铅、铬胁迫对大弹涂鱼血细胞遗传损伤的彗星实验检测

通过彗星实验研究重金属Pb、Cr对大弹涂鱼的外周血细胞的影响。用不同浓度的Pb、Cr对大弹涂鱼外周血细胞进行1 h的染毒后通过单细胞凝聚电泳检测DNA损伤情况。结果表明国标浓度的Pb（0.005 mg/L）、Cr（0.05 mg/L）对大弹涂鱼外周血细胞均无明显影响;而国标10倍、100倍和1000倍浓度的Pb或Cr胁迫均会造成血细胞DNA损伤,且离子浓度与血细胞DNA的损伤程度间均存在＂剂量-效应＂,即浓度越高,DNA损伤越严重。因此大弹涂鱼血细胞可作为评价重金属遗传损伤毒性效应的敏感性生物标志物。     

DNA断裂检测方法──单细胞凝胶电泳法

单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis assay,SCGE)也叫彗星试验(comet assay),是一种快速、敏感、简便、廉价的检测单个哺乳动物细胞DNA断裂的技术,目前已用于检测氧化、紫外线和电离辐射引起的损伤,以及三氯乙烷、丙烯酰胺等化学物及老化、吸烟所致损害的研究.文章介绍SCGE的发展、检测分析方法、原理及其在DNA损伤与修复、生物监测、遗传毒理研究、肿瘤治疗方案优化和疗效研究方面的应用前景．     

微囊藻毒素对尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞致毒机理的探讨

采用离体细胞培养诱导方法,研究微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)原代肝细胞的毒性效应.尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞经10、50、150、500 μg/L MC-LR体外诱导24h后,单细胞微量凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测显示,与对照组相比处理组出现明显的彗星拖尾现象,说明MC-LR可引起尼罗罗非鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤,并随着剂量的增加,DNA的损伤程度增大.PI/Annexin V双染色流式细胞仪(FCM)检测表明MC-LR能明显引起肝细胞凋亡,与SCGE结果一致,且DNA损伤程度越大,细胞早期凋亡率越高,呈现明显的时间、剂量依赖性.本研究为进一步从分子、细胞水平阐明MC-LR的毒性以及致毒机理提供重要的理论依据.     

苯胺致小鼠肝细胞和淋巴细胞DNA损伤及其修复效应

目的研究苯胺的遗传毒性及其修复动力学效应。方法应用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,检测100 mg/kg苯胺单次灌胃3、8、16、24、32 h后,对KM小鼠肝细胞和淋巴细胞DNA损伤及时效关系。结果 SCGE实验结果显示肝细胞从8 h开始尾长和尾矩逐渐增大,至16 h DNA损伤程度达到最大,相比对照组差异有显著性(P0.01),随着时间的延长,DNA损伤程度逐渐减轻,在32 h DNA损伤已恢复正常,与对照组相比差异无显著性(P0.05);而淋巴细胞则在16 h开始尾长和尾矩逐渐增大,24 h时达到最大,32 h时DNA损伤逐渐恢复。结论苯胺对肝细胞和淋巴细胞具有潜在的遗传毒性;2个DNA损伤指标的变化存在明显的时间效应关系,说明这两种细胞具有有效DNA修复机制。     

黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA提取方法的优化

目的 为快速地提取到质量较好的黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA进行白蚁种群多样性的研究,对基因组DNA提取方法进行了比较与改进.方法 先初步采取CTAB法与蛋白酶K法对黑翅土白蚁基因组DNA的提取方法进行比较,再利用正交设计法对蛋白酶K法中裂解液、蛋白酶、RNA酶及作用时间4个因素进行优化.结果 蛋白酶K法获得的基因组DNA的质量与产量稍优于CTAB法;较佳的提取步骤组合为:裂解液150 μL,蛋白酶K 6μL,作用时间1h,RNA酶可不添加.结论 采用优化后的方法获得的基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,得到了清晰、稳定的扩增谱带,完全可用于相关后续实验.     

SCGE法检测敌敌畏对大鳞副泥鳅DNA损伤的研究

目的 采用SCGE技术检测敌敌畏对大鳞副泥鳅DNA的损伤效应.方法 设置敌敌畏0.64 μg/L、1.28μg./L、1.92μg/L、2.56μg/L、3.20μg/L 5个浓度组和一个空白对照组(15尾大鳞副泥鳅/组),通过单细胞凝胶电泳技术(scGE)研究各浓度敌敌畏处理组在分别处理l d、2 d、3 d后对大鳞...     

人参皂甙对缺氧大鼠海马DG区神经细胞DNA损伤保护作用的研究

目的:用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)研究急慢性缺氧大鼠海马DG区神经细胞细胞DNA损伤和人参皂甙对缺氧大鼠海马细胞DNA的保护作用.方法:健康成年SD大鼠随机分为急、慢性缺氧正常对照组、急性缺氧组和慢性缺氧组(分别在模拟海拔5000米高原环境连续缺氧暴露0d、3d和30d)、急性缺氧人参皂甙干预组、慢性缺氧人参皂甙干预组.应用SCGE检测海马DG区神经细胞DNA损伤.结果:随着缺氧时间的增加,海马DG区神经细胞DNA的损伤程度加重,尾长、尾部DNA百分含量和尾距显著增加(P＜0.05).人参皂甙能使缺氧损伤的海马DG区神经细胞的尾长、尾部DNA百分含量和尾距均较缺氧组减少(P＜0.05).结论:人参皂甙能有效地减轻缺氧引起的海马组织细胞DNA的断裂损伤.     

陈旧家禽血液基因组DNA的快速提取

目的:建立一种从陈旧家禽血液中快速提取基因组DNA的方法。方法:以传统蛋白酶K法为基础进行优化。以陈旧鸡血为实验材料,新鲜抗凝鸡血为对照,经过生理盐水预处理、高浓度SDS裂解液和蛋白酶K消化、酚氯仿抽提后,对产物进行凝胶电泳检测、紫外分光光度检测和PCR扩增。结果:提取时间缩短为5～6h,所得基因组DNA纯度高、产量大,可用于后续分子生物学实验。结论:快速从陈旧家禽血液中提取DNA的方法被成功建立。     

临床标本细菌基因组DNA提取方法探讨

目的优化细菌基因组DNA提取方法,使其适合临床细菌分子生物学检测需要。方法分别采用专用DNA提取液法、热裂解法、溶菌酶法、热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法,对纯培养细菌和临床标本中细菌基因组DNA进行提取。结果专用DNA提取液法、溶菌酶法提取成功率为100%,热裂解法革兰阳性菌提取成功率为0%,革兰阴性菌成功率为100%,碱性裂解液法在NaOH浓度大于4 mmol时提取成功,临床标本在NaOH溶液超过20 mmol/L并含2%SDS时细菌基因组DNA的提取成功率为100%。结论热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法提取细菌基因组DNA方便快速、简单实用,适用临床标本检测。     

单细胞凝胶电泳技术

单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis assay,SCGE)也叫彗星试验,是一种快速、敏感、简便的细胞DNA损伤检测技术。章简要介绍了SCGE的原理、主要技术流程及其注意事项、存在问题与发展前景。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism