雅鲁藏布江中游双须叶须鱼群体繁殖力与繁殖策略研究

双须叶须鱼Ptychobarbus dipogon隶属裂腹鱼亚科, 叶须鱼属, 是西藏特有经济鱼类, 研究通过对其繁殖力和繁殖策略的研究, 旨在为双须叶须鱼的科学保护和合理开发提供理论依据。于2013年2月至3月以及2014年2月中旬至6月中旬, 在雅鲁藏布江中游区段采集到1030尾双须叶须鱼, 雄鱼体长主要集中在325—400 mm, 雌鱼体长主要集中在375 mm以上, 其中Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期的雌鱼65尾, 体长为320—500 mm, 体重为411.6—1328.0 g。采用SL50%的方法, 雌鱼初次性成熟体长为360.90 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.0龄; 雄鱼初次性成熟体长为354.53 mm, 初次性成熟年龄为13.5龄。从不同月份不同性腺发育期所占比例, 不同月份的性体指数变化以及不同月份卵径分布图, 可以看出双须叶须鱼属于同步产卵类型, 集中在2—4月份。双须叶须鱼平均绝对繁殖力为3487粒, 平均相对体长繁殖力为7.2粒/mm, 平均相对体重繁殖力为4.3粒/g, 绝对繁殖力与体长、体重呈正相关, 与年龄无显著相关性。群体性比为1.23 鲶1。综上所述, 双须叶须鱼是繁殖力较低、性成熟较晚和繁殖期较短的鱼类, 我们针对其繁殖特性提出了一些保护性建议。     

四川地区外来生物福寿螺的繁殖力

于2012年3—10月每月定期采集四川雅安地区3种生境(水库、稻田、沟渠)福寿螺卵块,采用野外采卵和室内繁殖的方法研究了福寿螺的繁殖力。结果表明:野外福寿螺卵块单块卵粒数差异较大,在33~621粒·块-1,平均为233粒·块-1,变异系数(CV)55.0%,卵粒直径差异较小,在2.17~3.20 mm,平均为2.60 mm,变异系数(CV)8.95%。福寿螺卵块重与卵粒数呈极显著正相关(P0.01);福寿螺5月绝对繁殖力最高,为403.1粒·块-1,与其他月份之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);3种生境中,水库生境福寿螺绝对繁殖力最高,与稻田和沟渠两种生境存在显著性差异(P0.05);对采集自成都、雅安、资阳三地水库中福寿螺,应用单对交配的方法进行室内繁殖研究其相对繁殖力,3个地区福寿螺的相对体重繁殖力分别为12.33、9.58和10.54粒·g-1,相对壳高繁殖力分别为4.55、3.92、3.54粒·mm-1,3地区间相对繁殖力没有显著性差异。本研究初步弄清了四川地区福寿螺的繁殖规律,为福寿螺的防治提供一定的科学依据。     

兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

1．汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鱤、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。2．产漂流性卵鱼类开始产卵的水温分别在16—20℃之间,经济鱼类多在18℃上下。产卵时需要有江河的涨水过程。在河流涨水的诸水文要素中,流速的增大,对促使产卵起着主要作用。不同的鱼类产卵时对流水的要求是有差异的。鱼类的产卵规模与江水的流速增大紧密相关。3．丹江水库建成后,上游的产卵场有前房、天河口和安康等10处。中游有钟祥和马良等7处,支流唐河、白河也有产卵场。就总产卵量来看,上游1977年为1745．9亿粒,中游1976年为47亿粒。上游为中游的37倍。其中,四种家鱼的产卵量,上游为171．3亿粒,中游为9．3亿粒。4．丹江口水利枢纽对汉江上游产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的影响,主要表现为给上游提供了规模较大的繁殖群体。另一方面,由于主要产卵场分布在接近水库的江段,致使占上游总产卵量90％的鱼卵在孵化前随江水流入水库,有一部分鱼卵会受到损失。对中游的影响主要是由于水库的低温水和大坝对径流的调节,改变了中游的水文条件,导致产卵场的变迁,繁殖季节推迟和产卵规模缩小。总的来看,对上游的影响明显的有利,对于中游则不利的影响要多一些。5．根据产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的生态习性和汉江的条件,可以认为,在汉江和类似汉江的条件下,兴建水利枢纽可以不必附建过鱼建筑物。为了充分发挥水体的渔业效益,水库区应做好渔业规划,加强经营管理。水利枢纽的下游需充分重视改变了的水文条件,特别是低温水对鱼类生活的影响,以采取补救措施。     

温度对浙江天童国家森林公园9种鳞翅目昆虫繁殖力的影响

设置16、19、22、25、28和31 ℃ 6个温度梯度条件,研究了温度对浙江天童国家森林公园9种鳞翅目昆虫繁殖力的影响.结果表明： 9种鳞翅目昆虫在19～28 ℃范围内可顺利产卵并孵化,随温度升高成虫的产卵前期缩短;四川尾尺蛾等8种昆虫在22 ℃时繁殖力最强,之美苔蛾最大繁殖力出现在25 ℃;9种昆虫的卵期随温度升高而缩短;产卵同步性和卵孵化同步性最大值均出现在较高的温度条件下.四川尾尺蛾卵的发育起点温度较低,为9.52 ℃,其他8种昆虫卵的发育起点温度在13.32～14.72 ℃;四川尾尺蛾卵的有效积温为120.82日·度,显著高于其他8种昆虫(45.09～68.30日·度）.研究得到的有效积温回归方程可初步用于9种昆虫发生的预测.     

湖南沅水下游?繁殖期内繁殖力和卵径的变化研究

为分析鱼类繁殖期内繁殖力和卵径变化趋势, 研究于4—10月在沅水下游逐月采集180尾?(Hemiculter leucisculus), 分析81尾雌性成熟个体的繁殖力。研究结果表明: ?的性体指数在5、6月最高, 其次在7、8和9月, 在4和10月最低。绝对繁殖力平均值为(30116±19390)粒, 以10000—30000粒为主, 相对繁殖力的平均值为(650±324)粒/g, 以400—800粒/g为主。绝对繁殖力与体长、空壳重呈幂函数关系(P<0.05)。绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力在5和6月最大, 7、8和9月次之, 在4和10月最小。不同月份成熟卵子的卵径无显著差异, 补充卵子的卵径在5和6月最大, 暗示5和6月分批繁殖次数较多。不同繁殖时期的分批繁殖力、繁殖次数不一样, 对评估种群的繁殖潜能具有重要的指导意义。比较不同水系繁殖力发现, 湖泊种群的个体繁殖力普遍大于河流种群, 沅水种群的个体繁殖力跟湖泊种群的相似, 可能与其具有类似湖泊的缓流水或静水生境有关。研究揭示了?的基本繁殖特征, 为渔业资源管理提供了基础数据资料。     

杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

大猿叶虫卵的颜色与其后代滞育率和繁殖力的关系

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly卵的颜色有浅黄色和深红色2种类型。调查卵的颜色与其后代滞育的发生和繁殖力的关系,结果表明,在25℃、28℃,不同光周期L∶D(11∶13,12∶12,13∶11和15∶9)下,浅黄色卵和深红色卵的后代滞育率没有显著差异;但在L14∶D10下,浅黄色卵的后代滞育率(25℃为58.6%;28℃为33.9%)显著高于深色卵的后代(25℃为45.4%;28℃为11.2%)。卵的颜色与其后代成虫的产卵前期和成虫寿命没有显著相关,但浅黄色卵后代的平均产卵量和平均日产卵量(1663粒和58.6粒)均显著高于深红色卵的后代(1176粒和45.1粒)。     

家畜高繁殖力性状遗传机制的研究进展

家畜繁殖力是一个对畜牧生产有重要影响的数量性状,文章从基因组和mRNA表达两个水平综述了家畜高繁殖力性状遗传机理的研究进展。这些研究成果表明,家畜高繁殖力受许多基因影响,而该性状的形成是多个基因共同表达与相互作用的一个综合结果。两种水平的研究都取得了很大的进展,但同基因组水平的研究相比,mRNA表达水平的研究仅关注在某一时期某一组织表达的基因,从mRNA表达水平进行研究能够找到对性状形成有直接贡献的基因。现在的研究多采用基因组水平和mRNA表达水平,随着科学技术研究的发展,还会为这一性状提供新的研究方法,但将来更有效的研究方法可能是多个水平综合进行的。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂繁殖力与年龄的关系

以米蛾卵作为繁育寄主,通过系统解剖不同发育期（0～144 h）玉米螟赤眼蜂的卵巢,探讨了雌蜂抱卵量、繁殖力与其年龄和个体大小之间的关系。结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂在羽化初期（0～3 h）,卵巢中只有部分卵处于成熟状态,随着雌蜂年龄的增加,其抱卵量不断增加,至72 h时接近其卵巢容纳量。抱卵量与雌蜂年龄之间的关系可以用以下公式来表示：y =a｛1-exp［-b(x+c)］｝。用后足胫节长度（HTL）来表示雌蜂个体大小时,HTL短于0.150 mm、介于0.150～0.159 mm之间以及长于0.160 mm的个体羽化后24 h的平均抱卵量分别为40.4、50.5和58.2粒,各占其卵巢容纳量的72.8%、79.3%和86.9%,占整个成虫期总产卵量的49.4%、47.9%及51.9%。玉米螟赤眼蜂羽化后24 h内的产卵量接近于羽化后24 h的抱卵量。雌蜂个体大小与抱卵量及总产卵量之间关系密切,抱卵量与总产卵量随着雌蜂个体的增大而不断增加,呈线性正相关。个体大小可以作为评估玉米螟赤眼蜂生殖潜能高低的一个良好的指标。     

新疆准噶尔盆地东缘猎隼的繁殖生态

猎隼(Falco cherrug)主要繁殖于我国西部省区,为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物。2005年在新疆准噶尔盆地东缘采用野外调查方法研究了其繁殖生态。猎隼繁殖期为4—7月;窝卵数平均为(4.0±0.63)(3—5)枚;卵长径为(55.40±3.06)mm,卵短径为(41.11±1.70)mm;猎隼的孵化率、雏鸟成活率和繁殖力分别为70.8%、64.7%和1.8;巢成功率为83.3%。雏鸟体重、跗长的生长符合逻辑斯谛曲线增长。食物的可利用性是限制新疆猎隼窝卵数和生殖力的主导因素。要有效保护猎隼首先应保护栖息环境和猎物的多样性及丰富度。     

Functional aspects of the postovulatory follicle in the ovary of the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,after induced ovulation

Summary In captive African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, ovulation was induced with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) 4 I.U./g body weight to study the function of postovulatory follicles (POFs). Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical data indicate that, apart from special theca cells, the granulosa of relative young POFs (i.e., from 16 h and 28 h after HCG-injection) is capable of producing steroids. Possible functions of the synthesized steroids are discussed. Histological comparison of POFs from stripped and from unstripped fish, as well as histochemical investigation of the contents of ovulated ova and granulosa of POFs at 48 h after HCG-injection, showed that the latter structure is involved in phagocytosis of the disintegrating ovulated eggs. The polysaccharide-lipid-protein material, initially taken up by heterophagolysosomes of the granulosa cells, subsequently undergoes fatty degeneration. The granulosa cells of the POFs showed strong acid phosphatase activity and abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum from 16 h after HCG-injection onward; heterophagolysosomes appeared at 32 h. These results indicate that after ovulation the phagocytotic function of the granulosa develops progressively. Autophagolysosomes, responsible for the final disintegration of POFs, become increasingly evident in the granulosa cells with increasing time after ovulation.     

Population structure and reproductive biology of Schilbe intermedius (Teleostei: Schilbeidae) in the Pendjari River,Benin

This study, the first on fish reproduction in the Pendjari River, investigated aspects of the reproductive biology of Schilbe intermedius. A total of 429 females and 239 males were collected from March 2007 to February 2008. Females were larger than males and the sex ratio was 1:1.8 in favour of females. Size at first maturity was estimated to be 14.9 cm and 16.1 cm for males and females, respectively. Absolute fecundity ranged from 1 006 to 83 980 (22 421 ± 16 083) oocytes, and mean relative fecundity was 201 ± 162 oocytes g^?1 of total body mass. Frequency distributions of oocyte diameter suggested synchronous development, with total spawning. Spawning lasted from June to November, coinciding with peaks in rainfall and flooding. Larger females began spawning about two months before smaller ones.     

Evidence of steroidogenesis in postovulatory follicles of the tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus

Summary Postovulatory follicles of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were examined with electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry for evidence of steroid-hormone production. Light microscopy was also used to examine changes in the ovary with time after spawning. Electron microscopy detected the presence of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and mitochondria with tubular cristae in certain cells of the theca interna. These structures are suggestive of cells that synthesize steroid hormones. Granulosa cells also contained some smooth endoplasmic reticulum, along with an augmentation of Golgi complexes, vesicles, microvilli, and microfilaments within 5–7 days after spawning. Enzyme histochemistry demonstrated an intense reaction of 5, 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD) in variably placed thecal cells up to 7 days after spawning. At this time, the thecal cells of vitellogenic oocyte follicles also began to show strong 3-HSD activity. During the first 7 days after spawning, there was an increase in young primary oocytes and recruitment of some of these to vitellogenic oocytes. By 10 days after spawning, certain thecal cells in the follicles of these vitellogenic oocytes showed an intense 3-HSD reaction, while the postovulatory follicular tissue demonstrated a weak reaction. This arrangement continued for the lifespan of the postovulatory follicular tissue. Postovulatory follicles had a lifespan of up to 25 days after spawning in females that continued to hold the developing fry inside their mouths, i.e., mouthbrooders. At 25 days after spawning, the postovulatory follicular tissue showed signs of degeneration with the presence of vacuoles and lysosomes. In females that ate the zygotes, therefore exhibiting no parental behavior, the postovulatory follicular tissue showed signs of degeneration at l0days after spawning. In these females, the next clutch of eggs also developed at a higher rate than in mouthbrooders.     

Morphological evaluation of microvascular networks and angiogenic factors in the selective growth of oocytes and follicles in the ovaries of mouse fetuses and newborns

In the mammalian ovary, there is a striking difference in the distribution of blood vessels to individual follicles, suggesting that a microvascular network affects the selective growth of oocytes and follicles. In the present study the role of microvascular networks and angiogenic factors on the selective growth of oocytes and follicles was evaluated histologically in fetuses and newborns of ICR strain mice. Apparent selective growth of oocytes and follicles was observed in the ovaries of 1 day old newborns and, at this time, microvascular networks were recognized electronmicroscopically around the follicle that had completed the formation of its follicular structure and contained oocytes more than about 20 μm in diameter. In 3 day old newborns, oocytes more than 30 μm in diameter were detected where blood capillaries were well vascularized. Immunoreactivity to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and a strongly negative charged (colloidal iron-positive) substance (glycosaminoglycans; GAG), which have angiogenic activity, were detected in the ovaries of 3 day or older newborns and were identified more often around growing follicles containing oocytes more than 30 (GAG) and 40 (EGF) μm in diameter. Ovaries removed from 20 day old fetuses and cultured for 4 and 6 days in vitro showed a different distribution of growing follicles. A proportion of oocytes 20.0–24.9 μm in diameter increased during 4 and 6 days of incubation. However, the majority of oocytes did not grow further. These findings indicate that microvascular networks and angiogenic factors are deeply involved in selective oocyte growth beyond approximately 20–30 μm in diameter in mouse ovaries.     

Habitat, reproductive biology and size composition of Parequula melbournensis, a gerreid with a temperate distribution

Trawling was carried out over sandy substrates in the shallow (5–15m) and deeper (20–35m) waters of four regions along 250 km of the lower west coast of Australia, during seven consecutive seasons. This yielded 32 752 individuals of the gerreid Parequula melbournensis , which constituted c. 42% of the total number of fish. Densities of P. melbournensis were greatest in the most southern region, reaching a seasonal maximum of 835 fish ha⁻¹: at one site in that region. Since P. melbournensis is restricted largely to the southern coastline of Australia, it has a temperate rather than subtropical or tropical distribution and thus is not a typical gerreid. Furthermore, unlike most other gerreids, it does not spend part of its life cycle in either estuaries or nearshore marine waters. The maximum total length of P. melbournensis was 175 mm, with the length at maturity ( L ₅₀) being 115 mm in females and 121 mm in males. No clear monthly trends were exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, the prevalence of mature ovaries and the oocyte size-frequency distributions of female P. melbournensis , and no clear and consistent modes were observed in length-frequency data for this species. These strong indications that spawning occurs throughout the year were substantiated by the occurrence of post-ovulatory follicles in the ovaries of large fish in all months but August, and by the presence in that month of advanced yolk granule oocytes in some ovaries, which implies that spawning was imminent. The spawning of P. melbournensis throughout the year contrasts with the far more restricted spawning periods recorded for other teleosts in the same temperate Australian waters. In this respect, P. melbournensis exhibits the characteristics of the essentially tropical family to which it belongs. Annuli, which could be detected on the otoliths of c . 40% of fish, suggest that the majority of P. melbournensis Were <3 years old.