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1.
Pinto JT Van Raamsdonk JM Leavitt BR Hayden MR Jeitner TM Thaler HT Krasnikov BF Cooper AJ 《Journal of neurochemistry》2005,94(4):1087-1101
Cystamine is beneficial to Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice. To elucidate the mechanism, cystamine metabolites were determined in brain and plasma of cystamine-treated mice. A major route for cystamine metabolism is thought to be: cystamine --> cysteamine --> hypotaurine --> taurine. Here we describe an HPLC system with coulometric detection that can rapidly measure underivatized cystamine, cysteamine and hypotaurine, as well as cysteine and glutathione in the same deproteinized tissue sample. A method is also described for the coulometric estimation of taurine as its isoindole-sulfonate derivative. Using this new methodology we showed that cystamine and cysteamine are undetectable (< or = 0.2 nmol/100 mg protein) in the brains of 3-month-old HD transgenic (YAC128) mice (or their wild-type littermates) treated daily for 2 weeks with cystamine (225 mg/kg) in their drinking water. No significant changes were observed in brain glutathione and taurine but significant increases were observed in brain cysteine. Cystamine and cysteamine were not detected in the plasma of YAC128 mice treated daily with cystamine between the ages of 4 and 12 or 7 and 12 months. These findings suggest that cystamine is not directly involved in mitigating HD but that increased brain cysteine or uncharacterized sulfur metabolites may be responsible. 相似文献
2.
Kim YM Lee GH Yeo YG Kim IH Miyashita K Hou CT Kang SC Kim HR 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2006,33(1):17-21
Microbial modification of vegetable fatty acids can often lead to special changes in their structure and in biological function.
A bacterial strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3, is known to carry out multiple hydroxylations on polyunsaturated fatty acids containing 1,4-cis, cis diene structural units, resulting in antibacterial activity. In this paper, in an effort to understand the overall mechanism
involved in the varied biological functions of the complicated metabolites of bio-converted polyunsaturated fatty acids, we
performed bioconversion of several polyunsaturated fatty acids using PR3, and determined their oxidative activities against
fish oil. Bio-converted linoleic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, and docosahexanoic acid promoted effectively oxidation of fish
oil. It is assumed that this oxidative effect could plausibly play an important role in the antimicrobial function of these
bio-converted fatty acids. 相似文献
3.
Estimates of weights of fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, in spermathecae from virgin and mated T. commodus indicate substantial elevation in all fatty acids and particularly arachidonic acid following mating. Analysis of spermatophore lipids suggests that this can be in part accounted for by the contents of one or several spermatophores. Fractionation of total lipids from spermatophores showed that arachidonic acid comprised 24% of phosphotidylcholine and 4% of phosphotidylethanolamine, but was not detected in neutral lipids whereas it was approximately equally distributed over phosphotidylcholine and phosphotidylethanolamine in lipids from spermathecae. These data indicate that in addition to prostaglandin synthetase, the spermatophore contains a physiologically significant quantity of prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, esterified to phospholipid and presumably unavailable for enzymatic action during mating transfer. We also note that proportions of arachidonic acid in the phosphotidylcholine of spermatophores are the highest recorded for this fatty acid in the insect literature, which in conjunction with recent work emphasizes the likely physiological significance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in insects generally. 相似文献
4.
A. K. Dutta-Roy A. C. Demarco S. K. Raha J. Shay M. Garvey D. F. Horrobin 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1990,98(1-2):177-182
Summary We have studied the effects of Efamol evening primrose oil (EPO) on fatty acid-binding proteins (L-FABP) of rat liver. EPO contains 72% cis-linoleic acid and 9% cis-gamma linolenic acid. EPO has been clinically used for treatment of a number of diseases in humans and animals. EPO is also known to lower cholesterol level in humans and animals. Feeding of an EPO supplemented diet to rats (n = 9) for 2 months decreases the oleate binding capacity of purified L-FABP of rat liver whereas the palmitate binding activity was increased by 38%. However, EPO feeding did not alter the L-FABP concentrations significantly as measured by using the fluorescence fatty acid probe, dansylamino undecanoic acid. Endogenous fatty acid analysis of L-FABPs revealed significant qualititative and quantitative changes in fatty acid pattern after EPO feeding. EPO feeding decreased the endogenous palmitate level by 53% and oleate level by 64% in L-FABPs and also EPO feeding decreased the total endogenous fatty acid content from 62 nanomole per mg of protein to 42 nanomole per mg of L-FABP (n = 3). 相似文献
5.
Response of a zooplankton community to the addition of unsaturated fatty acids: an enclosure study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
1. The effect of the addition of emulsions with different fatty acid composition to a semi-natural zooplankton community was studied in enclosures.
2. The reactions of different taxa in the zooplankton community to the addition of the emulsions were different. The copepods showed almost no reaction, nor did the selective cladocerans ( Bosmina ) or rotifers ( Synchaeta or Polyarthra ). The non-selective filterfeeding cladocerans Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia , and the rotifer Keratella , showed responses to the addition of the emulsions.
3. Keratella showed the highest density in the enclosures with high amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids added, whereas both Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia reached the highest numbers in the enclosures where we added emulsions of saturated fatty acids only.
4. Our results suggest that different taxa may be limited by different factors, even though they use similar food sources. Hence, we conclude that it is very difficult to generalize on the limiting factors in aquatic systems. 相似文献
2. The reactions of different taxa in the zooplankton community to the addition of the emulsions were different. The copepods showed almost no reaction, nor did the selective cladocerans ( Bosmina ) or rotifers ( Synchaeta or Polyarthra ). The non-selective filterfeeding cladocerans Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia , and the rotifer Keratella , showed responses to the addition of the emulsions.
3. Keratella showed the highest density in the enclosures with high amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids added, whereas both Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia reached the highest numbers in the enclosures where we added emulsions of saturated fatty acids only.
4. Our results suggest that different taxa may be limited by different factors, even though they use similar food sources. Hence, we conclude that it is very difficult to generalize on the limiting factors in aquatic systems. 相似文献
6.
This review deals with the effects of synthetic and natural fatty acids on the biophysical properties of membranes, and on their implication on cell function. Natural fatty acids are constituents of more complex lipids, like triacylglycerides or phospholipids, which are used by cells to store and obtain energy, as well as for structural purposes. Accordingly, natural and synthetic fatty acids may modify the structure of the lipid membrane, altering its microdomain organization and other physical properties, and provoking changes in cell signaling. Therefore, by modulating fatty acids it is possible to regulate the structure of the membrane, influencing the cell processes that are reliant on this structure and potentially reverting pathological cell dysfunctions that may provoke cancer, diabetes, hypertension, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The so-called Membrane Lipid Therapy offers a strategy to regulate the membrane composition through drug administration, potentially reverting pathological processes by re-adapting cell membrane structure. Certain fatty acids and their synthetic derivatives are described here that may potentially be used in such therapies, where the cell membrane itself can be considered as a target to combat disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy. 相似文献
7.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have important pharmacological effects on mammalian cells. Here, we show that carboxyl group-containing PUFAs inhibit lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced focal adhesion formation, thereby inhibiting migration and adhesion. Carboxyl group-containing PUFAs inhibit LPA-induced calcium mobilization, whereas ethyl ester-group containing PUFAs have no effect. In addition, carboxyl group-containing PUFAs functionally inhibit LPA-dependent RhoA activation. Given these results, we suggest that PUFAs may inhibit LPA-induced calcium/RhoA signaling pathways leading to focal adhesion formation. Carboxyl group-containing PUFAs may have a functional role in this regulatory mechanism. 相似文献
8.
P.J. Thornalley A. Stern 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1984,804(3):308-323
Glyceraldehyde induces changes in the flux of glucose oxidised through the hexose monophosphate pathway, the concentrations of intermediates in the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, the oxidative status of haemoglobin and levels of reduced and oxidised pyridine nucleotides and glutathione in red cells. Glyceraldehyde autoxidises in the cellular incubations, consuming oxygen and producing glyoxalase I- and II-reactive materials. Major fates of glyceraldehyde in red cells appear to be: (i) adduct formation with reduced glutathione and cellular protein; (ii) autoxidation and reaction with oxyhaemoglobin and pyridine nucleotides, and (iii) phosphorylation of d-glyceraldehyde and entry into the glycolytic pathway as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The production of glycerol from glyceraldehyde by red cell l-hexonate dehydrogenase appears not to be a major reaction of glyceraldehyde in red cells. These results indicate that high concentrations of glyceraldehyde (1–50 mM) may induce oxidative stress in red cells by virtue of the spontaneous autoxidation of glyceraldehyde, forming hydrogen peroxide and α-ketoaldehydes (glyoxalase substrates). The implications of glyceraldehyde-induced oxidative stress for the in vitro anti-sickling effect of dl-glyceraldehyde and for the polyol pathway metabolism of glyceraldehyde are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Ian Henry Lambert 《The Journal of membrane biology》1987,98(3):207-221
Summary Arachidonic acid inhibits the cell shrinkage observed in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells during regulatory volume decrease (RVD) or after addition of the Ca ionophore A23187 plus Ca. In Na-containing media, arachidonic acid increases cellular Na uptake under isotonic as well as under hypotonic conditions. Arachidonic acid also inhibits KCl and water loss following swelling in Na-free, hypotonic media even when a high K conductance has been ensured by addition of gramicidin. In isotonic, Na-free medium arachidonic acid inhibits A23187 + Ca-induced cell shrinkage in the absence but not in the presence of gramicidin. It is proposed that inhibition of RVD in hypotonic media by arachidonic acid is caused by reduction in the volume-induced Cl and K permeabilities as well as by an increase in Na permeability and that reduction in A23187 + Ca-induced cell shrinkage is due to a reduction in K permeability and an increase in Na permeability. The A23187 + Ca-activated Cl permeability in unaffected by arachidonic acid. PGE2 inhibits RVD in Na-containing, hypotonic media but not in Na-free, hypotonic media, indicating a PGE2-induced Na uptake. PGE2 has no effect on the volume-activated K and Cl permeabilities. LTB4, LTC4 and LTE4 inhibit RVD insignificantly in hypotonically swollen cells. LTD4, more-over, induces cell shrinkage in steady-state cells and accelerates the RVD following hypotonic exposure. The effect of LTD4 even reflects a stimulating effect on K and Cl transport pathways. Thus none of the leukotrienes show the inhibitory effect found for arachidonic acid on the K and Cl permeabilities. The RVD response in hypotonic, Na-free media is, on the other hand, also inhibited by addition of the unsaturated oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitoleic acid, even in the presence of the cationophor gramicidin. The saturated arachidic and stearic acid had no effect on RVD. It is, therefore, suggested that a minor part of the inhibitory effect of arachidonic acid on RVD in Na-containing media is via an increased synthesis of prostaglandins and that the major part of the arachidonic acid effect on RVD in Na-free media, and most probably also in Na-containing media, is due to the inhibition of the volume-induced K and Cl transport pathways, caused by a nonspecific detergent effect of an unsaturated fatty acid. 相似文献
10.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was covalently bonded to a layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) grafted onto the surface of polysulfone (PSF) membranes. The effect of CLA-bonding on oxidative stress and blood coagulation was then evaluated. The surface was characterized with contact angle measurement and FTIR spectroscopy. Blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and oxidative stress were evaluated using human blood. The complete blood count (CBC) and coagulation time (CT) were evaluated in vitro for hemocompatibility. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by the chemiluminescence (CL) method to evaluate the oxidative stress. The results showed that the CLA-bonding PSF membrane exhibited more stable CBC values, longer CT, and less adsorption of plasma proteins than the unmodified PSF membrane. In addition, the CL counts of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide values for CLA-bonding PSF membrane were more stable than for unmodified PSF membrane. These results demonstrate that CLA-bonding can improve the blood compatibility of PSF membrane. The CLA-bonding PSF membrane could offer protection for patients against oxidative stress and could also reduce the dosage of anticoagulant required during hemodialysis. 相似文献
11.
12.
Toshifumi Takenaka Hidenori Horie Hideaki Hori Tadashi Kawakami 《The Journal of membrane biology》1988,106(2):141-147
Summary The effects of arachidonic acid and some other long-chain fatty acids on the ionic currents of the voltage-clamped squid giant axon were investigated using intracellular application of the test substances. The effects of these acids, which are usually insoluble in solution, were examined by using -cyclodextrin as a solvent. -cyclodextrin itself had no effect on the excitable membrane. Arachidonic acid mainly suppresses the Na current but has little effect on the K current. These effects are completely reversed after washing with control solution. The concentration required to suppress the peak inward current by 50% (ED50) was 0.18mm, which was 10 times larger than that of medium-chain fatty acids like 2-decenoic acid. The Hill number was 1.5 for arachidonic acid, which is almost the same value as for medium-chain fatty acids. This means that the mechanisms of the inhibition are similar in both long- and medium-chain fatty acids. When the long-chain fatty acids were compared, the efficacy of suppression of Na current was about the same value for arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The suppression effects of linoleic acid and linolenic acid on Na currents were one-third of that of arachidonic acid. Oleic acid had a small suppression effect and stearic acid had almost no effect on the Na current. The currents were fitted to equations similar to those proposed by Hodgkin and Huxley (Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F. (1952)J. Physiol (London)
117:500–544) and the change in the parameters of these equations in the presence of fatty acids were calculated. The curve of the steady-state activation parameter (m
) for the Na current against membrane potential and the time constant of activation (
m
) were shifted 10 mV in a depolarizing direction by the application of fatty acids. The time constant for inactivation (
h
) has almost unaffected by application of these fatty acids. 相似文献
13.
Arturo Samuel Gomez-Insuasti Luis Gustavo Rossi Bruno Ramalho Vieira Telma Teresinha Berchielli 《Archives of animal nutrition》2018,72(4):308-320
Soybean oil with different ruminal availability (whole soybeans (WS), soybean oil (SO) and calcium salts (CS)) was used to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) intake, rumen biohydrogenation (BH) and duodenal flow of FA in Nellore steers fed diets with crude glycerine (CG). Eight castrated Nellore steers were fitted with a ruminal and duodenal silicone cannula, and distributed in a double, simultaneous, Latin square 4 × 4 design with four diets and four experimental periods. Concentrates contained ground maize, urea, mineral salts, CG (100 g/kg DM) and soybean products with different availability of soybean oil: (1) no additional fat (CO), (2) WS, (3) SO or (4) CS. Fat supplementation was fixed to obtain 50 g ether extract/kg DM. Experimental treatments had no effect on DM intake, DM duodenal flow or ruminal turnover rate of C:16 FA. However, fat addition increased C:18 and turnover rates of total FA rumen (p < 0.05). CS resulted in lower C:18 turnover rates and lower ruminal BH of monounsaturated and unsaturated FA (UFA) than WS (p < 0.05). SO resulted in a greater duodenal flow of C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:1t-11 (vaccenic acid) and saturated FA than the WS and CS diets (p < 0.05). CS resulted in a higher duodenal flow of C18:3n-3 (linolenic acid) than WS (p < 0.05). The association of CG and calcium salts in Nellore steers was the best nutritional strategy to increase duodenal flow of healthier UFA, which may increase the deposition of these FA in meat. However, SO associated with CG association increased the duodenal flow of vaccenic acid, which is main precursor of endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acids in tissues. 相似文献
14.
Sellés-Marchart S Casado-Vela J Bru-Martínez R 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2007,464(2):295-305
The effects of detergents, trypsin and fatty acids on structural and functional properties of a pure loquat fruit latent polyphenol oxidase have been studied in relation to its regulation. Anionic detergents activated PPO at pH 6.0 below critical micelle concentration (cmc), but inhibited at pH 4.5 well above cmc. This behavior is due to a detergent-induced pH profile alkaline shift, accompanied by changes of intrinsic fluorescence of the protein. Gel filtration experiments demonstrate the formation of PPO-SDS mixed micelles. Partial PPO proteolysis suggest that latent PPO losses an SDS micelle-interacting region but conserves an SDS monomer-interacting site. Unsaturated fatty acids inhibit PPO at pH 4.5, the strongest being linolenic acid while the weakest was gamma-linolenic acid for both, the native and the trypsin-treated PPO. Down-regulation of PPO activity by anionic amphiphiles is discussed based on both, the pH profile shift induced upon anionic amphiphile binding and the PPO interaction with negatively charged membranes. 相似文献
15.
Riazy M Lougheed M Adomat HH Guns ES Eigendorf GK Duronio V Steinbrecher UP 《Free radical biology & medicine》2011,51(10):1926-1936
Macrophages are prominent components of human atherosclerotic lesions and they are believed to accelerate the progression and/or complications of both early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We and others have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces growth and inhibits apoptosis in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In this study, we sought to characterize the oxidative modification of LDL that is responsible for this prosurvival effect. We found that both the modified lipid and the modified protein components of oxLDL can increase the viability of macrophages. The key modification appeared to involve derivatization of amino groups in apoB or in phosphatidylethanolamine by lipid peroxidation products. These reactive oxidation products were primarily unfragmented hydroperoxide- or endoperoxide-containing oxidation products of linoleic acid or arachidonic acid. LC-MS/MS studies showed that some of the arachidonic acid-derived lysine adducts were isolevuglandins that contain lactam and hydroxylactam rings. MS/MS analysis of linoleic acid autoxidation adducts was consistent with 5- or 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles derived from unfragmented oxidation products. The amine modification by oxidation products generated a fluorescence pattern with an excitation maximum at 350nm and emission maximum at 430nm. This is very similar to the fluorescence spectrum of copper-oxidized LDL. 相似文献
16.
The permeability-enhancing effects of the two surfactants, 1-palmitoyl-2-lyso-sn-gycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPPC) and palmitic acid (PA), on lipid membranes that at physiological temperatures are in the gel, fluid, and liquid-ordered phases were determined using the concentration-dependent self-quenching properties of the hydrophilic marker, calcein. Adding lysoPPC to lipid membranes in the gel-phase induced a time-dependent calcein release curve that can be described by the sum of two exponentials, whereas PA induces a considerably more complex release curve. However, when lysoPPC and PA were added simultaneously in equimolar concentrations, a dramatic synergistic permeability-enhancing effect was observed. In contrast, when both lysoPPC and PA are added to liposomal membranes that are in the fluid or liquid-ordered phases, no effect on the transmembrane permeation of calcein was observed. 相似文献
17.
The interaction of sheep erythrocyte membranes with phosphatidylcholine vesicles (liposomes) or human plasma lipoproteins is described. Isolated sheep red cell membranes were incubated with liposomes containing [14C]phosphatidylcholine or [3H]phosphatidylcholine in the presence of EDTA. A time-dependent uptake of phosphatidylcholine into the membranes could be observed. The content of this phospholipid was increased from 2 to 5%. The rate of transfer was dependent on temperature, the amount of phosphatidylcholine present in the incubation mixture and on the fatty acid composition of the liposomal phosphatidylcholine. A possible adsorption of lipid vesicles to the membranes could be monitored by adding cholesteryl [14C]oleate to the liposomal preparation. As cholesterylesters are not transferred between membranes [1], it was possible to differentiate between transfer of phosphatidylcholine molecules from the liposomes into the membranes and adsorption of liposomes to the membranes. The phosphatidylcholine incorporated in the membranes was isolated, and its fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. It could be shown that there was a preferential transfer of phosphatidylcholine molecules containing two unsaturated fatty acids. 相似文献
18.
目的:观察共轭亚油酸(CLA)对急性缺氧大鼠肝脏线粒体呼吸链酶活性及肝脏内氧化应激(OS)的影响。方法:将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组,模拟海拔5000米高原环境连续缺氧暴露3d的急性缺氧组,急性缺氧CLA干预组。生化法测定肝脏组织中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,Clark氧电极法观察大鼠肝脏线粒体呼吸链酶活性。结果:成功诱导大鼠急性缺氧模型。与对照组比,急性缺氧组大鼠肝脏MDA含量明显升高(P<0.05),同时肝脏线粒体呼吸链酶活性以及抗氧化酶活性(SOD,CAT)及GSH显著降低(P<0.05),与急性缺氧相比,CLA治疗组大鼠以上各项指标均有改善,并存在一定的剂量效应关系。结论:CLA通过抑制氧化应激增强大鼠肝脏线粒体呼吸链酶活性改善了急性缺氧大鼠肝脏的能量代谢障碍,对急性缺氧引起的氧化损伤有保护作用。 相似文献
19.
Eva Jarc Ana Kump Petra Malavašič Thomas O. Eichmann Robert Zimmermann Toni Petan 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids》2018,1863(3):247-265
Cancer cells driven by the Ras oncogene scavenge unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) from their environment to counter nutrient stress. The human group X secreted phospholipase A2 (hGX sPLA2) releases FAs from membrane phospholipids, stimulates lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis in Ras-driven triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and enables their survival during starvation. Here we examined the role of LDs, induced by hGX sPLA2 and unsaturated FAs, in protection of TNBC cells against nutrient stress. We found that hGX sPLA2 releases a mixture of unsaturated FAs, including ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), from TNBC cells. Starvation-induced breakdown of LDs induced by low micromolar concentrations of unsaturated FAs, including PUFAs, was associated with protection from cell death. Interestingly, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) contributed to LD breakdown during starvation, but it was not required for the pro-survival effects of hGX sPLA2 and unsaturated FAs. High micromolar concentrations of PUFAs, but not OA, induced oxidative stress-dependent cell death in TNBC cells. Inhibition of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis suppressed LD biogenesis and potentiated PUFA-induced cell damage. On the contrary, stimulation of LD biogenesis by hGX sPLA2 and suppression of LD breakdown by ATGL depletion reduced PUFA-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Finally, lipidomic analyses revealed that sequestration of PUFAs in LDs by sPLA2-induced TAG remodelling and retention of PUFAs in LDs by inhibition of ATGL-mediated TAG lipolysis protect from PUFA lipotoxicity. LDs are thus antioxidant and pro-survival organelles that guard TNBC cells against nutrient and lipotoxic stress and emerge as attractive targets for novel therapeutic interventions. 相似文献
20.
van Beelen VA Aarts JM Reus A Mooibroek H Sijtsma L Bosch D Rietjens IM Alink GM 《FEBS letters》2006,580(19):4587-4590
In this study the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid appear to be effective inducers of electrophile-responsive element (EpRE) regulated genes, whereas the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid is not. These n-3 PUFAs need to be oxidized to induce EpRE-regulated gene expression, as the antioxidant vitamin E can partially inhibit the PUFA induced dose-dependent effect. Results were obtained using a reporter gene assay, real-time RT-PCR and enzyme activity assays. The induction of EpRE-regulated phase II genes by n-3 PUFAs may be a major pathway by which n-3 PUFAs, in contrast to n-6 PUFAs, are chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic. 相似文献