长角血蜱不同发育期盾窝超微结构的比较研究

为阐明蜱类盾窝及其发育特点,用扫描电镜观察了长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis不同发育期盾窝的结构,并分析了血餐对盾窝发育的影响.结果表明：幼蜱仅具1对盾窝原基,且每个盾窝原基有1个盾窝孔;若蜱盾窝有了一定的发育,面积（长径×短径）增大且盾窝孔数增多（2~6个）;成蜱盾窝面积最大,且盾窝孔数达21~35个.盾窝的发育主要在幼蜱蜕皮阶段及若蜱的吸血和蜕皮阶段,雌蜱盾窝孔径显著大于雄蜱（P<0.01）,成蜱、若蜱和幼蜱的盾窝孔孔径在吸血过程中（交配雌蜱除外）各虫期均无显著变化 （P>0.05）.综合分析成蜱与未成熟蜱盾窝孔径,发现它们之间无显著差异 （P>0.05）,这在一定程度上说明蜱类的盾窝孔径在未成熟期可能已经有了雌雄分化.     

硬蜱盾窝腺释放性信息素

用生物测定和对盾窝进行x-射线微区分析相结合的方法,研究了亚洲璃眼蜱雌蜱性信息素的释放与吸血和交配的关系.生物测定结果表明:雌蜱通过盾窝释放性信息素,有性活力动能的雄蜱有所反应,爬向雌蜱进行交配.雌蜱吸血后第1天,有反应的雄蜱数目显著增加;吸血后的第3—5天,有反应的雄蜱数目达到最高峰,交配后有反应雄蜱的数目明显下降.如果用指甲油封闭雌蜱盾窝,有反应的雄蜱数目显著减少.由于性信息素的有效成分为2,6-二氯酚,故用x-射线微区分析方法测定盾窝氯含量的变化,可以表明雌蜱性信息素的释放量,其结果与生物测定结果一致:未吸血的雌蜱台氯水平为0.62,吸血后第1—2天均增到5.87,有非常显著的差异(P<0.001).吸血后第3—5天含氯水平为10.23,达到最高峰,与吸血后第1—2天的相比,差异也很显著(p<0.001).与雄蜱交配后含氯不平又降至0.89,性信息素含量明显降低,与来吸血的雌蜱含量接近.     

性信息素2，6-二氯酚在长角血蜱交配行为中的作用

长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis的交配行为包括7个时期,行为的完成依赖于性信息素的调节。生物测定表明：雄蜱的行为反应受雌蜱分泌的性信息素影响。堵塞雌蜱盾窝其行为受到抑制,点滴2,6-DCP或雌蜱盾窝腺提取物则被恢复。用气相色谱法测定了雌蜱盾窝腺中2,6-DCP的含量;吸血后1～２天含量最高(11.12 ng/只);吸血后3～５天即交配前下降交维持在一较恒定的水平;吸血后6～７天即交配后明显降低;饱血后检测不到2,6-DCP。2,6-DCP是长角血蜱性信息素的一种成分。     

蜱雄性附腺分泌物及其功能的研究进展

交配是蜱类繁殖过程的关键环节,诱发雌蜱发生一系列的生理变化,并最终产卵。蜱雄性附腺分泌物在交配过程中发挥着重要作用,具有保护、活化精子,促进受精、卵巢发育和卵黄发生的功能,并对雌蜱的生殖生理行为等产生影响,如诱导雌蜱快速吸血和加速产卵。本文在简要分析蜱雄性附腺结构和分泌物生化特性基础上,系统阐述了蜱雄性附腺分泌物中各种功能因子的研究现状,着重论述其在精子获能、诱导雌蜱吸血、促进雌蜱卵巢发育和卵黄发生等方面的进展,并对未来研究提出了展望,以期为此领域的研究拓展思路。     

森林革蜱雌蜱唾液腺的结构与变化(英文)

森林革蜱 (DermacentorsilvarumOlenev)雌蜱唾液腺由唾液腺管和大量的腺泡组成。从假头基到唾液腺末端 ,唾液腺管分为三部分 ,即中央腺管、主分支腺管和小叶管。球状的腺泡分布在各级腺管上。气管和中央腺管并行。腺泡呈圆形或近圆形 ,表面呈褶皱状 ,并有细小的气管分布。饥饿雌蜱唾液腺长度短 (5 4 7 3 3 μm) ;吸血后长度增加 ,吸血后 3天达到最大值 (1 1 0 9 40 μm)。从吸血后 3天到饱血后前 3 天 ,无明显变化 ,饱血后 4天明显缩短 (5 0 0 0 0 μm)。饥饿雌蜱的腺泡直径短 (45 2 4 μm) ,吸血期逐渐增大 ,吸血后 5天达到最大值 (74 1 0 μm)。饱血后腺泡逐渐萎缩并于饱血后 4天退化。     

金泽革蜱的生物学特性研究

金泽革蜱是分布于东洋区的三寄主蜱, 成虫活跃于夏季到晚秋, 其发育历期随季节而不同.雌虫在兔休上吸血时间, 七、八月为16—20天, 十一月只需9天.产卵前期在夏季饱食的雌虫为13—27天;十一月饱食者产生滞育, 至少需244天.产卵期持续31—43天(七、八月), 总产卵量为1749—8995粒.雌虫产卵显与饱血雌虫体重之间有非常显著的正相关(r=0.989, p<0.001).金泽革蜱的产卵力(饱食后每毫克体重产卵数)为7.631.卵期为55—79天(九、十月), 幼虫在兔体上吸血4—6天, 饱食后经18—29天脱皮为若虫, 若虫寿命可达124天.     

伊维菌素对长角血蜱生长发育及生殖的影响

【目的】通过分析宿主皮下注射伊维菌素对长角血蜱生长发育及生殖的影响,进而评价伊维菌素对长角血蜱的防治效果。【方法】以新西兰白兔为宿主,皮下注射不同剂量伊维菌素,观察幼蜱、若蜱及雌蜱的叮咬率、死亡率、吸血期、饱血体重、产卵量和孵化率等生物学参数,分析伊维菌素对长角血蜱生殖和生长发育的影响。【结果】伊维菌素对长角血蜱各期蜱虫的叮咬率均无显著影响。与对照组相比,伊维菌素可显著增加幼蜱和若蜱死亡率,延长若蜱和雌蜱的吸血期并降低其饱血体重,降低雌蜱产卵量及卵孵化率,抑制卵巢及卵的发育。【结论】宿主皮下注射伊维菌素能够显著抑制长角血蜱的发育及生殖,可作为防治长角血蜱的候选杀虫剂。     

一种收集蜱类唾液的方法

建立了一种收集蜱类唾液的方法。注射多巴胺(20mgmL)10μL于森林革蜱DermacentorsilvarumOlenev吸血雌蜱血腔内,可使唾液腺分泌唾液,用毛细管连续收集30min,可得唾液15～20μL蜱。     

莱氏拟乌贼缠卵腺的显微与超微结构

为了解莱氏拟乌贼(Sepioteuthis lessoniana)缠卵腺的结构和功能,本研究采用组织切片技术和透射电镜技术对该腺体进行显微与超微结构观察.结果显示,缠卵腺由腺壁组织、分泌叶瓣和结缔组织组成.其中,腺壁组织由外膜层和肌肉层组成,位于腺体外部;分泌叶瓣是腺体的主要部分,由分泌细胞和支持细胞组成,分泌细胞具有...     

蜱类血淋巴的收集方法

建立一种收集蜱类血淋巴的有效方法。饥饿雌蜱切割边缘体壁收集,每只雌蜱可收集血淋巴0.4μL;吸血、饱血雌蜱切割附肢收集,每只饱血雌蜱可收集8.0μL血淋巴。该方法操作简单、快速、收集量较大。     

Morphology of the foveal glands and foveae dorsales in male Hyalomma truncatum and Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) before and during feeding

The ultrastructure of the foveae dorsales and foveal glands in unfed and attached male Hyalomma truncatum and Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus ticks was studied. Both species are provided with a paired foveal gland system, which is similar in unfed as well as in attached ticks. This gland system consists of the fovea dorsalis with pores and pore tubes as the external part, the foveal neck zone as a link between the fovea dorsalis and the lobes of the gland and the bulbous lobes as the innermost part. The fovea dorsalis is located on either side of the dorsal midline in the midsection of the body and appears as a roundish plate containing 15±6.5 and 21±7 slit-like pores in R. evertsi mimeticus (n=210) and H. truncatum (n=210), respectively. Each pore leads into a cuticular lined channel containing a pore tube. Below each fovea, the foveal neck zone is located within a groove of the cuticle and consists of the termini of the pore tubes which enlarge basally to form a cup-shaped ampulla each. Furthermore, secretory lobes are located below the foveal neck zone. Each lobe consists of secretory cells and a central excretory duct which leads into the ampulla. The ducts are lined with microvilli. The secretory cells contain numerous vesicles of varying size with one or more granules. In male ticks of both species the secretory lobe cells remained unchanged in size, structure and granule content irrespective of whether they were unfed or attached for up to 30 days. Axons occur in the fascicles between the secretory lobe cells containing numerous neurosecretory vesicles. A possible role of the foveal glands in the production of pheromones is hypothesized.     

Fine structure of the foveae dorsales and foveal glands in the female tick Amblyomma americanum (acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)

The fine structure of the paired foveae dorsales and foveal glands in the unfed female Amblyomma americanum is described and compared with that in other tick species. Each fovea opens to the exterior via pores which lead internally into a single cuticular tube, the pore-tube. This is surrounded by 2–3 epithelial cells. The pore-tube enlarges basally forming a large cavity possessing a cup-shaped cytoplasmic protrusion. The pore-tube cuticular lining extends downward to form an electron-dense, flaplike protrusion bracketing narrow cytoplasmic extensions filled with microtubules. These extensions form a previously undescribed valvelike structure that seems to control the flow of pheromone secretion from the foveal gland to the pore-tube. The single foveal gland lying beneath each pore-tube is composed of 2–3 inner, large, storage cells surrounded by outer, spindle-shaped cells; both types of cells have a characteristic feature of epithelia involved in secretory activity and ion transport. The outer cells extend upward to join the base of the poretube cells by septate desmosomes. A nerve, the foveal nerve, containing axons with neurosecretory vesicles occurs in the vicinity of the foveal gland. The secretory activity of the pheromone glands seems to be partially, if not entirely, under a neural regulation.     

Morphological and biochemical analyses of the salivary glands of the malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi.

Adult Anopheles darlingi salivary glands are paired organs located on either side of the esophagus. The male glands consist of a single small lobe. The female gland is composed of two lateral lobes, with distinct proximal and distal portions, and a medial lobe. The lobes are acinar structures, organized as a unicellular epithelium that surrounds a salivary canal. The general cellular architecture is similar among the lobes, with secretory material appearing as large masses that push the cellular structures to the periphery of the organ. Cells of the proximal-lateral lobes show asynchronous cycles of secretory activity and contain secretory masses with finely filamentous aspect. In the distal-lateral lobes, cells display synchronous cycles of activity, and have a dense secretory product with mottled pattern. Cells of the medial lobe have secretory masses uniformly stained and highly electrondense. Biochemical analysis of the adult female salivary glands revealed apyrase, alpha-glucosidase and lysozyme activities. Alpha-glucosidase and lysozyme activities are detected mostly in the proximal lobes while apyrase is mainly accumulated in the distal lobes. This differential distribution of the analyzed enzymes reflects a specialization of different regions for sugar and blood feeding. Thus, the morphological differences observed in the lobes correlate with functional ones.     

Floral character states of the Northeast and Tropical East African Swertia species (Gentianaceae)

The floral gross morphological and anatomical character states of 23 African Swertia species are described. Colleters are frequent in Swertia, especially at the lower rim of calyx lobes and are usually placed in a single row except in S. crassiuscula (they are not "typical" colleters). The aestivation of corolla lobes is found to be uniform except in S. engleri var. engieri. Each corolla lobe is beset with either one or two foveae. Foveae are naked or either partly or wholly fimbriated along their margins. No vascular tissue was observed entering the foveae. The taxonomic importance of the the floral character states is discussed.     

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus feeding on rabbits and cattle: Salivary-gland responses to varying host resistance

AdultRhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were fed as three sequential infestations on both rabbits and cattle. The feedings at first infestation on naive hosts were optimum for the ticks, whereas at third infestation the hosts were resistant, as expressed by reduced tick feeding performance. Ticks from naive and resistant hosts were examined for histological differences of salivary glands. In ticks fed on resistant rabbits there was a large increase in the synthesis of glycoprotein secretory granules in thec ₁ cells compared with ticks fed on naive rabbits. In ticks fed on naive and resistant cattle, the activity of thec ₁ cells was less than in ticks fed on naive and resistant rabbits. It was concluded that the salivary glands are able to respond selectively to conditions at the feeding site, and that this may be advantageous to the tick.     

Comparative sialomics between hard and soft ticks: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding behavior

Ticks evolved various mechanisms to modulate their host's hemostatic and immune defenses. Differences in the anti-hemostatic repertoires suggest that hard and soft ticks evolved anti-hemostatic mechanisms independently, but raise questions on the conservation of salivary gland proteins in the ancestral tick lineage. To address this issue, the sialome (salivary gland secretory proteome) from the soft tick, Argas monolakensis, was determined by proteomic analysis and cDNA library construction of salivary glands from fed and unfed adult female ticks. The sialome is composed of approximately 130 secretory proteins of which the most abundant protein folds are the lipocalin, BTSP, BPTI and metalloprotease families which also comprise the most abundant proteins found in the salivary glands. Comparative analysis indicates that the major protein families are conserved in hard and soft ticks. Phylogenetic analysis shows, however, that most gene duplications are lineage specific, indicating that the protein families analyzed possibly evolved most of their functions after divergence of the two major tick families. In conclusion, the ancestral tick may have possessed a simple (few members for each family), but diverse (many different protein families) salivary gland protein domain repertoire.     

Role of Cyclic Nucleotides and Calcium in Controlling Tick Salivary Gland Function

The paired salivary glands of female ixodid ticks are essentialorgans of osmoregulation. As the female feeds, the rate of salivaryfluid secretion increases greatly enabling the tick to concentrateits bloodmeal by returning excess water and ions to the hostvia the salivary ducts. The glands are controlled by nervesand the neurotransmitter at the neuroeffector junction is dopamine.Cyclic AMP is a "second messenger" of the fluid secretory process.Specific endogenous salivary gland proteins are phosphorylatedby cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases which facilitate insome way the fluid secretory process. Fluid secretory capabilityand dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in glandsof feeding females are dependent on weight of the feeding tickfrom which they are obtained. Conversely, cyclic AMP-dependentphosphodiesterase is inversely related to the magnitude of fluidsecretory capability of the glands. Deletion of calcium or additionof verapamil to the bathing medium during experiments with isolatedglands inhibits dopamine-stimulated fluid secretion. The preciserole(s) of calcium in secretion is(are) unknown but it may helpregulate cyclic AMP by regulating activator and inhibitor proteinsof cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. The inhibitor modulators areat much higher concentrations in salivary glands of ticks inthe rapid phase of feeding.     

Immunological characterization of peptidyl-glycine-alpha-amidating monooxygenases

Antibodies to the soluble form of the copper-containing enzyme, peptidyl-glycine-alpha-amidating monooxygenase isolated from secretory granules of bovine pituitary anterior lobes were found to belong to immunoglobulin G1. The antibodies were used to study the subcellular distribution of the enzyme in this tissue, and positive tests were found only for granular and cytosol fractions. The antibodies do not crossreact with other copper-containing systems of secretory granules, such as neurocuprein and dopamine-beta-monooxygenase. It was shown that the antibodies give the crossreaction with the enzyme isolated from secretory granules of bovine pituitary anterior lobes, cardiac atria, pancreas and adrenal medulla, indicating the antigenic identity of the enzyme from secretory granules of different glands.     

Morphology of the anterior digestive system of tonnoideans (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) with an emphasis on the foregut glands

ABSTRACT

Tonnoideans are marine carnivorous caenogastropods that prey on different invertebrates, namely polychaetes, sipunculids, bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and echinoderms. The morphology of the digestive system of 20 species from five families of the Tonnoidea was examined (for most of these species for the first time), and the salivary glands of six of them were studied using serial histological sections. Most of the studied families are rather similar anatomically, except Personidae (Distorsio), which differs both in proboscis morphology and the structure of the salivary glands. In most tonnoideans the salivary glands are split morphologically and functionally into anterior and posterior lobes, the latter synthesising strong sulfuric acid. The ducts of the posterior lobes are lined with non-ciliated epithelium and receive usually paired ciliated ducts from the anterior lobes to form a non-ciliated common duct, opening into the buccal cavity. In Personidae, the salivary glands are not separated into lobes, but are instead composed of ramifying tubules that are histologically different in the proximal and distal parts. Radulae of Tonnoidea are rather variable, with different patterns of interlocking teeth, both in the transverse and longitudinal rows, which may be related to particular feeding mechanisms. Due to the peculiarities of Personidae, the close relationship between that family and the rest of the Tonnoidea is questioned.