unconventional decarboxylated betalains in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) grains. Decarboxylated betalains are derived from a previously unconsidered activity of the 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase enzyme (DODA), which has been identified as the key enzymatic step in the established biosynthetic pathway of betalains. Here, dopamine is fully characterized as an alternative substrate of the DODA enzyme able to yield an intermediate and structural unit of plant pigments: 6-decarboxy-betalamic acid, which is proposed and described. To characterize this activity, quinoa grains of different colors were analyzed in depth by chromatography, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and reactions were performed in enzymatic assays and bioreactors. The enzymatic-chemical scheme proposed leads to an uncharacterized family of 6-decarboxylated betalains produced by a hitherto unknown enzymatic activity. All intermediate compounds as well as the final products of the dopamine-based biosynthetic pathway of pigments have been unambiguously determined and the reactions have been characterized from the enzymatic and functional perspectives. Results evidence a palette of molecules in quinoa grains of physiological relevance and which explain minor betalains described in plants of the Caryophyllales order. An entire family of betalains is anticipated.

A biosynthetic pathway produces unconventional plant pigments betalains derived from dopamine in quinoa.     

Betalain production in plant in vitro systems

Betalains have been widely used as natural colorants for many centuries, but their attractiveness for use as colorants of foods (or drugs and cosmetics) has increased recently due to their reportedly high anti-oxidative, free radical scavenging activities and concerns about the use of various synthetic alternatives. The main commercial sources of betalains are powders and concentrates of red beet (Beta vulgaris) or cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) extracts. However, in recent years the technical and commercial feasibility of various in vitro systems to produce them biotechnologically has been explored. These research activities have included assessments of novel approaches for cultivating plant cell or tissue cultures, and diverse bioreactor systems for increasing production levels of secondary metabolites. This paper reviews recent progress in plant in vitro systems for producing betalain pigments. In addition, the factors that could be manipulated, the bioreactor systems that could be used, and the strategies that could be applied to improve betalain production are discussed.     

Antihyperlipidemic effect of D-pinitol on streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats

D-pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiroinositol), an active principle of the traditional antidiabetic plant, Bougainvillea spectabilis, is claimed to exert insulin-like effects. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of D-pinitol on lipids and lipoproteins in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Rats were made type II diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain. The levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were significantly increased, and the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly decreased in diabetic rats Oral administration of D-pinitol to STZ-induced diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain. The D-pinitol also lowered significantly (p < 0.05) LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and increased significantly (p < 0.05) HDL cholesterol levels in the serum of diabetic rats. Thus, the present study clearly showed the antihyperlipidemic effect of D-pinitol in STZ-induced type II diabetic rats.     

基于花青素代谢培育蓝色花卉的研究进展

花色是植物吸引昆虫传播花粉的主要因素,对于植物在自然界的生存必不可少,也是观赏植物最重要的性状之一。在蓬勃发展的花卉产业中,色彩各异花卉的培育,可以弥补自然花色的匮乏,但是令人垂涎的蓝色花比较难培育。花色的多样性主要是由花青素及其衍生物的种类和含量等因素决定的,飞燕草色素的合成是形成蓝色花的关键因素,许多植物体内缺少合成飞燕草色素的结构基因。近年来,利用基因工程技术培育蓝色花的研究也时有报道。文中以常见的观赏植物为例,基于花青素代谢调控,从影响飞燕草色素合成的关键因素和不同分子改良途径培育蓝色花等几个方面对植物花朵呈色的机制进行了综述,并展示不同分子育种策略可能在其他领域的应用,为其他植物或经济作物的色泽改良如彩色棉蓝色纤维的培育等提供参考和技术支持。     

Subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. as an ornamental phytostabilizer: An integrated consideration

The effects of Cd stress on the growth and Cd accumulation of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. as an ornamental plant and the related mechanisms were investigated in the study. We studied the impact of Cd on the plant ultrastructure, examined the cellular distribution of Cd, explored the Cd chemical forms and transformation, and determined the organic acid secretion in the plants. The results showed that B. spectabilis could grow well in the Cd treatment groups, and the roots could accumulate high concentration of Cd. The soluble fraction (primarily in the vacuole) as the form of citrate in leaves of B. spectabilis was the major compartment for Cd storage. The citric acid secreted by B. spectabilis played an important role in the detoxification of Cd, as well as the growth of plants and Cd accumulation. As an ornamental plant, B. spectabilis has the potential to be used in the phytostabilization of Cd-contaminated soils and can beautify the environment at the same time.     

病毒诱导的基因沉默技术用于植物色素代谢机制的研究进展

色彩是评价园艺植物观赏性状的重要指标,而植物色素是影响植物色彩表型的关键因子。植物色素及其代谢产物在植物观赏器官颜色形成、植株生长发育调节及对逆境胁迫的响应等方面发挥着重要的作用,是植物研究领域长期关注的热点问题。病毒诱导基因沉默(virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)是利用植物同源依赖性防御机制,特异性降低宿主内源性基因表达的一种重要基因组学工具,能够通过快速诱导植物基因沉默表型的产生,表征基因的功能,为缺乏遗传转化体系的植物的基因功能鉴定提供高效可行的替代方案。本文综述了VIGS技术在植物色素的生物合成、降解和调控机制上的应用现状,并探讨了VIGS技术在探究色素调控机制上的潜力和未来前景,以期进一步完善对不同植物色素的代谢过程和调控机制的理解,为改良植物色彩性状提供参考依据。