乙酸钠、烟酸对红曲菌白色变种产Monacolin K的影响

[背景]红曲是由红曲菌寄生在大米发酵而成的一种食用米曲,含有胆固醇抑制剂Monacolin K,但市售红曲中酸式Monacolin K含量低且普遍呈红色,其应用存在局限性.红曲菌白色变种3001-18具有不产色素和桔霉素而高产酸式Monacolin K的优点.[目的]研究微量营养物对红曲菌固态发酵Monacolin K...     

橙色红曲菌As3.4384 orf7基因缺失株的构建及其功能分析

红曲菌能产生多种有益的次级代谢产物,但红曲菌也产生一种对人和哺乳动物肝和肾有毒害的毒素,即桔霉素。因此控制毒素的产生是保障红曲产品安全性所必须的。故对桔霉素的合成途径及相关的基因做深入了解。6个桔霉素合成相关的基因成簇位于21 kb的DNA片段上。克隆了一个新基因(orf7基因),其位于该基因簇的外侧。采用基因敲除技术,构建红曲菌orf7基因缺失菌株。并采用紫外分光光度法检测orf7基因缺失菌株的红曲色素产量,HPLC法检测其桔霉素产量。orf7缺失菌株产红曲色素能力与出发菌株As3.4384相比没有变化;产桔霉素培养13~19 d,桔霉素的产量与出发菌株As3.4384相比增加了 142.4%。从而证实orf7基因与桔霉素代谢相关。     

用培养条件改进紫红曲NTU601中红曲菌素K，Y-氨基丁酸，和桔霉素的产量

红曲是中国传统的食品发酵真菌,它产生的次级代谢产物有黄,橙,红等色素,一组抗高胆固醇剂,包括红曲菌素K(monacolin K),和降血压剂γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),和杀菌化合物,包括色素和桔霉素(citrinin)。     

红曲菌利用甘油促进色素产生及其机制的研究进展

红曲色素(Monascus pigments,MPs)是红曲菌(Monascus sp.)的主要次生代谢产物,作为食品着色剂在我国已有上千年的应用历史。甘油,特别是生物柴油等生产过程中产生的甘油,作为一种相对廉价的碳源可被红曲菌等微生物利用,并可促进红曲色素的产生。本文对甘油促进红曲菌色素产生的相关研究进行综述,并对其机制进行分析。     

红曲霉菌液相培养高产色素低产桔霉素的代谢调控研究

从8株固态发酵高产红曲色素菌株中筛选出一株适合于液相培养工艺的高产红曲色素菌株FL1,并对其液相培养过程特性及高产色素低产桔霉素的代谢调控策略进行了研究.发酵过程动力学研究结果表明,红曲色素与桔霉素作为次级代谢产物,其合成与红曲霉菌生长的关系属于非生长偶联型.本文首次采用连续补料的Fed-Batch培养技术,用于红曲霉...     

红曲中桔霉素的检测及控制

红曲是指以大米为原料,用红曲菌属（Monascusspp．）红曲霉发酵培养制得,具有红色的颗粒或用其制成的粉末。目前红曲可分为色曲、酒曲和功能性红曲。在红曲霉的发酵过程中,同时与红曲色素相伴产生一种有害的次级代谢产物一桔霉素。研究表明桔霉素具有肾毒性,可致畸、致癌和诱发基因突变。桔霉素的存在,制约了红曲在食品及药品方面的广泛应用,在一定程度上阻碍了红曲产业的发展。为此,在红曲生产中如何快速准确检测桔霉素以及有效地防控桔霉素,是我们当前迫切需要解决的问题。本文对近年来国内外红曲中桔霉素的检测方法及控制策略进展进行了综述。目前,桔霉素的检测方法主要有抑菌圈法、TLC法、酶联免疫法和HPLC法等,其中HPLC法是检测红曲中桔霉素高效且应用最广泛的方法。桔霉素的控制主要从菌种选育,发酵工艺及产品后续处理等方面进行调控。目前尚没有成熟的控制策略全部去除桔霉素,只有采用低产桔霉素的菌种,适合的生产工艺及结合后续的物理或化学处理等综合措施,生产出符合桔霉素控制标准的高品质红曲产品。     

红曲霉T-DNA插入转化库中桔霉素突变子的筛选*

以农杆菌介导法建立的红曲霉T-DNA转化库为实验材料,采用抑菌圈法从5,000多个转化子中筛选出200株桔霉素突变子的候选菌株,用高效液相色谱法进一步筛选得到53株与出发菌株相比产桔霉素能力发生显著变化的突变子,其红曲中桔霉素含量介于0·04~154·57μg/g之间。进一步分析了突变子的红曲色价,发现突变子产桔霉素能力与产色素能力之间有一定的相关性。这些研究结果为进一步从分子水平上探讨红曲霉产桔霉素和色素等次生代谢产物之间的关系提供了材料和基础。     

高产Monacolin K纯种红曲培养条件的研究

本实验对已有的十株红曲霉菌株进行纯种制曲,筛选出一株生长良好、Monacolin K含量高、不产桔霉素、产色素能力强及糖化酶活力相对较高的红曲霉菌株.以大米为原材料,采用液固联合制曲法,通过单因素实验对纯种红曲的培养条件进行优化.结果表明,固体培养基初始含水量为45％,接种量为8％,变温培养红曲时,红曲霉M-7所得纯种红曲最佳,其Monacolin K含量高达243 μg/g,色价450 U/g,糖化酶活力4 289 U/g.与优化之前比较,Monacolin K含量提高了37.2％.     

红曲霉发酵生产Monacolin K的研究进展

红曲中的Monacolin K,作为一种抑制胆固醇合成的活性物质,是公认的降低胆固醇的理想药剂,具有高效、低毒、安全的特点.对红曲霉发酵生产Monacolin K的研究进展进行了综述,阐述了Monacolin K的理化性质,对Monacolin K抑制胆固醇合成的作用机理进行了论述,并综述了如何提高Monacolin K含量的途径和检测方法,叙述了毒性物质桔霉素的产生原因和解决方法.     

红曲霉T-DNA插入转化库中桔霉素突变子的筛选

以农杆菌介导法建立的红曲霉T—DNA转化库为实验材料,采用抑菌圈法从5,000多个转化子中筛选出200株桔霉素突变子的候选菌株,用高效液相色谱法进一步筛选得到53株与出发菌株相比产桔霉素能力发生显著变化的突变子,其红曲中桔霉素含量介于0．04～154．57μg／g之间。进一步分析了突变子的红曲色价,发现突变子产桔霉素能力与产色素能力之间有一定的相关性。这些研究结果为进一步从分子水平上探讨红曲霉产桔霉素和色素等次生代谢产物之间的关系提供了材料和基础。     

Elevated yield of monacolin K in Monascus purpureus by fungal elicitor and mutagenesis of UV and LiCl

In China, Monascus spp., a traditional fungus used in fermentation, is used as a natural food additive. Monascus spp. can produce a secondary metabolite, monacolin K namely, which is proven to be a cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive agent. Hence, recently, many researchers have begun focusing on how to increase the production of monacolin K by Monascus purpureus. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the fungal elicitor and the mutagenesis of UV & LiCl on the amount of monacolin K produced by Monascus purpureus. The fugal elicitor, Sporobolomyces huaxiensis, was isolated from tea leaves and its filtrate was added into the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus during growth to induct the production of monacolin K. The results showed that the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the liquid fermentation was 446.92 mg/mL, which was produced after the fungal elicitor was added to the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus on the day 4; this amount was approximately 6 times greater than that of the control culture filtrate, whereas the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the mutated strain was 3 times greater than the control culture after the irradiation of UV light in the presence of 1.0 % LiCl in the medium.     

不产桔霉素的红曲霉菌种深层发酵生产莫纳可林K

对三株在YES培养基中不产桔霉素的红曲霉菌种,在摇瓶中研究了它们液体发酵生产莫纳可林K的情况。在大米粉培养基中,红色红曲霉不产莫纳可林K,但是紫色红曲霉和烟灰色红曲霉均能产莫纳可林K,前者产量高于后者。在葡萄糖．甘油培养基中,后两者的产量均很低,但是如果在该培养基中添加酵母膏,紫色红曲霉能产生较为可观的莫纳可林K。在2L的发酵罐中,利用添加了酵母膏的葡萄糖-甘油培养基,紫色红曲霉在第13d的莫纳可林K产量可达104mg/L,培养过程中无桔霉素产生。     

Pigments and citrinin biosynthesis by fungi belonging to genus Monascus

Citrinin is a mycotoxin, which is produced by fungi belonging to the genus Monascus, known in biotechnology as producers of azaphilone pigments. The relation between biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites was investigated in different species of the genus Monascus in batch-culture at the following cultivation conditions: T = 28 degrees C, agitation 220 rpm, and a medium, which induce citrinin production, containing ethanol as a carbon source. The screening was carried out with 16 fungal strains and the biosynthesis of citrinin and pigments was monitored quantitatively at the standard conditions mentioned above. Some kinetic parameters of the process have been determined. The values of the growth yield coefficient Y(X/C) were between 0.32 and 0.57. The amount of the extracellular red and orange pigments at the end of cultivation varied for the different strains between 0.09 and 1.33 OU/ mg dry weight, and 0.15 and 0.96 OU/mg dry weight, respectively. The amount of the total pigments measured was between 0.16 and 3.6 OU/mg dry weight, and between 0.21 and 3.39 OU/mg dry weight. The determined ratio 500 nm/400 nm, characterizing the pigment production, ranged between 0.60 and 1.06. Twelve of the investigated strains produced citrinin and pigments, two of them produced only pigments. Two strains were not able to produce neither pigments nor citrinin. Thus, the biosynthesis of citrinin appeared to be strain-specific and does not correlate with the pigments' biosynthesis by the fungal strains belonging to the genus Monascus.     

Improvement of monacolin K, γ-aminobutyric acid and citrinin production ratio as a function of environmental conditions of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Monascus purpureus</Emphasis> NTU 601

Monascus, a traditional Chinese fermentation fungus, is used as a natural dietary supplement. Its metabolic products monacolin K and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) have each been proven to be a cholesterol-lowering drug and a hypotensive agent. Citrinin, another secondary metabolite, is toxic to humans, thus lowering the acceptability of red mold rice to the general public. In this study, the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources, and fatty acid or oils, on the production of monacolin K, citrinin and GABA by Monascus purpureus NTU 601 was studied. When 0.5% ethanol was added to the culture medium, the production of citrinin decreased from 813 ppb to 561 ppb while monacolin K increased from 136 mg/kg to 383 mg/kg and GABA increased from 1,060 mg/kg to 7,453 mg/kg. In addition, response surface methodology was used to optimize culture conditions for monacolin K, citrinin and GABA production, and data were collected according to a three-factor (temperature, ethanol concentration and amount of water supplemented), three-level central composite design. When 500 g rice was used as a solid substrate with 120 ml water and 0.3% ethanol, the production of monacolin K at 30°C increased from 136 mg/kg to 530 mg/kg, GABA production increased from 1,060 mg/kg to 5,004 mg/kg and citrinin decreased from 813 ppb to 460 ppb.     

红曲霉桔霉素的检测方法及红曲霉产桔霉素的判别方法*

建立了红曲霉真菌毒素桔霉素的HPLC检测方法。用谷氨酸和葡萄糖为唯一氮、碳源的培养基(MSG)液态摇瓶培养及红曲米固态培养,对30多株红曲霉产桔霉素的情况进行了普查,发现大多数红曲霉菌种可产生桔霉素。红曲霉的培养状态及条件对桔霉素的产生有重大影响。红曲霉菌种是否产桔霉素,可根据MSG培养基摇瓶发酵液中是否含有桔霉素来初步定性判断,为准确判断红曲霉菌是否产桔霉素,可采用多种培养法综合判断。     

红曲霉T-DNA插入突变库中色素突变子的筛选

红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）是我国重要的传统食用和药用微生物,能分泌红曲色素、莫纳卡琳（Mo-nacolin K）、γ-氨基丁酸、麦角固醇等物质,被广泛用于生产食品发酵剂、食品着色剂、保健食品和药品等,在我国有上千年的应用历史。本实验以根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterriumtum efaciens）介导的红曲霉突变体库中754株突变子菌株为材料,通过乙醇提取法筛选出了9株产红曲色素发生显著变化的色素突变子,其中S50在505 nm波长处的色价降为原始菌株S的0.12倍,几乎变为白化株。300~600 nm波长下UV-VIS扫描图谱特征显示,色素突变子不仅色价发生了变化,而且吸收波长、吸收峰值也发生了不同程度的变化。最后,对色素突变子菌落形态、显微结构、潮霉素抗性、遗传稳定性以及产桔霉素能力等进行分析,为研究红曲霉产色素相关基因奠定了基础。