Effects of ionophores and TPMP+ on light-induced responses in Dictyostelium discoideum

In spite of previous reports, the activities of respiratory oxygen uptake by whole cells are higher with chemotrophically than with phototrophically grown cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodospirillum tenue. The same applies to NADH dependent respiratory reactions as determined with isolated crede membrane preparations. This is largely, but not only, due to an outstandingly high increase in activity of cytochrome c-oxidase measurable upon adaptation of phototrophically grown cells to chemotrophic conditions. In R. rubrum the dependency of the total respiratory chain on the activities of different sections of this chain becomes confused by the presence of differently composed membranes (i.e. cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes) which under the experimental conditions become functionally differentiated to different extents. But in R. tenue, which does not produce intracytoplasmic membranes, respiration at low activities parallels clearly cytochrome c oxidase activities while high respiratory activities parallel the activities of NADH dehydrogenase. The data are interpreted to indicate that, in cells of facultative phototrophic bacteria, the formation of the respiratory chain, up to certain stages, depends on the formation of the terminal oxidase. At least in R. tenue this is comparable to the role of bacteriochlorophyll in the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus.Abbreviation Bchl bacteriochlorophyll     

The size and number of intramembrane particles in cells of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.

By freeze-fracture electron microscopy, particles have been observed on the protoplasmic leaflet (PF face) of cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The particles are present under all culture conditions of chemotrophically and phototrophically grown cells. However, the number of particles per microM2 increased significantly when the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in the membrane is induced. Intracytoplasmic membranes, where the bulk of photosynthetic activity is localized, always have a higher density of particles than cytoplasmic membranes. Under all conditions particles with a diameter of 9.5 nm dominate. The frequency of particles with diameters greater or smaller than 9.5 nm changed with culture conditions. A comparison of biochemical and electron microscopic data have lead us to the conclusion that the particles, formed under conditions which allow the synthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus, are composed of photochemical reaction centers and antenna light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll I (B 875)-protein complexes. The total molecular weight of these particles is calculated to be 500,000.     

Structural and functional properties of chromatophores and membrane vesicles from Rhodepseudomonas sphaeroides

Membrane vesicles have been isolated by a modified procedure from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, grown phototrophically under high light intensity. In addition,chromatophores have been isolated from this organism grown phototrophically with low light intensities.Structural, chemical and functional properties of both preparations have been investigated and compared. The orientation of the membrane preparations has been studied by freeze-etch electron microscopy, the localization of cytochrome c₂, and light-driven active transport of amino acids and Ca²⁺. The results demonstrate that the orientation of the vesicle membrane is the same as the cytoplasmic membrane of intact cells; the membranes in chromatophores, however, have an inverted orientation.On a dry weight basis, the membrane vesicles contain less protein, carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll and more lipids than do chromatophores. Qualitatively, however, the composition of both preparations is similar.It is concluded that the intracytoplasmic structures from which the chromatophores are derived are structurally and functionally similar to (and most likely continuous with) the cytoplasmic membranes from which the vesicles are derived.     

Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. V. Identification of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-depleted cytoplasmic membrane in phototrophically grown cells.

The separation of membrane fragments was investigated in extracts of phototropically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to determine if the plasma membrane contains discrete regions. A highly purified fraction of bacteriochlorophyll alpha-deficient membrane fragments was isolated by differential centrifugation, chromatography on Sepharose 2B, reaggregation, and isopycnic sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Significant levels of b- and c-type cytochromes and succinate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in the isolated membrane fragments and their appearance in electron micrographs, their polypeptide profile in dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and overall chemical composition were essentially identical to a similar fraction isolated from aerobically grown cells. Their polypeptide profiles were distinct from those of the intracytoplasmic chromatophore and outer membranes, and on the basis of bacteriochlorophyll content the phototrophic fraction was contaminated with chromatophores by less than 9%. The membrane fragments contained no diaminopimelic acid or glucosamine. It is condluded that the membrane fragments isolated from phototrophically growing Rp. sphaeroides have arisen from photosynthetic pigment-depleted regions of the plasma membrane structurally and functionally differentiated from the intracytoplasmic chromatophore membrane. These regions represent conserved chemotrophic cytoplasmic membrane whose synthesis continues under photoheterotrophic conditions.     

Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. V. Identification of bacteriochlorophyll a-depleted cytoplasmic membrane in phototrophically grown cells

The separation of membrane fragments was investigated in extracts of phototropically grown Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides to determine if the plasma membrane contains discrete regions. A highly purified fraction of bacteriochlorophyll a-deficient membrane fragments was isolated by differential centrifugation, chromatography on Sepharose 2B, reaggregation, and isopycnic sedimentation on sucrose gradients. Significant levels of b- and c-type cytochromes and succinate dehydrogenase were demonstrated in the isolated membrane fragments and their appearance in electron micrographs, their polypeptide profile in dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and overall chemical composition were essentially identical to a similar fraction isolated from aerobically grown cells. Their polypeptide profiles were distinct from those of the intracytoplasmic chromatophore and outer membranes, and on the basis of bacteriochlorophyll content the phototrophic fraction was contaminated with chromatophores by <9%. The membrane fragments contained no diaminopimelic acid or glucosamine. It is concluded that the membrane fragments isolated from phototrophically growing Rp. sphaeroides have arisen from photosynthetic pigment-depleted regions of the plasma membrane structurally and functionally differentiated from the intracytoplasmic chromatophore membrane. These regions represent conserved chemotrophic cytoplasmic membrane whose synthesis continues under photoheterotrophic conditions.     

Die Differenzierung des Membransystems von Rhodopseudomonas capsulata hinsichtlich seiner photosynthetischen und respiratorischen Funktionen

Zusammenfassung Membranfunktionen aus anaerob im Licht gewachsenen Zellen von Rps. capsulata und aus Zellen nach Anzucht im Dunkeln unter verschiedenen konstanten Sauerstoffpartialdrucken (5, 150, 400 Torr) wurden untersucht. Aus dem Vergleich ihres Aufbaues (Proteinmuster) und ihrer photosynthetischen und respiratorischen Aktivität (Funktionsmuster) ließ sich eine Vorstellung über das Differenzierungsgeschehen des gesamten Membransystems von Rps. capsulata ableiten.Die intracytoplasmatischen Vesikel aus Lichtzellen mit einem hohen BChl-Gehalt (bis 195 g BChl/mg Protein) und hohen Photophosphorylierungsraten (bis 19,5 mole PO₄ ^3-/mg Protein) können weitgehend als eine Struktur für den photosynthetischen Energieerwerb angesehen werden. Die entsprechenden Vesikel aus semiaerob im Dunkeln angezogenen Zellen zeigen mit über 50% des BChl-Gehaltes und der Photophosphorylierungsaktivität der Vesikel aus Lichtzellen ebenfalls den Charakter einer photosynthetischen Membran. Daneben tragen diese Strukturen jedoch noch weitgehend Funktionen des respiratorischen Apparates. Für die NADH-Oxydase-Aktivität wurden über 10mal höhere Werte und für die oxydative Phosphorylierung etwa doppelt so hohe Raten wie in den Vesikeln aus Lichtzellen gemessen.In den intracytoplasmatischen Tubuli sind die Aktivitäten von NADH-Oxydase und oxydativer Phosphorylierung gegenüber denen der Vesikel aus semiaerob angezogenen Zellen etwa 5 bzw. 2mal so hoch. Der Photosyntheseapparat ist in diesen Strukturen mit weniger als 5% des BChl-Gehaltes und etwa 10% der Photophosphorylierungsaktivität gegenüber den Vesikeln aus Lichtzellen nur sehr gering ausgebildet. Das Verhältnis von Photophosphory lierung zu oxydativer Phosphorylierung in intracytoplasmatischen Membranfraktionen (Phosphorylierungsquotient) kann als Maß für die Differenzierung der Membranen angesehen werden. Der Wert beträgt für Lichtzellen 25, für semiaerobe Dunkelzellen 5 und für aerobe Dunkelzellen 1. In der Cytoplasmamembran wird das Aktivitätsmuster abweichend von dem der intracytoplasmatischen Membran variiert. Die verschiedenen Membranfraktionen zeigen charakteristische Proteinmuster. Einzelne Banden ändern ihre Aktivität parallel mit bestimmten Funktionen der Membranen.

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Differentiation of membranes from Rps. capsulata with respect to their photosynthetic and respiratory functions

Summary Cultures of Rps. capsulata were grown anaerobically in the light and at different oxygen partial pressures (5, 150, and 400 Torr) in the dark. The respiratory and photosynthetic activities as well as the protein patterns of the membranes are influenced significantly by the oxygen partial pressure. These variations give an idea of the process of membrane differentiation in the membrane system of Rps. capsulata in vivo.The bacteriochlorophyll content of intracytoplasmic membranes is found to vary between 5 g bacteriochlorophyll per mg membrane protein (tubules from cells grown aerobically in the dark) to 195 g bacteriochlorophyll per mg membrane protein (vesicles from cells grown anaerobically in the light). Vesicles from cells grown semiaerobically in the dark exhibit a bacteriochlorophyll content of about 110 g per mg membrane protein. The bacteriochlorophyll values for light grown cells decrease to values below 1% (1.5 g per mg membrane protein) by cultivation at 400 Torr oxygen partial pressure in the dark. In the cytoplasmic membrane of semiaerobically grown cells the bacteriochlorophyll content increases up to 10 g per mg membrane protein. The bacteriochlorophyll content of the intracytoplasmic membranes varies in proportion to the bacteriochlorophyll content of the whole cells.Photophosphorylation of intracytoplasmic membranes is found to be highest in vesicles from light grown cells (19.5 moles PO₄ ^3- per mg membrane protein per 30 min). According to the bacteriochlorophyll content the rates decrease to 10% in tubular membrane fractions from aerobically grown cells. The activity of the NADH oxidase were determined as (moles NADH per mg protein per min): 0.83 in tubules from dark grown cells (150 mm pO₂), 0.17 in vesicles from dark grown cells (5 mm pO₂), and 0.011 in vesicles from cells grown anaerobically in the light. The activities of oxidative phosphorylation do not exactly run parallel to the respiratory values. They were determined as (moles PO₄ ^3- per 30 min per mg protein): 0.74 in vesicles from anaerobically light grown cells, 1.2 in vesicles from dark grown cells (5 mm pO₂) and 2.01 in tubules (150 mm pO₂).Variations of the photosynthetic and respiratory activities are also found in the cytoplasmic membrane, inferring specific processes of membrane differentiation in these structures, other than those in intracytoplasmic membranes. The state of membrane differentiation of intracytoplasmic membranes can be described by the ratio of photophosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation. In vesicles isolated from light grown cells, the ratio is 25, from dark grown cells it is 5, and in tubules from aerobically grown cells it is 1.When treated with phenol, urea and acetic acid, membranes are split into 10 typical protein bands which can be obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to the culture conditions, the pattern of specific protein bands is changed in relation to the variation of enzymatic activities and bacteriochlorophyll content of the membranes. During transient experiments, membrane proteins can be labelled specifically if cells are incubated with ¹⁴C (U) protein hydrolysate. In this way, membrane differentiation may be demonstrated by incorporation of specific newly synthesized proteins.

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Abkürzungen Bchl Bacteriochlorophyll - CM Cytoplasmamembran - ICM Intracytoplasmatische Membran - OP Oxydative Phosphorylierung - pO₂ Sauerstoffpartialdruck in mm Hg - PP Photophosphorylierung - GG Glycyl-Glycin-Puffer     

Early formation of intracytoplasmic membranes in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes were isolated from Rhodospirillum rubrum by equilibrium sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Immediately after the induction of photosynthetically active intracytoplasmic membranes, bacteriochlorophyll is incorporated predominantly into the cytoplasmic membrane. With increasing pigment concentrations the newly arising intracytoplasmic membranes become sites of preferential bacteriochlorophyll incorporation. During this process the infrared absorption band of the pigment shows a red shift. The shift is more pronounced with intracytoplasmic than with cytoplasmic membranes. Pulse-chase of cytoplasmic membrane proteins reveals that such proteins become constituents of intracytoplasmic membranes.     

Membranes of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: Interactions of Chromatophores with the Cell Envelope

Under carefully controlled ionic conditions, large-scale preparations of highly purified chromatophores and cell envelopes were obtained from phototrophically grown Rhodopseudomonas spheroides by zonal ultracentrifugation. The majority of the bacteriochlorophyll a was located in a single, discrete chromatophore band, whereas the envelopes were nearly devoid of photopigment. The envelope fraction contained substantial quantities of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochromes, confirming that phototrophically grown cells contain a photopigment-deficient cytoplasmic membrane. Magnesium at concentrations of 1.0 mM or higher caused chromatophores to reversibly aggregate with the cell envelope. Significant aggregation was also promoted by other divalent metals (Co(2+) > Mn(2+) > Ca(2+) > Mg(2+)), but aggregation was less extensive with monovalent cations. These results account for the distribution of photopigments in two bands reported by others and further suggest that the photosynthetic apparatus of R. spheroides is located on membranes largely distinct from the cell wall-cytoplasmic membrane complex.     

The effect of transfer from low to high light intensity on electron transport in Rhodospirillum rubrum membranes

The effects of transfer from low to high ligh intensity on membrane bound electrontransport reactions of Rhodospirillum rubrum were investigated. The experiments were performed with cultures which did not form bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) for about two cell mass doublings during the initial phase of adaptation to high light intensity. Lack of Bchl synthesis causes a decrease of Bchl contents of cells and membranes. Also, the cellular amounts of photosynthetically active intracytoplasmic membranes decrease.In crude membrane fractions containing both cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes the initial activities of NADH oxidizing reactions increase only slightly (about 1.2 times) per protein, but the initial activities of succinate oxidizing reactions decrease (multiplied by a factor of 0.7). On a Bchl basis activities of NADH oxidizing reactions increase 3.4 times while activities of succinate dependent reactions increase 1.9 times. With isolated intracytoplasmic membranes activities of NADH as well as succinate dependent reactions increase to a comparable extent on a Bchl basis (about 1.8 times) and stay nearly constant on a protein basis. Cytochrome c oxidase responds like succinate dependent reactions. The data indicate that in cells growing under the conditions applied NADH oxidizing electron transport systems are incorporated into both, cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes, while incorporation of succinate oxidizing systems is confined to intracytoplasmic membranes only.Activities of photophosphorylation and succinate dependent NAD⁺ reduction in the light increase per Bchl about 1.8 times. On a Bchl basis increases of the fast light induced on reactions at 422 nm and increases of soluble cytochrome c ₂ levels are comparable to increases of photophosphorylations and succinate dependent activities. But increases of slow light off reactions at 428 nm and of b-type cytochrome levels become three times greater then increases of cytochrome c ₂ reactions and levels. These results infer that although electrontransport reactions of intracytoplasmic membranes change correlated to each other, Bchl, cytochrome c ₂ and b-type cytochromes cellular levels are independent of each other. Furthermore, the data indicate that cytochrome c ₂ rather than b-type cytochrome is involved with steps rate limiting for photophosphorylation.Abbreviations Bchl bacteriochlorophyll - DCIP 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol     

Regulatory properties of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and from Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa

Highly purified fractions of chlorosomes and cytoplasmic membranes were isolated from Chloroflexus aurantiacus Ok-70-fl and Chlorobium limicola 6230. These fractions were comparatively analyzed for their pigmentation, phospholipid, glycolipid, and cytochrome c content as well as for their specific activities of succinate dehydrogenase and NADH-oxidase. The data showed that there are some differences in pigmentation and phospholipid content between the isolated fractions of Chloroflexus and Chlorobium. Chlorosomes of Chloroflexus contained a specific BChl a-complex with a characteristic absorption maximum at about 790 nm. This BChl a-complex could not be detected in spectra of chlorosomes from Chlorobium. The near infrared region of the spectra of the isolated cytoplasmic membranes of both organisms revealed considerable differences: The BChl a-complexes of Chloroflexus membranes exhibited peaks at 806 and 868 nm whereas the membranes of Chlorobium had a single BChl a-peak at 710 nm. In contrast to the findings with Chlorobium the chlorosomes of Chloroflexus contained at least twice as much phospholipids as did the cytoplasmic membranes. In Chlorobium the phospholipid content of cytoplasmic membranes is three times that of their chlorosomes. The distribution of all other components (carotenoid composition, enzyme activities, cytochrome c content, and glycolipids) was about the same in both strains. From the data it was concluded that differences in the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus are mainly based on differences of the organization of the photosynthetic units in the cytoplasmic membrane and probably the kind of linkage of the light harvesting system in the chlorosomes with the reaction center in the cytoplasmic membranes.Abbreviations BChl c bacteriochlorophyll c - BChl a bacteriochlorophyll a - DSM Deutsche Sammlung von Mikrorganismen     

Nitrogenase and photosynthetic activities of chemostat cultures of Rhodobacter capsulatus 37b4 grown under different illuminations

Nitrogen fixation as well as structural and functional properties of the photosynthetic apparatus were studied with phototrophically grown chemostat cultures of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain 37b4. Illumination was varied between 3,000 and 30,000 lx at a constant dilution rate of D=0.075 h^-1. Steady state parameters of growth revealed two forms of limitation, i.e. energy limitation in the range of 3,000 to about 10,000 lx and nitrogen limitation at higher illuminations. Over the entire range of illumination, the specific bacteriochlorophyll content and the amount of total bacteriochlorophyll per photochemical reaction center remained essentially constant. Photophosphorylation activity remained constant up to 20,000 lx but was slightly increased at 30,000 lx. Hydrogen evolution and acetylene reduction activities of cellular nitrogenase were assayed under saturating light conditions with samples taken from cultures growing under steady state conditions. In spite of the apparent constancy of the composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus under energy limitation, maximal specific acetylene reduction and hydrogen evolution activities increased by factors of 3 and 8, respectively, when illumination of the culture was raised from 3,000 to about 15,000 lx. Above 15,000 lx, both activities of nitrogenase approached constancy.We, therefore, conclude that neither under energy limitation nor under nitrogen limitation the function of nitrogenase depended on the photosynthetic activities. Moreover, it is suggested that light did not influence nitrogenase activity under conditions of nitrogen limitation, while under conditions of energy limitation light seemed to influence nitrogenase activities indirectly via glutamate consumption of the cells.     

Die Fraktionierung des Membransystems von Rhodopseudomonas capsulata und seine Morphogenese

Zusammenfassung Das Membransystem von Rps. capsulata setzt sich aus Cytoplasmamembran und intracytoplasmatischen Membranen zusammen. In anaeroben Lichtzellen und in Dunkelzellen unter geringen Sauerstoffpartialdrucken bestehen die intracytoplasmatischen Membranen aus Vesikeln, bei Anzucht unter hohen Sauerstoffspannungen sind sie tubulär. Auch nach einer 8stündigen Kultur bei 400 mm (Hg) Sauerstoffpartialdruck, d.h. unter Bedingungen, die eine BChl-Synthese vollständig hemmen, enthalten die Zellen noch intracytoplasmatische Tubuli an einem Zellpol.Nach Zellaufschluß mit der French pressure cell gelang es durch anschließende fraktionierte Zentrifugation und Reinigung der Partialfraktionen über Ficoll-Gradienten 3 membranhaltige Banden zu isolieren. Die leichte Bande besteht vorwiegend aus Membranfragmenten der Cytoplasmamembran. Die mittlere Bande enthält die intracytoplasmatischen Tubuli aerob angezogener Zellen. Die schwere Bande, die den höchsten Reinheitsgrad aufweist, setzt sich aus den intracytoplasmatischen Vesikeln der Licht-bzw. der semiaeroben Dunkelzellen zusammen. ¹⁴C-Markierungsexperimente und elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen sprechen für morphologische und morphogenetische Zusammenhänge zwischen den Membranfraktionen und stützen damit die Hypothese, daß alle Membrantypen in einer Zelle Teile eines zusammenhängenden Membransystems sind. Die einzelnen Membrantypen können reversibel ineinander überführt werden.

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The fractionation and morphogenesis of the membrane system of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Summary The membrane system of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, strain 37b4 is investigated in cells cultivated anaerobically in the light and in the dark, respectively, at different oxygen partial pressures (pO₂). The intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles of anaerobically light grown and semiaerobically [5 mm (Hg) pO₂] dark grown cells show similar diameters (30–50 nm). Growing aerobically in darkness the cells contain tubular intracytoplasmic membranes with comparable diameters. An increase of the pO₂ up to 400 mm (Hg) results in a slightly decreased growth rate and in a complete inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis and intracytoplasmic membrane formation. After 8 h of cultivation under these conditions tubular membranes are still found. However, they are restricted to one cell pole only.In order to isolate the membranes, cells were broken by means of a French pressure cell. The crude, membrane fractions (sedimented at 104000-314000xg, 60 min) are purified by centrifugation on a Ficoll density gradient. This results in the formation of three membrane fractions. The light fraction consists of small vesicular particles derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Crude membrane fractions of all cells sedimented at 314 000xg contain a relative high percentage of these particles. Intracytoplasmic membranes of aerobically grown cells are found in a middle band. Their tubular structure remains unaffected if the cells are treated by lower pressures during homogenization. The heavy band contains the intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles from light grown and from semiaerobically dark grown cells in a highly purified form.After treatment with butanol or NaCl and subsequently with lysozyme plus EDTA cells release flat membrane fragments which still exhibit invaginations. This shows once more that the membranes are connected to each other.Pulse chase experiments with (2-¹⁴C)-acetate support the hypothesis that the cytoplasmic membrane and intracytoplasmic membranes are transformable into each other. So they should be looked at as a morphogenetical unit.

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Abkürzungen BChl Bacteriochlorophyll - CM Cytoplasmamembran - ICM intracytoplasmatische Membran - pO₂ Sauerstoffpartialdruck     

Photopigments in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata cells grown anaerobically in darkness.

The phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for dark anaerobic growth from sugar fermentations dependent on accessory oxidants such as trimethylamine-N-oxide or dimethyl sulfoxide. Cells grown for one to two subcultures in this fashion, with fructose as the energy source, showed approximately a twofold increase in bacteriochlorophyll content (per milligram of cell protein) and developed extensive intracytoplasmic membranes in comparison with cells grown photosynthetically at saturating light intensity. Cells harvested from successive anaerobic dark subcultures, however, showed progressively lower pigment contents. After ca. 20 transfers, bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids were barely detectable, and the amount of intracytoplasmic membrane diminished considerably. Spontaneous mutants incapable of producing normal levels of photosynthetic pigments arose during prolonged anaerobic dark growth. Certain mutants of this kind appear to have a selective advantage over wild-type cells under fermentative growth conditions. Of four pigment mutants characterized (two being completely unable to produce bacteriochlorophyll), only one retained the capacity to grow photosynthetically.     

Morphological and ultrastructural variations inAzotobacter vinelandii growing in oxygen-controlled continous culture

Membrane development as a response to growth at different oxygen tensions (from about 1% to 100% saturation of the medium with air) was determined inAzotobacter vinelandii strain OP. The organisms were grown in a carbonlimited chemostat either on atmospheric nitrogen or on ammonium as nitrogen sources. Both types of cultures increased not only the number of intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles per cell but also the cell volume with aeration. As the ratio of length per width stayed largely constant increases of volume resulted in decreases of the cell surface area, representing the surface area of the peripheral cytoplasmic membrane, per cell volume. While in nitrogen-fixing cells the proportion of intracytoplasmic membrane surface area per cytoplasmic membrane surface area increased from 1:2 to 3:1 the ratio stayed almost constant in ammonium-assimilating cells. The data suggest that oxygen controls changes in the ratio of intracytoplasmic to cytoplasmic membrane surface areas only under conditions of nitrogen fixation.Abbreviations CM Cytoplasmic membrane - ICM intracytoplasmic membrane     

The early formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in Rhodospirillum rubrum

The time dependent assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus was studied in Rhodospirillum rubrum after transfer of cells growing aerobically in the dark to low aeration. While bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) cellular levels increase continuously levels of soluble cytochrome c ₂do not change significantly. Absorption spectra of membranes isolated at different times after transfer reveal that incorporation of carotenoids lags behind incorporation of Bchl. However, a carotenoid fraction exhibiting spectral properties of spirilloxanthin isomers was isolated apart from membranes. This carotenoid fraction even was present in homogenates from Bchl-free, aerobically grown cells. Incorporation of U-¹⁴C-proteinhydrolyzate into membrane proteins showed that proteins are mainly formed which are specific for photosynthetic membranes. Although the proportion of reaction center (RC) Bchl per light harvesting (LH) Bchl does not change the proportions of membrane proteins present in RC and LH preparations change initially. But later on the proportions of the different proteins also reach constant values. Concerning proteins characteristic for cytoplasmic membranes a differential incorporation of label can be observed. The data indicate that the photosynthetic apparatus in Rhodospirillum rubrum is assembled through a sequential mechanism.Abbreviations Bchl bacteriochlorophyll - LH light harvesting - RC reaction center - R. Rhodospirillum - R. Rhodopseudomonas     

Differential protein insertion into developing photosynthetic membrane Regions of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Previous studies have suggested that much of the B800-850 light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complex is inserted directly into the intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. In contrast, the B875 light-harvesting and reaction center complexes are assembled preferentially at peripheral sites of photosynthetic membrane growth initiation. The basis for this apparent site-specific polypeptide insertion was examined during the inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses. The pulse labeling of polypeptides at the membrane growth initiation sites was significantly less sensitive to inhibition by rifampicin, chloramphenicol, or kasugamycin than in the intfacytoplasmic or outer membranes. This suggests increased stability for the translation machinery at these membrane invagination sites. Similar differential effects in polypeptide insertion were observed during inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis through deprival of δ-aminolevulinate to R sphaeroides mutant H-5, which requires this porphyrin precursor. The pulse-labeling patterns observed during the inhibition of both RNA and pigment syntheses were consistent with the uncoupling of polypeptide insertion into the membrane invagination sites from their growth and maturation into intracytoplasmic membranes.     

Rhodospirillum salexigens,spec. nov., an obligatory halophilic phototrophic bacterium

The name Rhodospirillum salexigens, spec. nov., was proposed for the strain WS 68, isolated by W. R. Sistrom at the Oregon coast from salt water. The spiral-shaped phototrophically or chemotrophically growing, salt demanding bacterium contains intracytoplasmic membranes arranged parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Bacteriochlorophyll a and spirilloxanthin are the major pigments. Growth occurs between 20 and 45°C at a neutral pH. The DNA base composition was 64 mol % guanine plus cytosine. The cell wall contains peptidoglycan and proteins but no glycolipids.     

Ultrastructure of intracytoplasmic membranes of Methanomonas margaritae cells grown under different conditions

The development of intracytoplasmic membranes of Methanomonas margaritae cells grown under different culture conditions was studied. Growth on methane was strongly accelerated by the addition of copper ions. Acceleration by copper, however, was not observed in the case of growth on methanol. Cells grown on methane with copper possessed intracytoplasmic membranes along the cell periphery. When the organism was grown in a medium lacking copper, intracytoplasmic membranes appeared as large vesicles surrounded by a unit membrane at the periphery of the cell. The vesicles originated from paired membranes due to the absence of copper in the medium. Cells grown on methanol with or without copper possessed a number of vesicles of different sizes arranged in a chain along the cell periphery. The possible relationship between membrane arrangement and methane oxidation is discussed.     

The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose-specific phosphotransferase system in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Distribution of EIIFru over the membranes of phototrophically grown Rps. sphaeroides

The distribution of the fructose carrier over the membranes of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was studied in cells grown under light saturation and light limitation. Three types of membranes were isolated after disruption of the cells in a French press. All three types were present in the cells grown either under the high or low light intensity, but they were present in different quantities. The cytoplasmic membrane could be separated from the photosynthetic membranes by Sephacryl S-1000 chromatography. The cytoplasmic membrane has the highest specific density and fructose carrier content and does not contain the light-harvesting pigments. The photosynthetic membranes could be resolved into two types by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Type A predominates when cells are grown under light saturation, whereas type B, the chromatophores, is synthesized abundantly under light limitation. The properties of type A are in between the properties of the cytoplasmic membrane and the chromatophores. It has a slightly lower specific density and contains four times less fructose carrier than the cytoplasmic membrane, but contains half of the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll of the chromatophore membrane. The fructose carrier content in the type B membranes, the chromatophores, is very low.     

The light-harvesting complex II (B800-850) of Rhodobacter sulfidophilus: Characterization and formation under different growth conditions

Abstract The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sulfidophilus is able to grow chemotrophically and phototrophically at a broad range of light intensities. In contrast to other facultative phototrophs, R. sulfidophilus synthesizes reaction center and light-harvesting (LH) complexes, B870 (LHI) and B800–850 (LHII) even under full aerobic conditions in the dark. The content of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) varied from 3.8 μg Bchl per mg cell protein when grown at high light intensity (20 000 lux) to 60 μg Bchl per mg cell protein when grown at low light intensities (6 lux). After a shift from high light to low light conditions, the size of the photosynthetic unit increased by a factor of 4. Chromatographie analysis of the LHII complex, isolated and purified from cells grown phototrophically (at high and low light intensities) and chemotrophically, could resolve only one type of a and one type of β polypeptide in the purified complex, of which the N-terminal sequences have been determined.