Ecology and late-Quaternary history of the Kurdo-Zagrosian oak forest near Lake Zeribar,western Iran

The ecology and distribution of Quercus aegilops ssp. brantii and the associated Pistacia atlantica var. mutica and P. khinjuk are examined as a basis for explaining the Late Quaternary history of the forest in the Zagros mountains. The three species are tolerant of aridity and low temperatures but sensitive to heavy snowfall. In most of the area, summer rain does not occur. Forest expansion is generally limited by the inability of seedlings to survive the four-month summer drought. Pollen diagrams from Lake Zeribar, Kurdistan show the absence of trees during the last glacial period and the migration of forest into the region between 10 000 and 5 500 B.P. This has been interpreted as indicating aridity during the Pleistocene with gradually increasing precipitation in the late glacial and Holocene. However, the sensitivity of these species to snow and their tolerance of low overall precipitation implicate higher snowfall rather than lower precipitation as the cause of absence during the Pleistocene. The inability of seedlings to survive the present summer-dry conditions suggests that summer rainfall, and not higher total precipitation, was the factor that finally allowed migration. These conclusions are supported by independent evidence of increased winter precipitation during the pleniglacial and a period of summer rainfall but low annual precipitation during forest expansion.     

基于SPEI指数的长江中下游流域干旱时空特征分析

基于长江中下游流域1961—2015年129个气象站点的逐日气温和降水数据,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI),对长江中下游流域近55年年尺度及各季节干旱变化趋势、站次比、强度和频率进行了分析,并探讨了干旱和区域气温、降水变化及ENSO的关系。结果表明:(1)在区域尺度,近55年长江中下游流域年尺度、春季和秋季呈干旱化趋势,春季干旱化趋势显著;夏季和冬季呈湿润化趋势。空间变化上,对于年尺度,汉江流域、中游干流区及洞庭湖流域以干旱化趋势为主,鄱阳湖流域、下游干流区和太湖流域以湿润化趋势为主;春季和秋季分别有96.90%和92.25%的站点呈干旱化趋势;夏季和冬季分别有82.95%和72.87%的站点呈湿润化趋势。(2)年尺度、春季和秋季干旱站次比及强度均呈增加趋势,春旱站次比与强度增加趋势显著;夏季和冬季干旱站次比和强度均呈下降趋势。(3)年尺度和春季干旱频率在21世纪初均达到最高,年尺度、春季和夏季干旱频率从20世纪90年代到21世纪初均呈增加趋势。(4)春、秋季干旱化趋势与降水量的减少及气温的上升相关,夏、冬季降水量的增加使得夏、冬季呈湿润化趋势。冬季SOI和次年春季干旱相关性极显著,冬季发生拉尼娜事件时,次年春季更易发生干旱。     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅰ.降水资源演变特征

基于中国南方地区15个省（市、自治区）262个气象台站1959-2008年的降水量资料,分析了季尺度降水量的趋势系数、降水变率、年际及年代际标准化降水距平的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国南方地区降水变化趋势的季节差异较大,大部分地区春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增多趋势,但西南部分地区略有不同;研究区域春旱发生可能性减小,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱发生的可能性增加;春旱更易发生在华南地区和西南地区,夏旱和秋旱发生可能性较高的地区为长江中下游地区和华南地区,冬旱发生可能性较高地区由华南地区扩大为华南和长江中下游地区.中国南方地区春季和秋季降水自20世纪80年代以来明显偏少,夏季和冬季降水在20世纪90年代以前偏少、20世纪90年代偏多、21世纪以来又偏少.中国南方各区域季节尺度降水量标准距平的年代变化基本一致,研究时段内秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势.     

基于优选遥感干旱指数的华北平原干旱时空变化特征分析

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)产品和气象资料,对比分析了作物缺水指数(CWSI)、干旱严重度指数(DSI)、归一化植被供水指数(NVSWI)和温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)表征华北平原干旱状况的适用性,并基于优选后的指数研究了2000—2018年干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)CWSI在反映干旱的效果上明显优于另外三种干旱指数。(2)时间上,2000—2018年春季干旱最严重,其次是秋季和冬季,夏季干旱最轻,但春季干旱强度有所下降,速率为-0.03/10a,而其他三季均呈增加趋势,速率为(0.01—0.08)/10a。(3)空间上,华北平原东部和东南部发生轻旱频率高,西部和北部中旱及以上干旱频率较高。山东省西北部及河南省东部、安徽省北部等地春旱呈显著减弱趋势(P<0.05);夏季华北平原东南部干旱增加趋势显著(P<0.05),而北部减弱趋势显著(P<0.05);秋季华北平原西南一带干旱上升趋势较大;冬季西部、中部及南部干旱增加趋势显著(P<0.05)。     

Rainfall seasonality determines annual/perennial grass balance in vegetation of Mediterranean Iberian

Much recent attention has been focused on the invasion and dominance of annual grass species in areas thought to have been historically dominated by perennial life forms. Explanations of this phenomenon in the literature have focused on two mechanisms favoring annuals: ruderal strategy associated with disturbance, and stress escaping associated with dry sites or deserts. Here I present evidence from vegetation surveys at 50 sites across a 1,200 km band of the Iberian Peninsula—a source region for many invasive annuals—showing that relative annual versus perennial grass composition is not well correlated with degree of disturbance or average annual precipitation. However, annual dominance is strongly and significantly linked to the seasonality of precipitation, in particular the relative intensity of summer drought. Disturbance was significantly associated with annual grass dominance in Iberia, but with much less explanatory power than summer drought intensity. Slope, aspect, and soil parent material were not significantly correlated with annual versus perennial grass dominance. These results suggest that subtle differences in rainfall seasonality largely drive grass composition in herbaceous Mediterranean vegetation. Furthermore, the patterns of annual grass invasion observed in the world’s other Mediterranean climate regions may be associated with similar climatic drivers.     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应.Ⅲ.基于降水量距平百分率的南方地区季节性干旱时空特征

分析季节性干旱时空特征和发生规律,可为全球气候变化背景下制定抗旱减灾对策提供理论依据.本研究利用南方15个省（市、区）的气象台站1959-2008年逐日降水、气温资料,以国家标准《气象干旱等级》中的降水量距平百分率作为干旱指标,并进行修正,计算了1959-2008年南方地区干旱指数,分析了年、季、月尺度干旱频率的空间分布特征、以及干旱强度、干旱站次比的年际变化.结果表明： 研究期间,南方地区年尺度干旱风险总体较小.干旱空间特征存在明显的季节性差异,南方地区季节性干旱以秋旱发生频率最高、强度最重,其多发生在长江中下游地区和华南地区等主要农作区;其次为冬旱,主要发生在西南地区西部和华南地区等冬作区;春旱和夏旱较轻,春旱多发区在西南地区西南部、华南南部以及淮北等地,夏旱多发区在长江中下游地区、福建东南沿海和西南地区东北部.研究区干旱多发区呈明显的月际波动变化和空间转换,11月到次年5月,干旱多发区范围随季节推移减小,5-11月,干旱多发区范围随季节推移增大,4-6月干旱发生范围最小,11-12月干旱多发区范围最广.1959-2008年,南方地区年尺度干旱范围略有减小、干旱强度略有增强,但不同季节表现不尽相同：春旱范围略有减小、强度减轻,夏旱范围明显减小、强度减轻,秋旱范围明显增大、强度增重,冬旱范围减小、强度减轻.     

蒸发需求干旱指数(EDDI)在辽宁省干旱识别中的应用

蒸发需求干旱指数(EDDI)是从大气蒸发需求(E₀)角度出发建立起来的一种多尺度的干旱指标,具有不依赖降水量、适用于各种下垫面类型的特点,具备在不同时间尺度捕捉水胁迫信号的能力。本研究基于1961—2018年辽宁省52个气象站气象观测资料,逐日估算E₀,按年、生长季(4—10月)、春季、夏季、秋季、冬季分别计算EDDI,分6个时间尺度识别近58年辽宁省干旱发生的年际变化特征。结果表明: 研究期间,辽宁省EDDI年际变化阶段性明显,多个时间尺度的EDDI呈两个高值集中期。在20世纪60年代,年、生长季、春季、秋季和冬季5个时间尺度的辽宁省平均EDDI高值区相对集中,这一阶段辽宁省发生干旱的年数多、程度重;除冬季外,2014—2018年是其他5个时间尺度的EDDI高值另一个相对集中的时段;1981—1982年,辽宁省的年、生长季、夏季、秋季的EDDI值偏高。1963—1965年(除夏季外)、1972—1973年(生长季、夏季)、1989—1990年(年、生长季、春季、冬季)、1997—1998年(年、生长季、夏季)、2004—2005年(春季、冬季)和2013—2014年(年、生长季、秋季)都发生了干-湿或湿-干逆转事件。1985—1987、1993—1995和2005—2013年,辽宁省存在明显的干旱空窗期。     

Seasonal and inter-annual variations of gas exchange in thirteen woody species along a climatic gradient in the Mediterranean island of Mallorca

We studied the influence of summer drought and winter temperatures on seasonal and spatial variations of light-saturated net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Mediterranean woody species. We measured variations in leaf gas exchange over 3 years in 13 Mediterranean trees and shrubs, located at four different sites along a climate gradient of temperature and precipitation in the island of Mallorca (West Mediterranean basin). Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were at a maximum during spring, autumn or winter and at a minimum during summer in most sites, species and years. Nevertheless, important spatial, temporal and species-specific variations were observed. Summer drought limitation to gas exchange was greatest in the dry part of the transect, where many species showed their maximum gas exchange rate during winter. In contrast, winter temperatures limited gas exchange of many species at the wet and cool end of the transect, while summer depression of gas exchange was shorter and less pronounced. These results suggest that the effect on carbon fixation and productivity by the predicted future increase of aridity in the Mediterranean basin will depend on whether gas exchange is mostly limited by summer drought or by low winter temperatures.     

Changes in traits of shrub canopies across an aridity gradient in northern Patagonia, Argentina

Low and highly variable precipitation pulses exert a strong selective pressure on plant traits and this might provide axes of ecological differentiation among plant species in arid ecosystems. We asked whether aridity contributes to maintain high diversity of species and morphotypes in shrub canopies. We selected eleven study sites evenly distributed across a 400-km transect in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Precipitation is low and highly variable within and between years but almost homogeneous across the transect (125–150 mm). Mean annual temperature varied, however, ranging from 8 °C (west) to 13.5 °C (east) creating a west–east gradient of aridity (aridity index from 3.7 to 7.3, respectively). Sheep grazing commenced in the early 1900s at a similar intensity across the transect. We recorded the richness and cover of shrubs by species and by morphotypes (drought deciduous tall shrubs, evergreen tall shrubs, medium shrubs, and dwarf shrubs), and further calculated the species and morphotype Shannon diversity index at each site. We assessed the presence of spiny leaves, leaf pubescence, thorny stems, and photosynthetic stems in shrub species of all morphotypes and collected green leaves of the dominant shrub species (more than 80% of the total shrub cover) to assess the leaf area, leaf mass per unit area, N-, lignin- and soluble phenolic-concentrations per species at each site. Richness and diversity of shrub species and morphotypes were positively associated with aridity. The richness and diversity of shrub species with pubescent leaves and thorny stems, and nitrogen concentration in green leaves of dominant shrubs increased with increasing aridity. We conclude that our findings on increased diversification in life history traits, species and morhotypes in shrub canopies with increasing aridity support the hypothesis that variability in aridity provides axes of ecological differentiation among shrub species facilitating their coexistence.     

云南省植被NDVI时间变化特征及其对干旱的响应

基于云南省74个气象站点的1997—2012年逐日降水资料和逐旬SPOT-NDVI值,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)多尺度分析了云南省干旱时间和强度演变与NDVI时间动态特征及其相关性分析,进而探讨气候变化对植被的影响。结果表明,1999—2013年云南省年平均NDVI值和年最大NDVI值均呈现波浪式的发展趋势,其趋势线斜率分别为0.0017和0.0011;NDVI年内各月变化情况大体上相同;不同季节NDVI的年际变化特征呈现出显著差异。1997—2012年不同时间尺度SPEI均体现出干旱化加剧的趋势,并随SPEI的时间尺度增大而增大;3个月尺度的SPEI值(SPEI3)结果表明,各月的变化呈现先增大后减小的趋势;SPEI3反映出多年季节水平的干旱强度为:冬季秋季春季夏季。总体上,云南省的年均NDVI与SPEI的相关性极弱,年最大NDVI与SPEI呈正相关;多年月均NDVI与不同尺度SPEI的相关性较强且存在滞后性;不同季节NDVI与SPEI的相关性及滞后性有较大差异,其中冬季NDVI、秋季NDVI与其当年当季SPEI的负相关性较强。     

Climate effects on inter- and intra-annual larch stemwood anomalies in the Mongolian forest-steppe

Climate response of tree-ring width and intra-annual wood anomalies were studied in stands of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) on Mt. Bogd Uul in the forest-steppe ecotone of Mongolia. Climate on Mt. Bogd Uul is characterized by an increase of the annual mean temperature by 1.5 K between 1965 and 2007, the lack of a long-term trend for annual precipitation and, with it, an increase in aridity. Tree-ring width increases with increasing June precipitation of the current year (June) and increasing late summer precipitation of the previous year. In >100-year old trees, also a negative correlation of tree-ring width with the July temperature of the year prior to tree-ring formation was found. Decreasing tree-ring width with increasing snowfall in December can be explained with the protection of the frost-sensitive eggs of gypsy moth by snow cover, which is a major herbivore of larch in Mongolia and causes reduction in the annual stem increment. The most significant change in wood anatomy was the decline of wide latewood, which is attributable to the increase of summer days with a mean temperature > 15 °C and drought periods in summer without precipitation. Increasing summer drought is also thought to have caused the repeated occurrence of missing rings since the 1960s, which were not observed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.     

CLINAL VARIATION IN SEED TRAITS INFLUENCING LIFE CYCLE TIMING IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Early life‐history transitions are crucial determinants of lifetime survival and fecundity. Adaptive evolution in early life‐history traits involves a complex interplay between the developing plant and its current and future environments. We examined the plant's earliest life‐history traits, dissecting an integrated suite of pregermination processes: primary dormancy, thermal induction of secondary dormancy, and seasonal germination response. We examined genetic variation in the three processes, genetic correlations among the processes, and the scaling of germination phenology with the source populations’ climates. A spring annual life history was associated with genetic propensities toward both strong primary dormancy and heat‐induced secondary dormancy, alone or in combination. Lineages with similar proportions of winter and spring annual life history have both weak primary dormancy and weak thermal dormancy induction. A genetic bias to adopt a spring annual strategy, mediated by rapid loss of primary dormancy and high thermal dormancy induction, is associated with a climatic gradient characterized by increasing temperature in summer and rainfall in winter. This study highlights the importance of considering combinations of multiple genetically based traits along a climatic gradient as adaptive strategies differentiating annual plant life‐history strategies. Despite the genetic‐climatic cline, there is polymorphism for life‐history strategies within populations, classically interpreted as bet hedging in an unpredictable world.     

Phenology and polyploidy in annual Brachypodium species (Poaceae) along the aridity gradient in Israel

Local adaptation of plants along environmental gradients provides strong evidence for clinal evolution mediated by natural selection. Plants have developed diverse strategies to mitigate stress, for example, drought escape is a phenological strategy to avoid drought stress, while polyploidy was proposed as a genomic adaptation to stress. Polyploidy as an adaptation to aridity (an environmental parameter integrating temperature and precipitation) was previously documented in annual Brachypodium spp. (Poaceae) in the Western Mediterranean. Here, we examined whether polyploidy or phenology are associated with aridity in annual Brachypodium spp. along the aridity gradient in the Eastern Mediterranean. Using flow cytometry, we determined ploidy levels of plants from natural populations along the Israeli gradient, spanning ∼424 km from mesic Mediterranean to extreme desert climates. In a common garden we recorded time of seedling emergence, flowering and senescence. We tested whether the proportion of allotetraploids in the populations and phenological traits were associated with aridity. Contrary to a previous study in the Western Mediterranean, we found no effect of aridity on the proportion of allotetraploids and diploids within populations. Interestingly, phenology was associated with aridity: time of emergence was later, while flowering and senescence were earlier in desert plants. Our results indicate that in the Eastern Mediterranean, adaptation of Brachypodium to aridity is mediated mainly by phenology, rather than ploidy level. Therefore, we suggest that genome duplication is not the main driver of adaptation to environmental stress; rather, phenological change as a drought escape mechanism may be the major adaptation.     

Soil moisture mediates association between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation and summer growth in the Park Grass Experiment

Several aspects of terrestrial ecosystems are known to be associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) through effects of the NAO on winter climate, but recently the winter NAO has also been shown to be correlated with the following summer climate, including drought. Since drought is a major factor determining grassland primary productivity, the hypothesis was tested that the winter NAO is associated with summer herbage growth through soil moisture availability, using data from the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted, UK between 1960 and 1999. The herbage growth rate, mean daily rainfall, mean daily potential evapotranspiration (PE) and the mean and maximum potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) were calculated between the two annual cuts in early summer and autumn for the unlimed, unfertilized plots. Mean and maximum PSMD were more highly correlated than rainfall or PE with herbage growth rate. Regression analysis showed that the natural logarithm of the herbage growth rate approximately halved for a 250 mm increase in maximum PSMD over the range 50-485 mm. The maximum PSMD was moderately correlated with the preceding winter NAO, with a positive winter NAO index associated with greater maximum PSMD. A positive winter NAO index was also associated with low herbage growth rate, accounting for 22% of the interannual variation in the growth rate. It was concluded that the association between the winter NAO and summer herbage growth rate is mediated by the PSMD in summer.     

Differential drought responses between saplings and adult trees in four co-occurring species of New England

Tree-ring characteristics in four species were examined to address whether co-occurring mature trees of different successional status respond differently to drought, and whether saplings of these species have a greater response to drought than mature trees. We examined saplings and mature trees of paper birch, yellow birch, red maple and sugar maple, which varied in successional status (shade-tolerance) and co-occurred at Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass., USA. Three drought events in 1964–1966, 1981 and 1995 were identified using climate data. For mature trees, there was no significant interspecific difference in relative changes in ring-width index (RWI) during the 1964–1966 and 1995 drought events. However, the interspecific difference was significant in the 1981 drought event. Response function analysis for mature trees showed that the radial growth of sugar maple was mainly controlled by spring and summer precipitation, red maple by spring and summer precipitation and temperature, yellow birch by winter and summer precipitation, and spring and summer temperature, and paper birch by spring and summer precipitation and spring temperature. Saplings of sugar maple and yellow birch, but not red maple and paper birch, showed significant positive correlations between RWI and annual total precipitation. In the 1995 drought event, saplings and mature trees of red maple and paper birch differed significantly in drought responses, but this was not true in sugar maple and yellow birch. Our results do not support a generally greater response in saplings than in mature trees, nor an early- versus late successional difference in drought responses.     

西北地区降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应

利用GNIP提供的我国西北地区的8个站点和本研究的2个站点的降水同位素数据以及相应的气象数据,结合HYSPLIT模型和水滴蒸发模型,分析了我国西北地区降水δ¹⁸O和d的时空分布,对该区二次蒸发效应进行了存在性判定与定量讨论,并探讨了二次蒸发效应的敏感因子.结果表明: 夏季风期间,新疆地区δ¹⁸O和d值由南向北均走低,陕甘宁地区由南向北,由东向西δ¹⁸O值整体上升,d值呈现下降趋势;冬季风期间,西北地区由南到北,由东向西δ¹⁸O值整体上逐渐减小,新疆地区d值由南向北升高,陕甘宁地区由南向北d值呈现下降趋势,由东向西有微弱的增大.我国西北地区夏季风时期的大气降水线的斜率、截距(6.80,-0.07)显著低于研究区全年的大气降水线方程的斜率、截距(7.27,3.37)和冬季风时期的大气降水线的斜率、截距(7.46,6.07),表明夏季风期间二次蒸发作用较强.研究区夏季风时期的蒸发比率均值为4.49%,高于冬季风时的3.65%,而黄土高原周边站点冬季风时期的蒸发比率高于夏季风时期,这与黄土高原近年来干旱加剧密不可分.另外,二次蒸发作用的强度随相对湿度、降水量和水汽压的增大而减弱,随温度(大于0 ℃)的升高而增强,但各因子在不同范围时对二次蒸发作用的影响有差异.     

1986—2019年黄土高原干旱变化特征及趋势

干旱作为极端气候事件之一,其频率和强度的变化影响到区域水资源,而干旱半干旱区植物生长的主要限制因素是水分,因此,研究黄土高原干旱时空特征及未来变化趋势对当地的生态环境具有重要意义。本研究基于1986—2019年降水和温度逐月格点数据,计算标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)和干旱发生频率,并运用Mann-Kendall检验和Sen斜率估计方法,探讨了黄土高原的年、季尺度干旱时空分布及变化特征,最后利用NAR神经网络结合Hurst指数对黄土高原未来干旱趋势进行预测。结果表明: 研究期间,黄土高原总体呈现干旱化趋势,且年际和季节尺度的干旱发生频率在空间上差异较大。其中,年际、春季和冬季以黄土高原东南部和西部干旱发生频率最高,夏季和秋季以西北部干旱发生频率最高。夏季以中度干旱发生频率最高,年际及其他季节以轻度干旱发生频率最高。黄土高原春、夏季呈现干旱化趋势,秋、冬季研究区大部分区域干旱趋势减轻。黄土高原年际、春季、夏季的SPEI值在未来一段时间内仍处于下降趋势,即干旱化趋势加重,且夏季的Hurst指数最大,持续性变化最强,未来持续干旱的可能性高于其他季节。     

Recent drought stress leads to growth reductions in Larix sibirica in the western Khentey,Mongolia

Trends in air temperature and precipitation in the forest‐steppe ecotone of the western Khentey, northern Mongolia were studied and related to stem increment and shoot water relations in Mongolia's most common tree species, Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). The area has been subject to a significant increase of summer temperature and a decrease of summer precipitation during the last 47 years. Tree‐ring width series from >400 larch trees show a strongly decreasing annual increment since the 1940s. The onset of this decrease is independent of the age of the trees and, therefore, can be attributed to the increasing aridity in the 20th century. Simultaneously to the declining annual increment, regeneration of Siberian larch decreased as well; today regeneration is virtually lacking in the larch forests on mountain slopes of the western Khentey. Measurements of shoot water potentials during the growing season exhibited daily minimum water potentials close to the point of zero turgor for extended periods. The drought stress indicated by these results is in line with the current low annual increment. Trees in the forest interior were more severely stressed and grow more slowly than trees at the forest line to steppe. This is attributable to the recent increase in aridity, as the stand density and probably also the trees themselves in the forest interior are adapted to moister conditions, whereas the trees at the forest edge have always been exposed to a more extreme microclimate. The progressing increase in aridity during the 21st century that is predicted for the western Khentey, suggests a future decline of larch forests. A widespread increase of aridity predicted for most parts of the Mongolian forest belt, suggests even a supra‐regional decline of larch.     

中国嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征

为了明确嵩草属(Kobresia)植物分布与气候要素的关系, 收集了嵩草属植物地理分布资料和气象台站气候数据, 应用ArcGIS软件及SPSS软件中的聚类分析方法, 分析了嵩草属植物地理分布模式和适应的气候特征。结果显示: 嵩草属植物分布在青藏高原、西北、华北和东北部分地区, 广泛分布13种, 间断分布10种, 分布海拔为1 400-5 000 m, 经度和纬度范围分别为81-112° E和23-46° N。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素平均值范围: 年生物学温度为4-19 ℃, 年平均气温为0-20 ℃, 年平均最高气温为7-28 ℃, 年平均最低气温为-6-16 ℃, 极端最高气温为25-40 ℃, 极端最低气温为-37.0-0.0 ℃, 1月和7月平均气温分别为-14-13 ℃和11-24 ℃, 1月和7月最高气温分别为-7-23 ℃和18-30 ℃, 1月和7月最低气温分别为-22-7 ℃和5-20 ℃, 春夏秋冬季气温分别为-4-19 ℃、9-23 ℃、6-21 ℃和-11-15 ℃, 温暖指数为23-159 ℃, 寒冷指数为-36-0 ℃, 年降水量为154-1 500 mm, 春夏秋冬降水量分别为19-135 mm、53-662 mm、48-545 mm和5-92 mm, Holdridge潜在蒸散量为261-1 100 mm, Thornthwaite潜在蒸发量为399-895 mm, 干燥度为167-786, 湿润指数为179-816, 4-10月日照时数为990-2 100 h。在热量要素平均值较低和中等、降水量与干燥湿润度平均值中等或辐射时数平均值较高范围下分布种数较多。嵩草属植物适应的气候要素极值, 年平均气温最小最大值范围为-6-21 ℃, 年平均最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-12-28 ℃, 极端最低气温最小值最高气温最大值范围为-48-42 ℃, 最冷最热月气温范围为-32-33 ℃, 冬夏季最低最高气温范围为-20-25 ℃, 降水量最小最大值范围为15-1 800 mm, 干燥度最小最大值范围为7-890, 日照时数最小最大值范围为701-2 300 h。在热量要素极值较低、降水量及干燥度极值中等或日照时数极值较大范围下分布种数较多。说明嵩草属植物主要适应于低温亚湿润型和中温湿润型气候。     

中国北方气候干湿变化及干旱演变特征

利用中国北方15个省(区、市)320个气象站1960—2014年逐月降水量资料,运用标准化降水指数(SPI)、标准差和相关分析等方法,基于不同时间尺度,对近55年来中国北方及不同干湿区气候干湿时空变化特征进行分析,并从干旱站次比、干旱强度等方面分析了年际干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)1960—2014年中国北方地区整体呈变干趋势,年际干旱站次比和干旱强度在同步波动中均呈下降趋势。(2)1960—2014年北方地区春季和冬季呈湿润化趋势,冬季湿润化趋势最明显,夏季和秋季呈干旱化趋势,夏季干旱化趋势最显著,夏季降水对年干湿状况的变化起决定性作用。(3)湿润区和半湿润区有干旱化趋势,而干旱区和半干旱区均呈湿润化趋势发展;湿润区和半湿润区年际干旱站次比、干旱强度呈上升趋势,而干旱区和半干旱区则相反。(4)中国北方东部季风区的湿润区和半湿润区以及处于季风区和非季风区分界线两侧的半湿润区和半干旱区气候干湿变化均呈显著同步波动变化趋势,而中国北方东部季风区的湿润区和半湿润区与中国北方西部非季风区的干旱区气候干湿变化呈显著反向波动变化趋势,夏季具有同样的规律,而冬季和春季四大干湿区干湿变化具有较好的同步一致性。