Lipids and lipid metabolism in the brown alga, Fucus serratus

The lipids of the brown alga Fucus serratus were isolated, identified and quantified. The major acyl lipids were the three glycosylglycerides, diacylgalactosylglycerol, diacyldigalactosylglycerol and diacylsulphoquinovosylglycerol. These represent over 70% of the total acyl lipids. The fatty acid compositions of the major lipids were examined and most showed rather distinctive fatty acid contents. For example, diacylgalactosylglycerol was enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids while phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine had very high levels of arachidonate. Phosphatidylglycerol contained the unusual trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid. The labelling of lipids and fatty acids from [¹⁴C]acetate was examined and the distribution of label between individual components as a function of the incubation period and in algae collected at different times of the year is reported. Algae collected in the winter incorporated much more radioactivity into non-esterified fatty acids when compared to algae collected in the summer. All algae could label myristate, palmitate, stearate and oleate at high rates. Longer incubation times allowed the labelling of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid.     

Lipid synthesis by germinating soya bean

Lipid content and changes during the first 2 days of germination have been examined in soya bean Glycine max (L.) Merr variety Fiskeby V. Triacylglycerol, the principle storage lipid, is reduced on germination and this is accompanied by a rise in phospholipid content. The relative amounts of phospholipids rise equally, apart from the disappearance of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and significant increases in the proportions of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol.Incorporation of acetate-[¹⁴C] into lipids occurs after a brief lag phase. Labelling is almost entirely (94–100%) confined to the acyl portion of the major complex lipids. Triacylglycerols had low specific radioactivities and, of the phospholipids, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol had the highest specific radioactivities. Incorporation was somewhat reduced by protein synthesis inhibitors and was mainly into palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. There were minor differences in their distribution within lipid types.     

Lipid content during sexual development in the homothallic mucor Zygorhynchus moelleri

In Zygorhynchus moelleri, a homothallic Mucor, triglycendes are the main components of chloroform/methanol extractable lipids. The triglycerides accumulate in the aerial hyphae, particularly in the developing zygospores and in the lateral suspensors, but only after zygospore maturation. They are probably transported from the submerged mycelium to the aerial hyphae. Most of the fatty acid synthetase activity is found in the submerged mycelium. The fatty acid composition of the triglycerides does not change appreciably during sexual development. No influence of trisporic acids has been found on triglyceride synthesis or transport.     

Neutral lipids of leaves and stems of Trifolium repens

The neutral lipids of white clover leaves and stems have been separated into wax esters, free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols, free sterols, triglycerides and hydrocarbons. The wax esters were mainly of C₁₈ di- and tri-unsaturated fatty acids and C₃₀ fatty alcohol. Linolenic acid was the predominant free fatty acid and triacontanol was the principal free fatty alcohol. Of the hydrocarbons, C₂₉ and C₃₁ were present in the largest amounts.     

Lipid composition and storage in the tissues of the bivalve, Macoma balthica

Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition in organs of Macoma balthica (L.) from the Gulf of Gdánsk (Puck Bay) were studied in different seasons. Marked differences among tissues in lipid class composition were observed. Triacylglycerides were accumulated in the hepatopancreas and in the female gonad in large quantities, while hydrocarbons were concentrated in male gonads, gills muscles and mantle. Fatty acid composition of gill lipids reflects the brackish water conditions of the Gulf of Gda sk in which Macoma balthica occurs.     

Lipid composition of Sporendonema epizoum

Triglycerides, free fatty acids, free and esterified ergosterol, Q₉, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and three different acylglycoses were identified in the soluble lipids of Sporendonema epizoum mycelium. The same compounds as well as a sterol glycoside were also found in conidia. The mycelium is richer than the conidia in phospholipids, Q₉ and free and esterified ergosterol but contains less glycolipids. The most abundant fatty acid in all non-polar fractions is C_18:2. The prevalent fatty acid of the phospholipids is C_18:1, except for conidial phosphatidylethanolamine and mycelial lysophosphatidylethanolamine.     

Sterol esters of Phycomyces blakesleeanus

The sterol esters of Phycomyces blakesleeanus are based on ergosterol, episterol, ergosta-7-en-3β-ol, ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol, cholesterol, lan     

Studies on the lipid metabolism of the metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea)

Metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum possess considerable amounts of lipids. Fractionation of the lipids shows triglycerides and phospholipids as the major components whereas cholesterol and free fatty acids are minor components. Furthermore phospholipid fractions by thin layer chromatography reveal lecithin and cephalin as the major polar lipids whereas lysolecithin and lysocephalin are present in small fractions. The specific activity of lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) is 150.8 μg free fatty acids liberated/mg protein/h. Epinephrine, testosterone, insulin, sodium fluoride and iodoacetate stimulated, but 2-propanol inhibited, the lipase activity.     

Lipid Composition of in vitro Developing Seeds of Brassica campestris L.

A liquid culture technique has been developed to study lipid metabolism in seeds of Brassica campestris L. grown in vitro from terminal inflorescences detached 4 to 46 days after anthesis. Seeds developed under these conditions exhibited pattern of growth, deposition of storage products and lipid composition similar to those from intact plant.     

Comparative analysis of diacylglyceryl-trimethylhomoserine in Ochromonas danica and in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137+

The fatty acid compositions of the ether lipid 1(3),2-diacylglyceryl-(3)-O-4′-(N,N,N-trimethyl)homoserine (DGTS) from Ochromonas danica a     

Fatty acid composition of roots and root nodules of Alnus species

Fatty acid composition of roots and root nodules from Alnus species is reported. Differences in total lipid content and in fatty acid composition w     

Lipid composition of sweet cherries

Lipid comprises about 0.1 % of the fresh weight of cherries. The major components of the neutral lipid fraction are wax and sterol esters, sitosterol, oleanolic and ursolic acids. The glycolipid fraction is comprised of monoglycosyldiacylglycerol, diglycosyldiacylglycerol and acylated sterol glycoside, while phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the major phospholipids. Palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids comprise over 85% of the total fatty acids in each lipid fraction.     

Lipid and sterol composition of the pollen of the west african oilpalm, Elaeis guineensis

The lipid classes, fatty acid methyl esters and the sterols of oilpalm pollen were analysed. The neutral lipid fraction consisted of triglycerides, esterified and free sterols and trace amounts of hydrocarbons. Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represented the polar lipids. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids together with small to trace amounts of oleic, stearic, arachidic, myristic, lauric, palmitoleic and margaric acids. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated over saturated ones in the ratio of 3:2. The 4-desmethyl sterols were the major phytosterols in the free form but they constituted a lower proportion of the sterols in the esterified state. 28-Isofucosterol was isolated and characterized as the principal sterol.     

Changes in the Lipid Composition of Thalassiosira pseudonana during Its Life Cycle

The lipid and fatty acid (FA) compositions of a marine diatom alga Thalassiosira pseudonana grown in culture were investigated. The relative content of separate lipid classes and their FA composition varied during of the life cycle. During the periods of active cell division and resting cell production, the proportion of polar lipids, as the structural components of cell membranes, increased. Changes in the proportion of lipid classes resulted in shifts in the FA composition of total lipids. It is suggested that the structural components of photosynthetic and cells membranes accumulate in the resting cells. Thereby, a rapid cell growth and an extensive development of the species under favorable environmental conditions is provided.     

Localization of lipids containing (Z)-11-eicosenoic acid and (Z)-13-docosenoic acid in Tropaeolum majus

(Z)-11-Eicosenoic (gondoic) and (Z)-13-docosenoic (erucic) acids were found in large proportions as constituent fatty acids of the triglycerides and polar lipids in seeds and petals of Tropaeolum majus. In the lipids of the other floral organs as well as in those of vegetative organs, only traces of these fatty acids were detected. During seed germination, the proportions of the two fatty acids did not change. (Z)-9,12- Octadecadienoic (linoleic) and (Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic) acids, which occurred only in traces in lipids of the seeds, were major constituent fatty acids of lipids in floral and vegetative organs as well as those of callus cultures.     

The Effect of Temperature on the Lipid Composition of the Green Alga Botryococcus

The lipid composition of the green alga Botryococcus was studied at three different cultivation temperatures: suboptimal (18°C), optimal (25°C), and supraoptimal (32°C). Cultivation at the supraoptimal temperature was found to considerably inhibit the synthesis of nearly all intracellular lipids, except for triacylglycerides, and to influence their fatty acid composition. In particular, the content of trienoic fatty acids was significantly lower at the supraoptimal than at the optimal cultivation temperature. At the same time, the fatty acid composition of the extracellular lipids of the alga virtually did not depend on cultivation temperature.     

Specificity effects in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in Bacillus acidocaldarius

Addition to Bacillus acidocaldarius of acids which can act as primers for fatty acid synthesis promote the synthesis of corresponding fatty acids competitively. The effective acids are n?C₅ to -?₇ (not C₄ or C₈), iso- and anteiso-C, and ?C, (not C4), and a range of cyclic acids from cyclobutylacetic and cyclopentanecarboxylic to cycloheptylacetic. New non-natural ω-cyclobutyl-, ω-cyclopentyl-, and ω-cycloheptyl-fatty acids are obtainable. The range of acceptable primers and the range of fatty acids produced therefrom indicate, respectively, the substrate specificities of the transacylase which introduces acyl species into fatty acids synthesis and the one which removes them. The specificity of the primer transacylase may be similar to that in some rumen anaerobes.     

Lipid composition of adult Foleyella agamae

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& Obiamiwe B. A. 1986. Lipid composition of adult Foleyella agamae. International Journal for Parasitology 16: 655–657. The lipid and fatty acid composition of the filarial parasite Foleyella agamae were investigated. Total lipids accounted for 7.05% of the parasite fresh weight. Neutral lipids comprised 56.34% of the total and polar lipids 43.66%. The major lipid classes detected include sterol esters, cholesterol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Fatty acids varying in chain length from 10 carbon atoms through 20 carbon atoms were identified in the total lipid extract. The 18 carbon fatty acids formed the predominant components. The 20 carbon fatty acids were confined to the polar lipds.     

Free and bound lipids of Neurospora crassa

Extraction of light and dark grown cells of Neurospora crassa with chloroform-methanol gave a free lipid extract in which the relative amounts and compositions of sterols, fatty acid and carotenoid fractions were determined. Further extraction of the cells with methanolic potassium hydroxide solution liberated a bound lipid fraction from the cells. The levels of the bound lipid fraction were much lower than those of the free lipids but analysis showed that the composition was similar to that of the free lipids.     

Variation in the levels and composition of the sterols and sterol esters of Phycomyces blakesleeanus with age of culture

Comparisons of the fatty acid composition of the sterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids and the sterol composition of the esterified and uneste