Solitary fast magnetosonic waves propagating obliquely to the magnetic field in cold collisionless plasma

Solutions describing solitary fast magnetosonic (FMS) waves (FMS solitons) in cold magnetized plasma are obtained by numerically solving two-fluid hydrodynamic equations. The parameter domain within which steady-state solitary waves can propagate is determined. It is established that the Mach number for rarefaction FMS solitons is always less than unity. The restriction on the propagation velocity leads to the limitation on the amplitudes of the magnetic field components of rarefaction solitons. It is shown that, as the soliton propagates in plasma, the transverse component of its magnetic field rotates and makes a complete turn around the axis along which the soliton propagates.     

Thermodynamic properties of bulk knitted structures

The mechanism of interaction of an external magnetic field with liquid was proposed. The statistical integral and configurational contributions for a free energy, entropy and specific heat for the soliton model of bulk knitted structures in a magnetic field were calculated. It was shown that the concentration of solitons depends on the effect of external fields. In the specific case of bulk knitted structures (liquid water without magnetic field), the theoretical data are consistent with experimental. The memory effects in systems with hydrogen bonds in magnetic field was explained in the framework of the continuum soliton concept.     

Channeling of high-power radio waves under conditions of strong anomalous absorption in the presence of an averaged electron heating source

Strong anomalous absorption of a high-power radio wave by small-scale plasma inhomogeneities in the Earth’s ionosphere can lead to the formation of self-consistent channels (solitons) in which the wave propagates along the magnetic field, but has a soliton-like intensity distribution across the field. The structure of a cylindrical soliton as a function of the wave intensity at the soliton axis is analyzed. Averaged density perturbations leading to wave focusing were calculated using the model proposed earlier by Vas’kov and Gurevich (Geomagn. Aéron. 16, 1112 (1976)), in which an averaged electron heating source was used. It is shown that, under conditions of strong electron recombination, the radii of individual solitons do not exceed 650 m.     

Electromagnetic Radiation Influence on Nonlinear Charge and Energy Transport in Biosystems

The influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on charge and energy transport processes in biological systems is studied in the light of the soliton model. It is shown that in the spectrum of biological effects of EMR there are two frequency resonances corresponding to qualitatively different frequency dependent effects of EMR on solitons. One of them is connected with the quasiresonance dynamic response of solitons to the EMR. At EMR frequencies close to the dynamic resonance frequency the solitons absorb energy from the field and generate intensive vibrational modes in the macromolecule. The second EMR resonance is connected with soliton decay due to the quantum mechanical transition of the system from the bound soliton state into the excited unbound states.     

A look at the possible mechanism and potential of magneto therapy.

A testable theoretical model for the mechanism of magneto-therapy is presented. The theory delineated is the equation mc2 = Bvl coulomb which sets in dual resonance gravitational and electromagnetic potentials. This proposed unification of Einstein's gravity and Maxwell's electromagnetism is designated Jacobson's resonance and is a general expression of Zeeman and cyclotron resonance. The application of this theory involves the utilization of exogenously sourced very weak magnetic fields on the order of magnitude 10(-8) gauss to reorient the atomic crystal lattice structures of genomic magnetic domains. Examples of genomic magnetic domains are homeoboxes and oncogenes and associated structures like peptide hormone trophic factors. Various phenomena are also analyzed in terms of how they may relate to biological systems such as solitons, phonons, cyclotron resonance, the piezoelectric effect, the fractional quantum Hall effect, string theory, and biologically closed electric circuits. The potential of magneto-therapy in the treatment of various genomic and associated disorders is explored. The ultimate question "Can an oncogene be electromagnetically induced into becoming a structurally homologous normal gene?" is posed.     

Relativistic Ion-Acoustic Solitary Waves in a Magnetized Pair Ion Dense Plasma with Nuclei of Heavy Elements

The propagation of ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in a magnetized collisionless degenerate plasma system for describing collective plasma oscillations in dense quantum plasmas with relativistically degenerate electrons, oppositely charged inertial ions, and positively charged immobile heavy elements is investigated theoretically. The perturbations of the magnetized quantum plasma are studied employing the reductive perturbation technique to derive the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and the modified KdV (mKdV) equations that admit solitary wave solutions. Chandrasekhar limits are used to investigate the degeneracy effects of interstellar compact objects through the equation of state for degenerate electrons in nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic cases. The basic properties of small but finite-amplitude IASWs are modified significantly by the combined effects of the degenerate electron number density, pair ion number density, static heavy element number density, and magnetic field. It is found that the obliqueness affects both the amplitude and width of the solitary waves, whereas the other parameters mainly influence the width of the solitons. The results presented in this paper can be useful for future investigations of astrophysical multi-ion plasmas.     

Supersonic Vibron Solitons and Their Possible Existence in Polypeptides

Nonlinear interactions of vibrons with lattice solitons due to the soft cubic nonlinearity in a quasi-one-dimensional lattice yield supersonic vibron solitons. Their binding energy is larger than those of the conventional Davydov solitons and vibron solitons, and their propagation velocity is uniquely determined in contrast to the latter two. Examination of parameters in the model Hamiltonian for polypeptides leads to the result that the supersonic vibron solitons obtained here are more likely to be realizable than the Davydov solitons and the conventional vibron solitons in alpha-helical proteins.     

Nonlinear mechanism for weak photon emission from biosystems

The nonlinear mechanism for the origin of the weak biophoton emission from biological systems is suggested. The mechanism is based on the properties of solitons that provide energy transfer and charge transport in metabolic processes. Such soliton states are formed in alpha-helical proteins. Account of the electron-phonon interaction in macromolecules results in the self-trapping of electrons in a localized soliton-like state, known as Davydov's solitons. The important role of the helical symmetry of macromolecules is elucidated for the formation, stability and dynamical properties of solitons. It is shown that the soliton with the lowest energy has an inner structure with the many-hump envelope. The total probability of the excitation in the helix is characterized by interspine oscillations with the frequency of oscillations, proportional to the soliton velocity. The radiative life-time of a soliton is calculated and shown to exceed the life-time of an excitation on an isolated peptide group by several orders of magnitude.     

静磁场保健寝具磁参数的评价

基于对生物磁学效应的研究,磁疗成为替代医学和补充医学的一种有效的治疗方法,本文通过对现有静磁场（恒定磁场）保健寝具磁标准和磁剂量的评述,首次提出磁保健寝具三围空间磁场的概念,指出采用磁感应强度在空间的强度分布作为磁保健剂量标准。论述了三围空间磁场具体磁参数的评价,包括所用磁源的表面磁感应强度,寝具织物表面磁场的穿透力、梯度、有效磁通量和空间能量等磁场分布的描述性指标。指出了静磁场保健寝具磁参数的合理的评价参量：为确保织物表面磁感应强度在目前认知的400～1100Gs有效安全剂量内,依据使用时的织物厚度,磁保健寝具选用的磁体表磁应在1000-3000Gs左右．且磁场的梯度不宜过大,磁场的平均穿透力在25-30cm左右,以确保空间磁场能量的有效作用于人体深处。     

Ion-acoustic solitons in dusty plasma

The dynamics of dust ion-acoustic solitons is analyzed in a wide range of dusty plasma parameters. The cases of both a positive dust grain charge arising due to the photoelectric effect caused by intense electromagnetic radiation and a negative grain charge established in the absence of electromagnetic radiation are considered. The ranges of plasma parameters and Mach numbers in which ??conservative?? (nondissipative) solitons can exist are determined. It is shown that, in dusty plasma with negatively charged dust grains, both compression and rarefaction solitons can propagate, whereas in plasma with positively charged dust grains, only compression solitons can exist. The evolution of soliton-like compression and rarefaction perturbations is studied by numerically solving the hydrodynamic equations for ions and dust grains, as well as the equation for dust grain charging. The main dissipation mechanisms, such as grain charging, ion absorption by dust grains, momentum exchange between ions and dust grains, and ion-neutral collisions are taken into account. It is shown that the amplitudes of soliton-like compression and rarefaction perturbations decrease in the course of their evolution and their velocities (the Mach numbers) decrease monotonically in time. At any instant of time, the shape of an evolving soliton-like perturbation coincides with the shape of a conservative soliton corresponding to the current value of the Mach number. It is shown that, after the interaction between any types of soliton-like perturbations, their velocities and shapes are restored (with a certain phase shift) to those of the corresponding perturbations propagating without interaction; i.e., they are in fact weakly dissipative solitons.     

Effect of the external magnetic field on the MHD turbulence spectra

The turbulent properties of conducting fluids in an external constant magnetic field are known to change with increasing field strength. A study is made of the behavior of the second-order structural function of the velocity field in a homogeneous incompressible turbulent fluid in the presence of an external uniform magnetic field. It is shown that, depending on the magnetic field strength, there may be different governing parameters of the system in both the inertial and dissipative intervals of turbulence. This leads to new spectral scalings that are consistent with experimental ones.     

Influence of electromagnetic radiation on molecular solitons

The soliton model of charge and energy transport in biological macromolecules is used to suggest one of the possible mechanisms for electromagnetic radiation influence on biological systems. The influence of the electromagnetic field (EMF) on molecular solitons is studied both analytically and numerically. Numerical simulations prove the stability of solitons for fields of large amplitude, and allow the study of emission of phonons. It is shown that in the spectra of biological effects of radiation there are two characteristic frequencies of EMFs, one of which is connected with the most intensive energy absorption and emission of sound waves by the soliton, and the other of which is connected with the soliton photodissociation into a delocalized state.     

Solitons and energy transfer along protein molecules

It is shown that the energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP molecules can be transferred in the form of vibration solitons along α-helical protein molecules. The vibration solitons are collective excitations travelling along a chain of successively arranged peptide groups and corresponding to amide I vibrations. The exceptional stability of solitons in one-dimensional structures can account for the small probability of their energy transforming into that of disordered heat motion.     

Effects of Sinusoidal 0.5 mT Magnetic Field on Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition

Exposure of T lymphocytes to an external 50 Hz and 0.5 mT magnetic field was investigated in vitro using leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay which is a measure of cell-mediated immunity. Adherence of T lymphocytes taken from healthy humans and from cancer patients before and after medical treatment is enhanced after 1 h exposure to the magnetic field. The experimental findings for the magnetic field 0.5 mT are compared with published data for 1 and 10 mT. The results are consistent with suggestions of magnetic field effects on immune function in humans.     

Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence of mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

The magnetic field effects on bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence in six strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were investigated. All strains exhibit an increase in fluorescence upon application of a magnetic field. Large magnetic field effects are shown to arise in mutants which contain the B800–850 complex as the only bacteriochlorophyll-containing protein. These fluorescence increases are observed only with carotenoid excitation and are best described by a carotenoid singlet heterofission mechanism. Variations in the magnitudes of the magnetic field effects for the Rps. capsulata strain arise from energy differences in the excited states of the molecules involved in the process. In order to determine the contribution from reaction centers to the magnetic field effects observed in the mutants which contain all three pigment-protein complexes, reaction centers were isolated from these strains. The reaction center contribution to the magnetic field effect on fluorescence in whole cells was determined to be smaller than the antenna contribution when carotenoid excitation was employed.     

Heating of cardiovascular stents in intense radiofrequency magnetic fields

We consider the heating of a metal stent in an alternating magnetic field from an induction heating furnace. An approximate theoretical analysis is conducted to estimate the magnetic field strength needed to produce substantial temperature increases. Experiments of stent heating in industrial furnaces are reported, which confirm the model. The results show that magnetic fields inside inductance furnaces are capable of significantly heating stents. However, the fields fall off very quickly with distance and in most locations outside the heating coil, field levels are far too small to produce significant heating. The ANSI/IEEE C95.1-1992 limits for human exposure to alternating magnetic fields provide adequate protection against potential excessive heating of the stents.     

Analysis of the distribution of flowing erythrocytes in a model vessel under an inhomogeneous magnetic field

Changes in the distribution of flowing erythrocytes in a straight cylinder were studied under an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The magnetic field was applied perpendicular to a cylinder, which had a 90° side vessel at the end (oriented towards the magnetic field) to detect changes in the erythrocyte distribution within the cylinder. (1) The attraction of paramagnetic erythrocytes by the magnetic field was demonstrated by an increase in the concentration (or number) of erythrocytes drawn into the side vessel. The flow of diamagnetic, oxygenated erythrocytes was unaffected. (2) The degree of attraction of the paramagnetic erythrocytes was proportional to ``(magnetic susceptibility)' and to ``(magnetic flux density) × (magnetic field gradient)' up to 10 T²/m, but it saturated at high magnetic field. The onset of the saturation depended on the magnetic susceptibility of the erythrocytes. (3) The degree of attraction depended on the hematocrit of the flowing erythrocyte suspension, with a maximum value at a low hematocrit. These phenomena are explained on the basis of the balance between the paramagnetic attractive force of the magnetic field and the collision rate between erythrocytes. Received: 2 May 1996 / Accepted: 1 July 1996     

Quantifying the magnetic advantage in magnetotaxis

Magnetotactic bacteria are characterized by the production of magnetosomes, nanoscale particles of lipid bilayer encapsulated magnetite, that act to orient the bacteria in magnetic fields. These magnetosomes allow magneto-aerotaxis, which is the motion of the bacteria along a magnetic field and toward preferred concentrations of oxygen. Magneto-aerotaxis has been shown to direct the motion of these bacteria downward toward sediments and microaerobic environments favorable for growth. Herein, we compare the magneto-aerotaxis of wild-type, magnetic Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 with a nonmagnetic mutant we have engineered. Using an applied magnetic field and an advancing oxygen gradient, we have quantified the magnetic advantage in magneto-aerotaxis as a more rapid migration to preferred oxygen levels. Magnetic, wild-type cells swimming in an applied magnetic field more quickly migrate away from the advancing oxygen than either wild-type cells in a zero field or the nonmagnetic cells in any field. We find that the responses of the magnetic and mutant strains are well described by a relatively simple analytical model, an analysis of which indicates that the key benefit of magnetotaxis is an enhancement of a bacterium's ability to detect oxygen, not an increase in its average speed moving away from high oxygen concentrations.     

Model Studies of the Magnetocardiogram

A general expression is developed for the quasi-static magnetic field outside an inhomogeneous nonmagnetic volume conductor containing internal electromotive forces. Multipole expansions for both the electric and magnetic fields are derived. It is shown that the external magnetic field vanishes under conditions of axial symmetry. The magnetic field for a dipole current source in a sphere is derived, and the effect of an eccentric spherical inhomogeneity is analyzed. Finally the magnetic dipole moment is calculated for a current dipole in a conducting prolate spheroid.