Phenolics of five yam (dioscorea) species

Cyanidin-3-glucoside, (+)-catechin and the procyanidin dimers ‘B-1’ and ‘B-3’ were identified as phenolic constituents of Dioscorea alata tubers, and strong evidence for the presence of a procyanidin trimer and a tetramer was found. The quantity of (+)-catechin and relative proportions of the procyanidin dimers were determined in 10 cultivars of five of the main edible yam species.     

alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of cyanidin-3-galactoside and synergistic effect with acarbose

Cyanidin-3-galactoside, a natural anthocyanin, was investigated for its alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The IC(50) value of cyanidin-3-galactoside was 0.50 +/- 0.05 mM against intestinal sucrase. A low dose of cyanidin-3-galactoside showed a synergistic inhibition on intestinal alpha-glucosidase (maltase and sucrase) when combined with acarbose. A kinetic analysis showed that cyanidin-3-galactoside gave a mixed type inhibition against intestinal sucrase. The results indicated that cyanidin-3-galactoside was an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and could be used in combination with acarbose for treatment of diabetes.     

Quercetin 3-(6″-caffeoylgalactoside) from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides

In addition to quercetin, quercetin 3-galactoside and isorhamnetin, a new caffeoylgalactoside has been isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides and identified by chemical and spectral data as quercetin 3-O-β-d-(6″-caffeoylgalactoside).     

Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Modulates hsa_circ_0001345/miRNA106b/ATG16L1 Axis Expression as a Potential Protective Mechanism against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of malignancy in the liver. Autophagy was found to have a significant effect in controlling HCC. Anthocyanins, which are naturally occurring pigments in a variety of fruits and vegetables, have been thoroughly documented to be involved in a variety of bioactive activities and are widely employed for their antioxidant capabilities. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) extracted from Morus alba L. has promising antioxidant and anti-tumour activities. The current study aims to examine the protective action of C3G against hepatocellular carcinoma through the investigation of the autophagy protein ATG16L1 expression along with its related RNA molecules (hsa_circ_0001345 and miRNA106b) in Wistar rats. In vivo precancerous lesions (PCL) were induced using diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and acetamidofluorene (2-AAF). Rats were treated with C3G (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg; 4 times weekly) for 112 days (16 weeks). Liver function tests, alfa fetoprotein, ATG16L1 expression, hsa_circ_0001345, and miRNA106b differential expression were examined. Liver sections were examined by histological and immunohistochemical approaches. The current study’s findings indicated that C3G administration protects against the negative effects of DEN-2-AAF on liver functions and liver histopathological sections, which nominated C3G as a potential prophylactic agent against HCC.     

Flavonoids from the flowers of Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., Mandevilla sanderi (Hemsl.) Woodson,and Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae)

Twenty-two ornamental flowers from different Adenium obesum, Mandevilla sanderi, and Nerium oleander cultivars/seedlings were analyzed for the presence of anthocyanins, flavonols, and chlorogenic acid using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Cyanidin 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-galactoside] and cyanidin 3-O-(galactoside) were identified as the major and minor anthocyanins, respectively, in three A. obesum seedlings that had red and red-purple flowers.Cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(xylosyl)-galactoside] was identified as the major anthocyanin, whereas cyanidin 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-galactoside] and cyanidin 3-O-(galactoside) were identified as the minor anthocyanins in 8 M. sanderi cultivars that had red and red-purple flowers. Cyanidin 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-galactoside] and cyanidin 3-O-(galactoside) were identified as the major anthocyanins, whereas cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(xylosyl)-galactoside] was identified as the minor anthocyanin in 8 N. oleander cultivars with red and red-purple flowers. Low levels of anthocyanins were detected in the N. oleander and M. sanderi cultivars that had white flowers, and there were no anthocyanins detected in the N. oleander cultivars with yellow flowers. Chlorogenic acid and four flavonols, quercetin 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-galactoside], quercetin 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-glucoside], kaempferol 3-O-(galactoside), and kaempferol 3-O-[6-O-(rhamnosyl)-galactoside], were identified in the flowers from all 22 cultivars/seedlings investigated.     

Flavonoids from Brickellia chlorolepis and B. dentata

Eleven flavonoids including three new glycosides were isolated from Brickellia chlorolepis and one new and nine known flavonoids were obtained from B. dentata. The new glycosides from B. chlorolepis are 6-methoxykaempferol 3-rhamnoglucoside, spinacetin 3-rhamnogalactoside and veronicafolin 3-rhamnoglucoside. The known compounds identified from B. chlorolepis are patuletin, casticin, artemetin, eupatolitin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-rhamnogalactoside, rutin, isorhamnetin 3-galactoside and eupatin 3-SO₃Ca_{$\text{1}\text{2}$}. B. dentata contains the new glycoside eupalitin 3-galactoside and nine known compounds: pectolinarigenin, salvigenin, eupafolin, cirsiliol, eupatorin, eupatolitin, eupatolitin 3-glucoside, eupatolitin 3-galactoside and eupatin.     

6-Methoxyflavonoids from Brickellia californica

Two new and eleven known 6-methoxyflavonoids were identified in leaf tissue of Brickellia californica. The new flavonols are eupatin 3-SO₃ Ca_1/2 and patuletin 3-SO₃K. The known compounds include the flavones hispidulin and eupafolin and their respective 7- and 4′-monomethyl ethers and the flavonols; spinacetin, eupatin, patuletin 3-glucoside and 3-galactoside, and eupatolitin 3-galactoside.     

In vitro antifungal activity and mode of action of selected polyphenolic antioxidants on Botrytis cinerea

Six selected antioxidants (catechin, quercetin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, ellagic and gallic acids) were evaluated in vitro for their antifungal activities and mode of action on Botrytis cinerea Pers., one of the most important pathogens of strawberries. Inhibitory effects were found for all the tested antioxidants, but varied at different fungal developmental stages. Catechin and quercetin-3-galactoside showed linear inhibitory effects on germ tube elongation, with the highest suppression ratios of 54.8% and 58.8% respectively. No significant effect was found on spore germination between treatments and control. Gallic acid showed very strong and linear inhibition on spore germination (r = ?0.95), but the effect diminished after spore germination. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside provided effective control on the fungi as concentrations increased. The arresting effect of ellagic acid on development of B. cinerea was quadratic. Ellagic acid inhibited germ tube elongation and mycelial growth at its highest and lowest concentrations, while no effects were observed at its medium concentration used in this study.     

6-methoxyflavonoids from Brickellia laciniata (compositae)

One new and fourteen known flavonoids, including thirteen containing 6-methoxy groups, were isolated from Brickellia laciniata. The new flavonol is quercetagetin 6,4′-dimethyl ether. Among the known compounds identified were the 4′-methyl and 7,4′-dimethyl ethers of eupafolin and luteolin 4′-methyl ether, and the flavonols: patuletin, spinacetin, eupatolitin, eupatin, centaureidin, casticin, patuletin 3-glucoside and 3-galactoside, eupatolitin 3-galactoside, patuletin 3-SO₃K and eupatin 3-SO₃Ca_1/2.     

Further flavonol glycosides from Anthyllis onobrychioides

The new triglycoside rhamnetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside-3′,4′-di-O-β-d-glucopyranoside has been isolated from the aerial parts of Anthyllis onobrychioides. Two other new flavonol glycosides, rhamnazin 3-O-galactoside and rhamnazin 3-O-galactoside-4′-O-glucoside, were identified but not isolated as pure substances.     

Flavonol glycosides of Carya pecan

The flavonol glycosides characterized from the branches of Carya pecan include three new compounds, azaleatin 3-glucoside azaleatin 3-diglycoside and caryatin 3′- (or 4′-) rhamnoglucoside. together with azaleatin 3-rhamnoside. In the leaf tissue, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside and a small amount of kaempferol 3-monomethyl ether were identified.     

Flavonol glycoside gallates from Tellima grandiflora

Quercetin 3-O-(6″-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucoside has been identified as a constituent of Tellima grandiflora (Saxifragaceae). In all, twelve gallates were encountered: two isomeric gallates of quercetin 3-O-glucoside and two of quercetin 3-O-galactoside, a similar set involving kaempferol, and a similar set involving myricetin.     

Canna indica flower: New source of anthocyanins

In this study the red flowers of Canna indica (Cannaceae) were extracted by using sonicator and isolation of anthocyanins have been carried out. Four anthocyanin pigments have been isolated apart from quercetin and lycopene. They are Cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside (1), Cyanidin-3-O-(6′′-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-galactopyranoside (2), Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3) and Cyanidin-O-β-galactopyranoside (4). These compounds were isolated by using HPLC and their structures were subsequently determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, i.e., ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, ESI-MS, FTIR, UV–Visible etc. The isolated compounds showed good antioxidant activity thus makes it suitable for use in food coloration and as a nutraceutical. Thus it is a promising pigment source for food applications.     

6-Methoxyflavonols from disjunct populations of Brickellia cylindracea (compositae)

Eight identical 6-methylated flavonols including aglycones and glycosides were isolated from two geographically disjunction population of Brickellia cylindracea from Mount Livermore and Austin, Texas, suggesting that they are best treated as a single taxon. Among the flavonol aglycones identified were patuletin, centaureidin, quercetagetin 3,6,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether and artemetin. The flavonol glycosides were patuletin and its 3-galactoside, 3-galactogalactoside, 3-rhamnogalactoside and a 3-rhamnogalactoside derivative.     

Anthocyanins in the epacridaceae

An examination of 73 species of the family Epacridaceae resulted in the identification of the following anthocyanins: cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-rhamnoside, cyanidin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside, cyanidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside, cyanidin 3-xylosylgalactoside, cyanidin 3-xylosylarabinoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, delphinidin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside, delphinidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside and pelargonidin 3-rhamnosylglucoside. No acylated or 5-substituted anthocyanins were detected in any of the species examined. Evidence of methylated anthocyanidin was found only in one species, Woollsia pungens. The occurrence of cyanidin 3-galactoside and cyanidin 3-arabinoside forms a chemical link between this family and the related Ericaceae.     

A chemotaxonomic study of flavonoids in the leaves of six Trichosanthes species

The 7-, 3′- and 4′-glucosides of luteolin, the 7-glucoside and 6,8-di-C-glucoside of apigenin were isolated from Trichosanthes kirilowii var. japonica. Kaempferol 3,7-di-rhamnoside and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside were identified from T. cucumeroides, kaempferol 3-galactoside and 3-sophoroside were also identified from T. anguina. Quercetin-3-rutinoside was detected from T. multiloba and T. rostrata. T. bracteata afforded luteolin 3′-glucoside and kaempferol 3-rutinoside, and T. kirilowii afforded luteolin 7-, 3′- and 4′-glucosides and apigenin 7-glucoside.     

Unusual anthocyanins from the Epacridaceae

Cyanidin-3-xylosylarabinoside, cyanidin- and delphinidin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside and cyanidin-3-xylosylgalactoside have been identified during a survey     

Flavonoids from Haplophyllum pedicellatum, H. robustum AND H. glabrinum

Haplophyllum pedicellatum, H. robustum and H. glabrinum all yielded the known compound gossypetin 8,3′-dimethyl ether 3-rutinoside. In addition the first two species afforded isorhamnetin and its 3-rutinoside. A new glycoside, gossypetin 8,3′-dimethyl ether 3-glucoside was obtained from H. pedicellatum together with the 3-malonylrutinoside, 3-malonylglucoside and 3-galactoside of isorhamnetin plus kaempferol 3-malonylglucoside. H. robustum yielded isorhamnetin 7-glucoside and 3-glucoside and quercetin 3-galactoside, while H. glabrinum was found to contain gossypetin 8-methyl ether 3-malonylrutinoside in addition to kaempferol and isorhamnetin 3-glucoside.     

Effect of changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipid species on the β-galactoside transport system of Escherichia coli K-12

On lowering the growth temperature of Escherichia coli K-12 from 37 to 17 °C, the cells resumed growth after a lag period of 40 min. During the lag period, the transition points in Arrhenius plots of the preinduced β-galactoside transport system were not changed while the saturated/unsaturated fatty acids ratio decreased gradually in phosphatidylethanolamine, rapidly in phosphatidylglycerol and little in cardiolipin.     

Phenolic composition and its seasonal variation in Calluna vulgaris

Major phenolic compounds in the shoots of Calluna vulgaris were chlorogenic acid, the 3-O-glucoside, 3-O-galactoside and 3-O-arabinosid