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1.
A flexible air electrode (FAE) with both high oxygen electrocatalytic activity and excellent flexibility is the key to the performance of various flexible devices, such as Zn–air batteries. A facile two‐step method, mild acid oxidation followed by air calcination that directly activates commercial carbon cloth (CC) to generate uniform nanoporous and super hydrophilic surface structures with optimized oxygen‐rich functional groups and an enhanced surface area, is presented here. Impressively, this two‐step activated CC (CC‐AC) exhibits superior oxygen electrocatalytic activity and durability, outperforming the oxygen‐doped carbon materials reported to date. Especially, CC‐AC delivers an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of 360 mV at 10 mA cm?2 in 1 m KOH, which is among the best performances of metal‐free OER electrocatalysts. The practical application of CC‐AC is presented via its use as an FAE in a flexible rechargeable Zn–air battery. The bendable battery achieves a high open circuit voltage of 1.37 V, a remarkable peak power density of 52.3 mW cm?3 at 77.5 mA cm?3, good cycling performance with a small charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.98 V and high flexibility. This study provides a new approach to the design and construction of high‐performance self‐supported metal‐free electrodes.  相似文献   

2.
Fiber‐shaped aqueous rechargeable Zn batteries (FARZBs) show flexibility, good reliability, cost‐effectiveness, high energy/power densities, and high safety that have attracted increasing attention as promising energy storage devices for future wearable applications. However, the development of FARZB is limited by its poor cycling life and inferior charge–discharge performance, mainly suffering from zinc dendrite growth and increasing electrode irreversibility. In this work, dendrite‐free fiber‐shaped Zn//Co3O4 rechargeable batteries with a long cycle life tested in water and air, are obtained via tuning the surface binding energy of Zn on the anode using the zincophilic N,O‐functional carbon fiber, as well as engineering the Co3O4 cathode with a nanowire array structure. The fiber‐shaped Zn//Co3O4 full battery demonstrates remarkable long cycle life in water and air with high energy density, impressive flexibility, and excellent waterproof ability (fully immersed and charged/discharged under water for more than 33 h for 3000 cycles with capacity retention of ≈80%). The reversible electrochemical mechanisms of the FARZBs, without obvious zinc dendrite deposits and structural change of Co3O4 nanowires, are confirmed by a series of characterizations. These results demonstrate that the FARZBs are promising power sources for emerging wearable electronics.  相似文献   

3.
Aqueous Ni/Fe batteries have great potential as flexible energy storage devices, owing to their low cost, low toxicity, high safety, and high energy density. However, the poor cycling stability has limited the widely expected application of Ni/Fe batteries, while the use of heavy metal substrates cannot meet the basic requirement for flexible devices. In this work, a flexible type of solid‐state Ni/Fe batteries with high energy and power densities is rationally developed using needle‐like Fe3O4 and flake‐like NiO directly grown on carbon cloth/carbon nanofiber (CC–CF) matrix as the anode and cathode, respectively. The hierarchical CC–CF substrate with high electric conductivity and good flexibility serves as an ideal support for guest active materials of nanocrystalline Fe3O4 and NiO, which can effectively buffer the volume change giving rise to good cycling ability. By utilizing a gel electrolyte, a robust and mechanically flexible quasi‐solid‐state Ni/Fe full cell can be assembled. It demonstrates optimal electrochemical performance, such as high energy density (5.2 mWh cm?3 and 94.5 Wh Kg?1), high power density (0.64 W cm?3 and 11.8 KW Kg?1), together with excellent cycling ability. This work provides an example of solid‐state alkaline battery with high electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility, holding great potential for future flexible electronic devices.  相似文献   

4.
The main challenge in developing foldable Li–S batteries (LSB) lies in developing an electrode that is ultraflexible, conductive, and catalytic for dissolved lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this paper, lightweight macromolecule graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) film and a conductive polymer (CP) of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) shell are introduced into flexible LSBs by compositing with carbon cloth (CC). In the designed hybrid of CP/g‐C3N4@CC, 2D g‐C3N4 is used in the form of an effective trapper and functions as a continuous catalytic layer for LiPSs via the formation of pyridinic‐N‐Li bonds. This is revealed by both experimental investigations and theoretical analysis. The sandwich‐like CC and CP simultaneously bring an omnidirectional conductive network for fast interfacial reaction kinetics. With these benefits, the self‐supported CP/g‐C3N4@CC forms a powerful interaction system to fully in situ “lock” LiPSs in the commercial CC matrix. Thus, a substantially enhanced electrochemical performance is obtained at a high sulfur loading (4.7 mg cm–2) even operating in a pouch cell. This work may provide a potential avenue for practical use of high‐performance LSBs toward flexible energy‐storage devices.  相似文献   

5.
Bifunctional cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanowire catalysts grown on carbon cloth (CC) fibers and their modification with nickel oxide (NiO) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) to produce core–shell nanoarchitectures are explored as catalysts for urea oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in direct urea fuel cells (DUFC). Based on a systematic electrochemical characterization of the catalyst, the as‐developed core–shell nanoarchitectures are optimized toward DUFC performance. Under alkaline conditions with an anion exchange membrane, the DUFC with a cell configuration of Co3O4@NiO(1:2)/CC(a|c)Co3O4@MnO2(1:2)/CC exhibits a maximum power density of 33.8 mW cm?2 with excellent durability for 120 h without any performance loss. Furthermore, the DUFC exhibits a maximum power density of 23.2 mW cm?2 with human urine as a fuel. These findings offer an approach to convert human waste into treasure.  相似文献   

6.
The increasing demand for portable and wearable electronics requires lightweight, thin, and highly flexible power sources, for example, flexible zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). The so‐far reported flexible ZAB devices mostly remain bulky, with a design consisting of two relatively thick substrates (e.g., carbon cloths and/or metal foams) and a gel electrolyte‐coated separator in between. Herein, an ultrathin (≈0.2 mm) solid‐state ZAB with high flexibility and performance is introduced by directly forming self‐standing active layers on each surface of an alkaline polymer membrane through an ink‐casting/hot‐pressing approach. A Fe/N‐doped 3D carbon with hierarchic pores and an interconnected network structure is used as cathode electrocatalyst, so that the backing gas‐diffusion layer (e.g., carbon cloth) can be abandoned. What is further, a microstructure‐modulating method to significantly increase the FeN4 active sites for oxygen reduction reaction is developed, thus significantly boosting the performance of the ZAB. The assembled solid‐state ZAB manifests remarkable peak power density of 250 mW cm?3 and high capacity of 150.4 mAh cm?3 at 8.3 mA cm?3, as well as excellent flexibility. The new design should provide valuable opportunity to the portable and wearable electronics.  相似文献   

7.
Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising porous precursors for the construction of various functional materials for high‐performance electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Herein, a facile two‐step solution method to rational design of a novel electrode of hollow NiCo2O4 nanowall arrays on flexible carbon cloth substrate is reported. Uniform 2D cobalt‐based wall‐like MOFs are first synthesized via a solution reaction, and then the 2D solid nanowall arrays are converted into hollow and porous NiCo2O4 nanostructures through an ion‐exchange and etching process with an additional annealing treatment. The as‐obtained NiCo2O4 nanostructure arrays can provide rich reaction sites and short ion diffusion path. When evaluated as a flexible electrode material for supercapacitor, the as‐fabricated NiCo2O4 nanowall electrode shows remarkable electrochemical performance with excellent rate capability and long cycle life. In addition, the hollow NiCo2O4 nanowall electrode exhibits promising electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction. This work provides an example of rational design of hollow nanostructured metal oxide arrays with high electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility, holding great potential for future flexible multifunctional electronic devices.  相似文献   

8.
Hierarchically organized porous carbonized‐Co3O4 inverse opal nanostructures (C‐Co3O4 IO) are synthesized via complementary colloid and block copolymer self‐assembly, where the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 acts as the template and the carbon source. These highly ordered porous inverse opal nanostructures with high surface area display synergistic properties of high energy density and promising bifunctional electrocatalytic activity toward both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). It is found that the as‐made C‐Co3O4 IO/Ketjen Black (KB) composite exhibits remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance, such as increased specific capacity (increase from 3591 to 6959 mA h g?1), lower charge overpotential (by 284.4 mV), lower discharge overpotential (by 19.0 mV), and enhanced cyclability (about nine times higher than KB in charge cyclability) in Li–O2 battery. An overall agreement is found with both C‐Co3O4 IO/KB and Co3O4 IO/KB in ORR and OER half‐cell tests using a rotating disk electrode. This enhanced catalytic performance is attributed to the porous structure with highly dispersed carbon moiety intact with the host Co3O4 catalyst.  相似文献   

9.
Based on a liquid metal (eutectic alloy with 90 wt% gallium and 10 wt% indium) anode, a soft, highly elastic, discharge‐current‐controllable, cable‐shaped liquid metal–air battery operated at 25 °C, with effective reactions of Ga ? 3e? → Ga3+ and O2 + 2H2O + 4e? → 4OH? is presented. In the liquid metal electrode, indium is used not only to inhibit the corrosion of gallium in the alkaline electrolyte but also to maintain the liquid state of the anode at room temperature. Thus, the liquid anode can be easily injected into (or extracted from) the battery cavity, leading to an easily renewable anode. In addition, the cable‐shaped battery shows a pressure‐responsive discharge current, owing to the soft, deformable battery body. Due to the liquid anode and flexible carbon fiber‐based cathode, the battery is highly flexible (bending radius < 1 mm) and easily recovers from any degree of bending without electrochemical performance impairment. With its elastic polyacrylic acid‐based gel electrolyte, the battery shows high elasticity, stretching by up to 100% (from 12 to 24 cm), excellent shape recovery from stretched states, and a discharge performance retention of 98.87%. Moreover, this paper provides the possibility to develop a deformable battery based on the liquid metal material.  相似文献   

10.
Rational construction of atomic‐scale interfaces in multiphase nanocomposites is an intriguing and challenging approach to developing advanced catalysts for both oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution reactions (OER). Herein, a hybrid of interpenetrating metallic Co and spinel Co3O4 “Janus” nanoparticles stitched in porous graphitized shells (Co/Co3O4@PGS) is synthesized via ionic exchange and redox between Co2+ and 2D metal–organic‐framework nanosheets. This strategy is proven to effectively establish highways for the transfer of electrons and reactants within the hybrid through interfacial engineering. Specifically, the phase interpenetration of mixed Co species and encapsulating porous graphitized shells provides an optimal charge/mass transport environment. Furthermore, the defect‐rich interfaces act as atomic‐traps to achieve exceptional adsorption capability for oxygen reactants. Finally, robust coupling between Co and N through intimate covalent bonds prohibits the detachment of nanoparticles. As a result, Co/Co3O4@PGS outperforms state‐of‐the‐art noble‐metal catalysts with a positive half‐wave potential of 0.89 V for ORR and a low potential of 1.58 V at 10 mA cm?2 for OER. In a practical demonstration, ultrastable cyclability with a record lifetime of over 800 h at 10 mA cm?2 is achieved by Zn–air batteries with Co/Co3O4@PGS within the rechargeable air electrode.  相似文献   

11.
Fiber‐shaped rechargeable batteries hold promise as the next‐generation energy storage devices for wearable electronics. However, their application is severely hindered by the difficulty in fabrication of robust fiber‐like electrodes with promising electrochemical performance. Herein, yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon fibers (NiS2?PCF) are successfully fabricated and developed as high‐performance fiber electrodes for sodium storage. Benefiting from the robust embedded structure, 3D porous and conductive carbon network, and yolk–shell NiS2 nanoparticles, the as‐prepared NiS2?PCF fiber electrode achieves a high reversible capacity of about 679 mA h g?1 at 0.1 C, outstanding rate capability (245 mA h g?1 at 10 C), and ultrastable cycle performance with 76% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at 5 C. Notably, a flexible fiber‐shaped sodium battery is assembled, and high reversible capacity is kept at different bending states. This work offers a new electrode‐design paradigm toward novel carbon fiber electrodes embedded with transition metal oxides/sulfides/phosphides for application in flexible energy storage devices.  相似文献   

12.
Pliable, safe, and inexpensive energy storage devices are in demand to power modern flexible electronics. In this work, a foldable battery based on a solid‐state and rechargeable Zn‐air battery is introduced. The air cathode is prepared by coating graphene flakes on pretreated carbon cloth to form a dense, interconnected, and conducting carbon network. Manganese oxide hierarchical nanostructures are subsequently grown on the large surface area carbon network, leading to high loading of active catalyst per unit volume while maintaining the mechanical and electrical integrity of the air cathode. Solid‐state and rechargeable Zn‐air battery with such air cathode exhibits similar polarization curve and resistance at its flat and folded states. The folded battery is able to deliver a power density as high as ≈32 mW cm?2 and good cycling stability of up to 110 cycles. In addition, the flat battery shows similar discharge/charge curve and stable cycling performance after 100 times of repeated folding and unfolding, indicating its high mechanical robustness.  相似文献   

13.
The development of 3D nanoarchitectures on flexible current collectors has emerged as an effective strategy for preparing advanced portable and wearable power sources. Herein, a flexible and efficient electrode is demonstrated based on electrospun carbon fibers (ECF) substrate with elaborately designed hierarchical porous V2O5 nanosheets (V2O5–ECF). The unique configuration of V2O5–ECF composite film fully enables utilization of the synergistic effects from both high electrochemical performance of V2O5 and excellent conductivity of ECF, endowing the films to be an excellent electrode for flexible and lightweight electrochemical capacitors (ECs). Benefiting from their intriguing structural features, V2O5–ECF and ECF films, directly used as electrodes for flexible asymmetric quasi‐solid‐state electrochemical capacitors, achieve superior flexibility and reliability, enhanced energy/power density, and outstanding cycling stability. Moreover, the ability to power light‐emitting diodes (LED) also indicates the feasibility for practical use. Therefore, it is believed that this novel design may find promising application in flexible devices in future.  相似文献   

14.
Early demonstrations of wearable devices have driven interest in flexible lithium‐ion batteries. Previous demonstrations of flexible lithium‐ion batteries trade off between low areal capacity, poor mechanical flexibility and/or high thickness of inactive components. Here, a reinforced electrode design is used to support the active layers of the battery and a freestanding carbon nanotube (CNT) layer is used as the current collector. The supported architecture helps to increase the areal capacity (mAh cm‐2) of the battery and improve the tensile strength and mechanical flexibility of the electrodes. Batteries based on lithium cobalt oxide and lithium titanate oxide shows excellent electrochemical and mechanical performance. The battery has an areal capacity of ≈1 mAh cm‐2 and a capacity retention of around 94% after cycling the battery for 450 cycles at a C/2 rate. The reinforced electrode has a tensile strength of ≈5.5–7.0 MPa and shows excellent capacity retention after repeatedly flexing to a bending radius ranging from 45 to 10 mm. The relationships between mechanical flexing, electrochemical performance, and mechanical integrity of the battery are studied using electrochemical cycling, electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).  相似文献   

15.
With the development of flexible electronics, flexible lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have received great attention. Previously, almost all reported flexible components had shortcomings related to poor mechanical flexibility, low energy density, and poor safety, which led to the failure of scalable applications. This study demonstrates a fully flexible lithium ion battery using LiCoO2 as the cathode, Li4Ti5O12 as the anode, and graphene film as the flexible current collector. The graphene oxide modified gel polymer electrolyte exhibits higher ionic conductivity than a conventional liquid electrolyte and improves the safety of the flexible battery. The optimum design of the flexible graphene battery exhibits super electrochemical performance, with a 2.3 V output voltage plateau and a satisfactory capacity of 143.0 mAh g?1 at 1 C. The mass energy density and power density are both ≈1.4 times higher than a standard electrode using metal foils as current collectors. No capacity loss is observed after 100 thousand cycles of mechanical bending. More importantly, even in the clipping state, this flexible gel polymer battery can still demonstrate a stable and safe electrochemical performance. This work may lead to a promising strategy of high‐performance scalable LIBs for the next‐generation flexible electronics.  相似文献   

16.
High‐performance flexible energy‐storage devices have great potential as power sources for wearable electronics. One major limitation to the realization of these applications is the lack of flexible electrodes with excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties. Currently employed batteries and supercapacitors are mainly based on electrodes that are not flexible enough for these purposes. Here, a three‐dimensionally interconnected hybrid hydrogel system based on carbon nanotube (CNT)‐conductive polymer network architecture is reported for high‐performance flexible lithium ion battery electrodes. Unlike previously reported conducting polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene), which are mechanically fragile and incompatible with aqueous solution processing, this interpenetrating network of the CNT‐conducting polymer hydrogel exibits good mechanical properties, high conductivity, and facile ion transport, leading to facile electrode kinetics and high strain tolerance during electrode volume change. A high‐rate capability for TiO2 and high cycling stability for SiNP electrodes are reported. Typically, the flexible TiO2 electrodes achieved a capacity of 76 mAh g–1 in 40 s of charge/discharge and a high areal capacity of 2.2 mAh cm–2 can be obtained for flexible SiNP‐based electrodes at 0.1C rate. This simple yet efficient solution process is promising for the fabrication of a variety of high performance flexible electrodes.  相似文献   

17.
Tuning the catalytic active sites plays a crucial role in developing low cost and highly durable oxygen electrode catalysts with precious metal‐competitive activity. In an attempt to engineer the active sites in Co3O4 spinel for oxygen electrocatalysis in alkaline electrolyte, herein, controllable synthesis of surface‐tailored Co3O4 nanocrystals including nanocube (NC), nanotruncated octahedron (NTO), and nanopolyhedron (NP) anchored on nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO), through a facile and template‐free hydrothermal strategy, is provided. The as‐synthesized Co3O4 NC, NTO, and NP nanostructures are predominantly enclosed by {001}, {001} + {111}, and {112} crystal planes, which expose different surface atomic configurations of Co2+ and Co3+ active sites. Electrochemical results indicate that the unusual {112} plane enclosed Co3O4 NP on rGO with abundant Co3+ sites exhibit superior bifunctional activity for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, as well as enhanced metal–air battery performance in comparison with other counterparts. Experimental and theoretical simulation studies demonstrate that the surface atomic arrangement of Co2+/Co3+ active sites, especially the existence of octahedrally coordinated Co3+ sites, optimizes the adsorption, activation, and desorption features of oxygen species. This work paves the way to obtain highly active, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for practical clean energy devices through regulating the surface atomic configuration and catalytic active sites.  相似文献   

18.
With the rising demand for flexible and wearable electronic devices, flexible power sources with high energy densities are required to provide a sustainable energy supply. Theoretically, rechargeable, flexible Li‐O2/air batteries can provide extremely high specific energy densities; however, the high costs, complex synthetic methods, and inferior mechanical properties of the available flexible cathodes severely limit their practical applications. Herein, inspired by the structure of human blood capillary tissue, this study demonstrates for the first time the in situ growth of interpenetrative hierarchical N‐doped carbon nanotubes on the surface of stainless‐steel mesh (N‐CNTs@SS) for the fabrication of a self‐supporting, flexible electrode with excellent physicochemical properties via a facile and scalable one‐step strategy. Benefitting from the synergistic effects of the high electronic conductivity and stable 3D interconnected conductive network structure, the Li‐O2 batteries obtained with the N‐CNTs@SS cathode exhibit superior electrochemical performance, including a high specific capacity (9299 mA h g?1 at 500 mA g?1), an excellent rate capability, and an exceptional cycle stability (up to 232 cycles). Furthermore, as‐fabricated flexible Li‐air batteries containing the as‐prepared flexible super‐hydrophobic cathode show excellent mechanical properties, stable electrochemical performance, and superior H2O resistibility, which enhance their potential to power flexible and wearable electronic devices.  相似文献   

19.
Although the rechargeable lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have extremely high theoretical specific energy, the practical application of these batteries is still limited by the instability of their carbon‐based air‐electrode, Li metal anode, and electrodes, toward reduced oxygen species. Here a simple one‐step in situ electrochemical precharging strategy is demonstrated to generate thin protective films on both carbon nanotubes (CNTs), air‐electrodes and Li metal anodes simultaneously under an inert atmosphere. Li–O2 cells after such pretreatment demonstrate significantly extended cycle life of 110 and 180 cycles under the capacity‐limited protocol of 1000 mA h g?1 and 500 mA h g?1, respectively, which is far more than those without pretreatment. The thin‐films formed from decomposition of electrolyte during in situ electrochemical precharging processes in an inert environment, can protect both CNTs air‐electrode and Li metal anode prior to conventional Li–O2 discharge/charge cycling, where reactive reduced oxygen species are formed. This work provides a new approach for protection of carbon‐based air‐electrodes and Li metal anodes in practical Li–O2 batteries, and may also be applied to other battery systems.  相似文献   

20.
Achieving high‐performance Na‐ion capacitors (NICs) has the particular challenge of matching both capacity and kinetics between the anode and cathode. Here a high‐power NIC full device constructed from 2D metal–organic framework (MOFs) array is reported as the reactive template. The MOF array is converted to N‐doped mesoporous carbon nanosheets (mp‐CNSs), which are then uniformly encapsulated with VO2 and Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) nanoparticles as the electroactive materials. By this method, the high‐power performance of the battery materials is enabled to be enhanced significantly. It is discovered that such hybrid NVP@mp‐CNSs array can render ultrahigh rate capability (up to 200 C, equivalent to discharge within 18 s) and superior cycle performance, which outperforms all NVP‐based Na‐ion battery cathodes reported so far. A quasi‐solid‐state flexible NIC based on the NVP@mp‐CNSs cathode and the VO2@mp‐CNSs anode is further assembled. This hybrid NIC device delivers both high energy density and power density as well as a good cycle stability (78% retention after 2000 cycles at 1 A g?1). The results demonstrate the powerfulness of MOF arrays as the reactor for fabricating electrode materials.  相似文献   

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