Genetics of resistance to insecticides of the SKA strain of Musca domestica I. Location of the main factors responsible for the maintenance of high DDT-resistance in diazinon-selected SKA flies SKA-Fliegen verantwortlich sind

The factors responsible for resistance to diazinon and DDT in diazinon-selected SKA flies are either linked or common to both insecticides. This is why SKA flies are very resistant to DDT, although they have been selected solely with diazinon for over 9 years. DDT-ase (DDT-dehydrochlorinase) which is inhibited by FDMC (bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-trifluoromethyl carbinol) and by WARF-antiresistant (N,N-di-n-butyl-p-chlorobenzene sulphonamide), and low aliesterase are on the V linkage group (Hiroyoshi's numbering system). A resistance factor (R₃) inhibited by sesamex (2-(3,4 methylene dioxyphenoxy) 3,6,9-trioxaundecane) most probably common to DDT and diazinon is on the III linkage group. The third factor is recessive, segregates independently of the other factors and is unaffected by the synergists. It probably confers only moderate resistance to DDT. This factor seems to segregate together with a factor conferring weak resistance to diazinon. DDT-ase occurs in fewer than 20% of the SKA flies. R₃ seems to be the major factor of resistance to DDT in SKA flies. When heterozygous R₃ gives only moderate resistance to DDT.

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Genetik der insektizidresistenz des ska-stammes von Musca domestica L. I. lokalisation der hauptfaktoren, die für die erhaltung hoher DDDT-resistenz in mit diazinon selektierten SKA-fliegen verantwortlich sind

Zusammenfassung Die für Diazinon-und DDT-Resistenz in diazinonselektierten SKA-Fliegen verantwortlichen Faktoren sind entweder gekoppelt oder für beide Insektizide gemeinsam. Dies ist der Grund, warum SKA-Flicgen hochresistent gegen DDT sind, obwohl sie über 9 Jahre lang allein auf Diazinon ausgelesen worden sind. DDT-ase (DDT-dehydrochlorinase), die von FDMC (bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-trifluoromethyl carbinol) und WARF-Antiresistent (N,N-di-n-butyl-p-chlorobenzene sulphonamide) gehemmt wird, und niedere Aliesterase gehören zur Koppelungsgruppe V (Hiroyoshi's Bezifferungssystem). Ein Resistenzfaktor (R₃), der durch Sesamex (2-(3,4 methylene dioxyphenoxy) 3,6,9-tri-oxaundecane) gehemmt wird und wahrscheinlich DDT und Diazinon gemeinsam ist, gehört zur III-Koppelungsgruppe. Der 3.Faktor ist rezessiv, unabhängig von den anderen Faktoren abgetrennt und von den Synergisten unbeeinflußt. Er verleiht wahrscheinlich nur mäßige DDT-Resistenz. Dieser Faktor scheint sich abzusondern, zusammen mit einem Faktor, der eine schwache Resistenz gegen Diazinon überträgt. DDT-ase tritt in weniger als 20% der SKA-Fliegen auf. R₃ scheint der Hauptfaktor der Resistenz gegen DDT bei SKA-Fliegen zu sein. Heterozygot ergibt R₃ nur eine mäßige Resistenz gegen DDT.

     

R.M. Cowling,D.M. Richardson & S.M. Pierce (eds.) 1977. Vegetation of Southern Africa.

We determined the role of bird dispersal in seed and seedling dynamics of the tree Kalopanax pictus from 7 years of observing seed rain and seedling emergence in a broad-leaved deciduous forest in central Japan. We also performed an experiment on the influence of seed pulp on germination of seeds of K. pictus. Seeds of this species can lie dormant for several years, and this causes rather constant yearly seedling emergence in spite of irregular seed production. The spatial distribution of the seedlings that emerged each year (maximum distance from nearest conspecific seed-bearing tree of 90 m) was wider than that of gravity-dispersed seeds (max. distance of 37 m), suggesting seed dispersal by birds in winter. Emerged seedling densities at sites over 20 m from the nearest conspecific seed-bearing tree were highest in the spring of 1991, about half a year after the largest seed fall of the observation period. However, emerged seedling densities within 20 m from seed-bearing trees were highest in 1992, 1.5 years after the largest seed fall. These field observations may be explained by the experimental results on the effects of seed pulp on germination. Intact seeds germinate slowly at low germination rates, while seeds without seed pulp germinate quickly at high germination rates. Fallen seeds with seed pulp thus appear to form a seed bank near seed sources (temporal dispersal), while seeds scattered by birds appear to increase the possibility of reaching the present safe sites in distant areas with quick germination (spatial dispersal).     

Studies on keratinophilic fungi. XI. Chrysosporium undulatum sp. nov.

Chrysosporium undulatum sp. nov., showing intermediate characteristics between Chrysosporium and Malbranchea, is described and illustrated. This taxon is characterised by long and curved to loosely coiled hyphal appendages, deflected to wavy fertile hyphae forming dense tufts and small, subglobose, frequently intercalary, verrucose conidia. Restriction enzyme analysis and comparison of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA region of the most similar species strongly support this proposal.     

版纳省藤的组织培养

以版纳省藤的萌蘖芽为试材,从取材、材料的处理、外植体的诱导分化、芽的增殖、生根以及影响试管苗形成几个重要因素等方面探讨了版纳省藤组织培养和快速繁殖的技术和方法,获得了生长素与细胞分裂素对芽的诱导分化及芽的增殖最佳配比浓度。以改良MS为基本培养基,在增殖培养基中添加0.5mg·L-1NAA、0.5mg·L-1KT和0.1mg·L-1BA,产生的有效苗最多;在生根培养基中添加1.5～2.0mg·L-1IBA生长素有利于版纳省藤组培苗生根。     

一株产生漆酶的耐高温膨大拟青霉大孢变种

从河北唐山地区的 1份土样中 ,分离到 1株产漆酶、耐高温的拟青霉新分类单元 ,膨大拟青霉大孢变种 [Paecilomycesinflatus (Burnside)Carmichaelvar.majorLiangZ .Q .,ChuH .L .etHanY .F .]。此菌的典型特征是在查氏培养基上 ,4 0℃ ,7d ,菌落直径为 38～ 4 4mm。瓶梗单生 ,不规则的着生在气生菌丝或简单的分生孢子梗上。分生孢子光滑 ,梭形或长椭圆形 ,大多数 (5 .6～ 9.0 ) μm× (2 .5～ 4 .5 ) μm。     

Thermopsis thermophila n. gen. n. sp. from hot springs in Nevada, U.S.A. (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Thermopsis thermophila n. gen. n. sp., a new freshwater ostracod species is described from hot springs in Nevada, U.S.A. The animals were collected within a temperature range of 40–55°C. The new genus belongs to the Ostracoda Podocopida Cypridoidea Cyprididae Cypridopsinae.