中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio):二十年进展与展望

大型森林动态监测样地是研究群落尺度森林动态变化的最优途径之一。中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)始建于2004年,是全球森林生物多样性监测网络(ForestGEO)最活跃的组成部分之一。CForBio森林动态监测样地一般为20ha,同时建立3–5个1–3ha辅助样地,以统一技术规范对胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行定位监测,旨在长期监测中国主要森林类型的生物多样性格局与动态,研究其形成和维持机制。本文简要介绍了CForBio的概况、主样地建设、数据共享、能力建设、基于长期监测数据的主要科学发现以及科学支撑和服务,夯实CForBio监测与研究、拓展专题网络并加强能力建设,可为以监测数据为基础的森林生物多样性保护管理决策以及国际履约提供科学依据。     

“中国森林生物多样性监测网络”丛书介绍

<正>为了让国内外同行全面了解中国森林生物多样性监测网络(Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network,简称CForBio)的整体状况和研究成果,中科院生物多样性委员会组织出版了"中国森林生物多样性监测网络"系列丛书。该系列丛书由中国林业出版社出版,是我国森林生物多样性监测和森林生态系统联网研究的重要基础资料。目前已经出版的图书如下:浙江古田山森林——树种及其分布格局.陈彬、米湘成、方腾、陈磊、任海保、马克平编著.2009.该书介绍了浙江省古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林中常见的木本植物159种,每个树种既有文字描述,又有     

土壤因子对次生森林群落物种多样性的影响

利用３０个样方和９０个土样的数据,采用多元线性逐步回归分析,分别探讨了乔木种数,灌木种数,草本植物种数,总个体数,辛柏森指数和香农－魏耐指数等多样性指数及其发育速度与土壤的厚度,含水量,酸碱度,盐基总量,有效氮,速效磷和钙镁总量的相关性。     

森林经营对群落α多样性影响的定量研究进展

生物多样性是一定地域内的基因、物种、生态系统和生态过程的总和[1]。对森林生物多样性的最大威胁是不可持续的森林经营和森林收获[2]。美国在其国家森林经营法中,授权美国林务局把生物多样性纳入森林经营规划,必须监测和评价实施森林经营规划对生物多样性的影响[3];1993年的瑞典林业法中,木材生产和生物多样性也给予同等重要的地位[4]。在日益关注生物多样性保护、森林退化和可持续林业背景下,迫切需要评估不同经营技术对森林结构和功能的影响[5],研究森林经营对生物多样性的影响也是森林生态系统经营的要求[6]。因为森林经营也有改善生物…     

遥感用于森林生物多样性监测的进展

随着物种和栖息地的丧失,全球范围的生物多样性保护已经成为迫切的需要。航空航天技术的迅猛发展使遥感成为能提供跨越不同时空尺度监测陆地生态系统生物多样性的重要工具,这方面的研究在欧美等国已经有了小范围的开展,在国内刚刚起步。国外关于生物多样性遥感探测的方法基本有3种:1.利用遥感数据直接对物种或生境制图,进而估算生物多样性;2 .建立遥感数据的光谱反射率与地面观测物种多样性的关系模型;3.与野外调查数据结合直接在遥感数据上进行生物多样性指数制图。研究表明,物种直接制图法只能应用于较小的范围;生境制图的方法,应用广泛,技术相对成熟,研究范围局限于几百公里的范畴,但不能获取生境内部的多样性信息。光谱模型技术目前正处于探索阶段,对于植被复杂、生物多样性高的地域,具有较大的应用潜力。在遥感数据上直接进行生物多样性制图在加拿大已经得到了应用。     

幕阜山森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

幕阜山地处中亚热带-北亚热带过渡地带,物种资源丰富.通过对其典型样地的调查,分别采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数作为测度指标,研究了幕阜山地区森林群落结构及其物种多样性特征.结果表明,该地区主要有21个森林群落类型.其中常绿阔叶林中,物种丰富度指数与多样性指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势均为灌木层相对高于乔木层,乔木层相对高于草本层;在落叶阔叶林中,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层和乔木层,而在草本层与乔木层间是波动的,多样性指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层;在针叶林中,物种丰富度、多样性指数表现的总趋势基本一致,即灌木层的丰富度相对较高,其次为草本层,乔木层的相对较小.在其他群落类型中,多样性指数、均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;另外,从总体上看,各种指数在海拔梯度上并未表现出明显的规律性.     

元江锥群落垂直结构的构建机制初探

基于功能性状探讨物种共存机制,已成为近年来群落生态学研究的热点内容。为探讨群落垂直结构构建的成因,该研究以昆明筇竹寺地区的半湿润常绿阔叶林为对象,调查乔木层、灌木层及草本层不同层次间植物叶片的功能性状。结果表明:(1)植物各功能性状均存在不同程度的随层次变化的趋势。(2)按照植物的生活型将元江锥群落分为乔木、灌木以及草本3层,与功能性状的聚类结果基本一致。(3)乔木、灌木和草本3个层次的S.E.S PW值均小于0,可知群落内物种的功能性状结构均呈现显著的发散。综上结果认为,植物群落不同物种的叶片功能特征对群落垂直方向上不同光照和水分条件组合的适应是群落垂直结构构成的主要影响因素,支持生境过滤是群落垂直结构构建的主要生态过程; 在不同层次内的物种具有不同的功能性状,同一层次内通过竞争排斥加大物种多样性; 群落垂直结构的形成是群落内垂直方向上环境因子发生变化的结果,对资源有不同需求的物种分布在不同空间高度上,群落垂直结构则是对资源的有效利用,增加了群落内物种多样性。     

历山森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

采用多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数对山西历山森林群落物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明,各群落类型的物种多样性指数的顺序为：青榨槭＋五角枫林>青榨槭＋鹅耳枥林>辽东栎林>栓皮栎林>华山松＋红桦林>油松＋栎林>白桦林>侧柏＋栓皮栎林>红桦林>华山松林>侧柏林>油松林>红桦＋山杨林;森林群落灌木层多样性指数和丰富度指数大于草本层和乔木层,而均匀度指数在乔木层、灌木层和草本层则表现出多样化的趋势;海拔1 000～1 920 m之间,Shannon-Wiener指数、Hill多样性指数及物种丰富度与海拔梯度均呈正相关(P<0.05),海拔大于1 920 m则呈现负相关;这些指数沿海拔梯度的变化呈现出“中间高度膨胀”的规律,即中等海拔高度上物种多样性高而低海拔和高海拔物种多样性低.这主要是由于在中海拔（约1 900 m）地段水热条件组合较好,人类活动干扰较少所致.     

中国履行《生物多样性公约》二十年: 行动、进展与展望

1992年6月联合国环境与发展大会(UNCED)通过了具有里程碑意义的《生物多样性公约》, 至今已经20年。在此期间, 中国1993年建立了履行《公约》的国家协调机制, 1995-1997年实施了“中国生物多样性国情研究”, 2007-2010年编制了《中国生物多样性保护国家战略与行动计划》, 2011年建立了“中国生物多样性保护国家委员会”, 并针对《生物多样性公约》的目标, 实施了多项生物多样性研究和保护行动, 包括森林、草原、荒漠、湿地、海洋等自然生态系统保护; 物种资源调查、编目、数据库建设以及珍稀濒危物种保护; 外来入侵种防治与转基因生物生态风险评估等。同时, 在生物多样性本底查明、监测体系建立、就地保护、遗传资源获取与惠益分享、传统知识的保护与应用等方面还存在很多挑战, 为此, 本文有针对性地提出了区域生物多样性本底查明、就地保护和遗传资源及相关传统知识获取与惠益分享等未来重点研究方向。     

面向城市生物多样性提升的可持续景观格局构建机理与途径

城市生物多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,城市是地理学、生态学及风景园林学等学科领域关注的核心地域。城市生态系统退化直接或间接地干扰了城市生境并造成了区域生物多样性丧失。为实现可持续城市和社区(SDG11)和陆地生物(SDG15)两项可持续发展目标,提升城市生物多样性的途径是当前城市生物多样性研究热点。可持续景观格局调控与构建是提升生物多样性的可能途径,城市生境与生物多样性的关系是可持续景观格局构建的重要内涵,科学地认知两者的相互作用关系是景观格局调控的根本。研究通过梳理生物多样性与景观生态学的交叉研究,提出了可持续城市景观格局研究的转变趋向:从生物多样性保护的被动适应式的生态安全格局构建转向主动调控提升生物多样性的可持续城市景观格局构建。加强多尺度的级联,在斑块尺度上的城市生境恢复和营建,景观尺度上构建面向城市生物多样性提升的可持续景观格局识别与连通优化,区域尺度上开展生物多样性保护规划。研究为城市生物多样性的保护与提升提供科学途径,进而促进城市景观生态学的理论与实践发展。     

中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)的研究态势与热点: 基于文献计量分析

中国森林生物多样性监测网络(CForBio)作为我国生物多样性科学综合研究平台, 其发展过程和研究成果对促进我国生物多样性研究具有重要意义, 掌握其研究态势与热点变化可为CForBio的长远发展以及其他生态监测研究提供参考。本文对2007-2017年间CNKI数据库和Web of Science核心合集数据库中CForBio发表的论文进行了较为全面的文献计量分析。结果表明: 2007年以来, CForBio发表论文的数量整体上呈快速上升趋势, 从2007年的3篇增长到2017年的55篇, 其中SCI收录论文的增长较为明显(从2007年的1篇增长到2017年的34篇)。金光泽(70篇)、马克平(68篇)、郝占庆(68篇)等学者发表论文数量较多, 中国科学院的植物研究所(104篇)、沈阳应用生态研究所(67篇)、华南植物园(59篇)等是CForBio中相对活跃的研究机构, 但各样地负责机构和学者间的合作仍较少, 跨机构间的协同研究还有待提高。CForBio的研究热点主要体现在树木空间分布格局、植物功能性状、树木密度制约、群落系统发育等方面, 为揭示我国不同气候带森林群落构建机制提供了大量的理论依据。未来CForBio的研究应加强国内外机构间的合作创新并建立数据共享途径, 注重近地面遥感、多源数据融合等新技术的应用, 在生物多样性格局的多尺度与多维度解析、植物-土壤反馈机制、树木冠层和根系的结构与功能等方向持续开展深入研究。     

Beta‐diversity in temperate and tropical forests reflects dissimilar mechanisms of community assembly

Site‐to‐site variation in species composition (β‐diversity) generally increases from low‐ to high‐diversity regions. Although biogeographical differences in community assembly mechanisms may explain this pattern, random sampling effects can create this pattern through differences in regional species pools. Here, we compared assembly mechanisms between spatially extensive networks of temperate and tropical forest plots with highly divergent species pools (46 vs. 607 species). After controlling for sampling effects, β‐diversity of woody plants was similar and higher than expected by chance in both forests, reflecting strong intraspecific aggregation. However, different mechanisms appeared to explain aggregation in the two forests. In the temperate forest, aggregation reflected stronger environmental correlations, suggesting an important role for species‐sorting (e.g. environmental filtering) processes, whereas in the tropics, aggregation reflected stronger spatial correlations, more likely reflecting dispersal limitation. We suggest that biogeographical differences in the relative importance of different community assembly mechanisms contribute to these striking gradients in global biodiversity.     

Univariate Community Assembly Analysis (UniCAA): Combining hierarchical models with null models to test the influence of spatially restricted dispersal,environmental filtering,and stochasticity on community assembly

Identifying the influence of stochastic processes and of deterministic processes, such as dispersal of individuals of different species and trait‐based environmental filtering, has long been a challenge in studies of community assembly. Here, we present the Univariate Community Assembly Analysis (UniCAA) and test its ability to address three hypotheses: species occurrences within communities are (a) limited by spatially restricted dispersal; (b) environmentally filtered; or (c) the outcome of stochasticity—so that as community size decreases—species that are common outside a local community have a disproportionately higher probability of occurrence than rare species. The comparison with a null model allows assessing if the influence of each of the three processes differs from what one would expect under a purely stochastic distribution of species. We tested the framework by simulating “empirical” metacommunities under 15 scenarios that differed with respect to the strengths of spatially restricted dispersal (restricted vs. not restricted); habitat isolation (low, intermediate, and high immigration rates); and environmental filtering (strong, intermediate, and no filtering). Through these tests, we found that UniCAA rarely produced false positives for the influence of the three processes, yielding a type‐I error rate ≤5%. The type‐II error rate, that is, production of false negatives, was also acceptable and within the typical cutoff (20%). We demonstrate that the UniCAA provides a flexible framework for retrieving the processes behind community assembly and propose avenues for future developments of the framework.     

土壤动物群落空间格局和构建机制研究进展

群落空间格局和构建机制一直是生态学研究的核心内容。在生物多样性严重丧失的背景下, 揭示群落空间格局及其构建机制, 有助于深刻理解生物多样性丧失的原因, 更有助于应对生物多样性保护等重大生态环境问题。然而, 陆地生态系统的研究多集中于地上生物群落, 对地下生态系统, 尤其是土壤动物空间格局和构建机制的研究尚不充分。事实上, 土壤动物多样性是全球生物多样性的关键组成之一, 是地下生态系统结构和功能维持的重要部分。对土壤动物空间格局和构建机制的研究, 能明确不同空间尺度条件下土壤动物多样性的维持机制。土壤动物群落常在多种空间尺度形成复杂的空间分布格局, 因此, 本文首先介绍了不同空间尺度主要土壤动物群落的空间自相关性特征, 阐述了土壤动物群落斑块和孔隙镶嵌分布的复杂空间格局。继而阐明这种空间格局主要受生物间作用、环境过滤和随机扩散的调控, 并说明这三个过程对土壤动物群落的调控能力和作用方式。作者提出, 这三个过程仍是今后土壤动物群落空间格局和构建机制研究的重点内容, 需要进一步加强以土壤动物为研究对象的群落构建理论的验证和发展。我国土壤动物群落空间格局和构建机制起步较晚, 希望本文能够促进我国土壤动物生态学相关领域的研究。     

The effects of contemporary selection and dispersal limitation on the community assembly of acidophilic microalgae

Extremophilic microalgae are primary producers in acidic habitats, such as volcanic sites and acid mine drainages, and play a central role in biogeochemical cycles. Yet, basic knowledge about their species composition and community assembly is lacking. Here, we begin to fill this knowledge gap by performing the first large‐scale survey of microalgal diversity in acidic geothermal sites across the West Pacific Island Chain. We collected 72 environmental samples in 12 geothermal sites, measured temperature and pH, and performed rbcL amplicon‐based 454 pyrosequencing. Using these data, we estimated the diversity of microalgal species, and then examined the relative contribution of contemporary selection (i.e., local environmental variables) and dispersal limitation on the assembly of these communities. A species delimitation analysis uncovered seven major microalgae (four red, two green, and one diatom) and higher species diversity than previously appreciated. A distance‐based redundancy analysis with variation partitioning revealed that dispersal limitation has a greater influence on the community assembly of microalgae than contemporary selection. Consistent with this finding, community similarity among the sampled sites decayed more quickly over geographical distance than differences in environmental factors. Our work paves the way for future studies to understand the ecology and biogeography of microalgae in extreme habitats.     

Dispersal of aquatic organisms by waterbirds: a review of past research and priorities for future studies

1. Inland wetlands constitute ecological islands of aquatic habitat often isolated by huge areas of non-suitable terrestrial habitats. Although most aquatic organisms lack the capacity to disperse by themselves to neighbouring catchments, many species present widespread distributions consistent with frequent dispersal by migratory waterbirds.
2. A literature review indicates that bird-mediated passive transport of propagules of aquatic invertebrates and plants is a frequent process in the field, at least at a local scale. Both endozoochory (internal transport) and ectozoochory (external transport) are important processes.
3. The characteristics of the dispersed and the disperser species that facilitate such transport remain largely uninvestigated, but a small propagule size tends to favour dispersal by both internal and external transport.
4. We review the information currently available on the processes of waterbird-mediated dispersal, establishing the limits of current knowledge and highlighting problems with research methods used in previous studies. We also identify studies required in the future to further our understanding of the role of such dispersal in aquatic ecology.     

Biodiversity of Cetoniinae beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in introduced and native habitats in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The ecology of the beetles of the subfamily Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is relatively poorly known worldwide. In the neotropics in particular, there are far less studies than in other biogeographic regions. In part due to this lack of knowledge, cetoniines are not considered indicators of habitat quality in the Neotropical region. In this study, we compare the abundance, diversity, and species composition of cetoniines in three different habitats in Brazil: two exotic (Brachiaria pasturelands and eucalyptus plantation) and one native (Brazilian Atlantic Forest). We also provide diagnostic images of both sexes and of the genitalia of males of all species to facilitate species identification in further studies. The beetles were collected weekly from September to December 2012 with traps baited with fermented fruit, in five eucalyptus plantations (Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden), five exotic pasturelands (Brachiaria spp.), and five patches of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The abundance and diversity of cetoniines was found to be lower in the eucalyptus plantations and about the same in the forest and pasturelands. The low diversity found and the little information available on the ecology of Neotropical Cetoniinae is insufficient to propose these beetles as candidates for the habitat evaluation in Brazil.     

Sunken roads as habitats for forest plant species in a dynamic agricultural landscape: effects of age and isolation

Aim This study tests the hypothesis that linear, woody habitat patches surrounding small, sunken rural roads not only function as an unstable sink but also as a true, sustainable habitat for forest plants. Furthermore, factors affecting the presence of forest plant species in sunken roads are determined. Finally, the implications of these findings for the overall metapopulation dynamics of forest plant species in fragmented agricultural landscapes are assessed. Location The study area, c. 155 km² in size, is situated in a fragmented agricultural landscape within the loamy region of central Belgium. Methods Forest species presence–absence data were collected for 389 sunken roads. The effect of area, depth, age and isolation on sunken road species richness was assessed using linear regression and analysis of variance (anova ). Analysis of covariance was employed to study the interaction between age and isolation. Differences in plant community dispersal spectra in relation to sunken road age and isolation were analysed by means of linear regression and anova . Results Sunken roads proved to function as an important habitat for forest plants. The sink‐hypothesis was falsified by a clear species accumulation in time: sunken road species richness significantly increased with the age of the elements. Sunken road age mainly affected species richness through effects on both area and depth, affecting habitat quality and diversity. Furthermore, sunken road isolation had a significant impact on species richness as well, with the number of forest species decreasing with increasing isolation of the elements, indicating dispersal limitation in sunken road habitats. Moreover, a significant age × isolation interaction effect was demonstrated. Differences in regression slopes for isolation between age classes revealed that the effect of isolation intensified with increasing age of the elements. Differential colonization in relation to forest species dispersal capacities probably account for this, as confirmed by the analysis of sunken road plant community dispersal spectra, with the fraction of species with low dispersal capacities increasing with increasing age and decreasing isolation of the elements. Main conclusions During sunken road development, area and depth increase and, gradually, suitable habitat conditions for forest plant species arise. Depending on their ecological requirements and dispersal capacities, forest species progressively colonize these habitats as a function of the element's isolation. The functioning of sunken roads as a sustainable habitat for forest species enhances the metapopulation viability of forest plants in agricultural landscapes and has important consequences for forest restoration practices. Moreover, the results of this work call for integrating the presence of forest species in small‐scaled linear habitat patches in forest fragmentation studies.