Flavonoid patterns in Fagonia mollis-complex

Twenty samples of Fagonia mollis and F. tristis of different geographic distribution were investigated for their flavonoids. Kaempherol and isorhamnetin 3-rutinosides were the major flavonoids of F. mollis, while F. tristis contained, in addition, 8-O-methylherbacetin. The flavonoid patterns are discussed in correlation with the geographic distribution of both species.     

Flavonoids of Balsamorhiza deltoidea and Wyethia mollis

Eleven O-methylated derivatives of kaempferol, quercetin and quercetagetin were isolated from the dichloromethane leaf-wash of Balsamorhiza deltoidea. Four of these compounds represent new reports from either Balsamorhiza or Wyethia: 6-hydroxykaempferol 7-O-methyl ether, quercetin 3′,4′-O-dimethylether, quercetagetin 7-O-methyl ether, and quercetagetin 3,6,7-O-trimethyl ether. We also confirmed the presence of two isoflavones, santal and orobol 3′-O-methyl ether, in W. mollis. The 8-C-prenylated derivatives of naringenin, eriodictyol, and dihydroisorhamnetin were also identified as constituents of W. mollis. The vacuolar flavonoid fraction of Balsamorhiza deltoidea and Wyethia helenioides was shown to consist of simple mono and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin.     

Development and Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of a Novel Wheat–Leymus mollis Lm#7Ns (7D) Disomic Substitution Line with Stripe Rust Resistance

Leymus mollis (2n = 4x = 28, NsNsXmXm) possesses novel and important genes for resistance against multi-fungal diseases. The development of new wheat—L. mollis introgression lines is of great significance for wheat disease resistance breeding. M11003-3-1-15-8, a novel disomic substitution line of common wheat cv. 7182 –L. mollis, developed and selected from the BC₁F₅ progeny between wheat cv. 7182 and octoploid Tritileymus M47 (2n = 8x = 56, AABBDDNsNs), was characterized by morphological and cytogenetic identification, analysis of functional molecular markers, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)—genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and disease resistance evaluation. Cytological observations suggested that M11003-3-1-15-8 contained 42 chromosomes and formed 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I. The GISH investigations showed that line contained 40 wheat chromosomes and a pair of L. mollis chromosomes. EST-STS multiple loci markers and PLUG (PCR-based Landmark Unique Gene) markers confirmed that the introduced L. mollis chromosomes belonged to homoeologous group 7, it was designated as Lm#7Ns. While nulli-tetrasomic and sequential FISH-GISH analysis using the oligonucleotide Oligo-pSc119.2 and Oligo-pTa535 as probes revealed that the wheat 7D chromosomes were absent in M11003-3-1-15-8. Therefore, it was deduced that M11003-3-1-15-8 was a wheat–L. mollis Lm#7Ns (7D) disomic substitution line. Field disease resistance demonstrated that the introduced L. mollis chromosomes Lm#7Ns were responsible for the stripe rust resistance at the adult stage. Moreover, M11003-3-1-15-8 had a superior numbers of florets. The novel disomic substitution line M11003-3-1-15-8, could be exploited as an important genetic material in wheat resistance breeding programs and genetic resources.     

Pyrosequencing reveals sponge specific bacterial communities in marine sponges of Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

Bacterial communities of marine sponges are believed to be an important partner for host survival but remain poorly studied. Sponges show difference in richness and abundance of microbial population inhabiting them. Three marine sponges belonging to the species of Pione vastifica, Siphonochalina siphonella and Suberea mollis were collected from Red sea in Jeddah and were investigated using high throughput sequencing. Highly diverse communities containing 105 OTUs were identified in S. mollis host. Only 61 and 43 OTUs were found in P. vastifica and S. siphonella respectively. We identified 10 different bacterial phyla and 31 genera using 27,356 sequences. Most of the OTUs belong to phylum Proteobacteria (29%–99%) comprising of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria where later two were only detected in HMA sponge, S. mollis. A number of 16S rRNA sequences (25%) were not identified to phylum level and may be novel taxa. Richness of bacterial community and Shannon, Simpson diversity revealed that sponge S. mollis harbors high diversity compared to other two LMA sponges. Dominance of Proteobacteria in sponges may indicate an ecological significance of this phylum in the Red sea sponges. These differences in bacterial composition may be due to difference in location site or host responses to environmental conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the microbial communities of these sponges have never been studied before and this is first attempt to unravel bacterial diversity using PCR-based 454-pyrosequencing method.     

Effects of competition on induction of crassulacean acid metabolism in a facultative CAM plant

Abiotic drivers of environmental stress have been found to induce CAM expression (nocturnal carboxylation) in facultative CAM species such as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. The role played by biotic factors such as competition with non-CAM species in affecting CAM expression, however, remains largely understudied. This research investigated the effects of salt and water conditions on the competition between M. crystallinum and the C₃ grass Bromus mollis with which it is found to coexist in California’s coastal grasslands. We also investigated the extent to which CAM expression in M. crystallinum was affected by the intensity of the competition with B. mollis. We found that M. crystallinum had a competitive advantage over B. mollis in drought and saline conditions, while B. mollis exerted strong competitive effects on M. crystallinum in access to light and soil nutrients in high water conditions. This strong competitive effect even outweighed the favorable effects of salt or water additions in increasing the biomass and productivity of M. crystallinum in mixture. Regardless of salt conditions, M. crystallinum did not switch to CAM photosynthesis in response to this strong competitive effect from B. mollis. Disturbance (i.e., grass cutting) reduced the competitive pressure by B. mollis and allowed for CAM expression in M. crystallinum when it was grown mixed with B. mollis. We suggest that moderate competition with other functional groups can enhance CAM expression in M. crystallinum, thereby affecting its plasticity and ability to cope with biological stress.     

Taxonomy of Cordylanthus subgenus Hemistegia (Scrophulariaceae)

A taxonomic revision ofCordylanthus subg.Hemistegia based on evidence from morphology, chromosome numbers, habitat, ecology, and geographic distribution is presented, recognizing four species and five subspecies. Three new combinations on the subspecific level are proposed. The first chromosome counts for subg.Hemistegia are reported with haploid numbers ofn = 14, 15, and 21. Each species is illustrated with line drawings showing habit and floral morphology; distribution maps indicate sites of known populations. The possible extinction ofC. mollis ssp.mollis andC. pamatus is discussed, and the urgent need for preservation of their saline and alkaline habitats is emphasized.     

连作条件下毛鸡骨草根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化特征

毛鸡骨草是治疗肝病的重要中草药之一,而连作障碍致其产量和品质下降。从主产区广西玉林分别采集正茬、重茬和连作三年的毛鸡骨草根际土壤样品,以种植前水稻土壤为对照,采用Biolog GN2 平板碳源分析技术,研究连作条件下根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化特征,以揭示其连作障碍的原因。结果表明,连作导致根际土壤微生物功能多样性显著降低,微生物利用各类碳源的能力下降。主成分分析(PCA)表明,不同种植年限的毛鸡骨草根际土壤微生物群落结构之间存在显著差异,且均与种植前对照明显不同,而同一种植年限不同生长期土壤微生物碳代谢群落结构虽有差异,但并不显著。相关分析表明,其产量与微生物功能多样性指数(如Shannon,Simpson,Mclntosh)以及平均吸光值(AWCD)值正相关,而与第一主成分(PC1)呈显著负相关,说明连作条件下其产量的降低在一定程度上与土壤微生物功能多样性的降低和群落结构的改变有关。     

Effects of nutrient enrichment and biochemical composition of diets of Palmaria mollis on growth and condition of Japanese abalone, Haliotis discus hannai and red abalone, Haliotis rufescens

Two growth experiments were conducted with juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens and Japanese abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The first experiment was set up to determine if nutrient levels used for co-culture of the Rhodophyte, Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) directly affected abalone growth. No significant differences (ANOVA; P=0.117) were found in growth of abalone cultured in either ambient seawater alone or seawater supplemented with different NaNO₃ loads (1176, 1765, 2353, and 2942 μM day⁻¹ NO₃-N), NaH₂PO₄ (83.3 μM day⁻¹ PO₄⁻), and a modified version of Guillard and Ryther's [Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8, (1962) 229] f medium containing Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, and Co.The second experiment was designed to determine the effect of different nutrient levels on the nutritional value of P. mollis when fed to abalone. P. mollis was cultured with different NaNO₃ loads (1176, 1765, 2353, and 2942 μM day⁻¹ NO₃-N) and NaH₂PO₄ (83.3 μM day⁻¹ PO₄⁻) in the presence or absence of f medium trace metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, and Co). H. discus hannai showed the highest LGR and SGR when fed on P. mollis supplemented with nitrate loads ranging from 1176 to 2353 μM day⁻¹ NO₃-N. In contrast, H. rufescens showed the highest linear growth rate (LGR) when fed on P. mollis supplemented with higher nitrate loads of 2353 to 2942 μM day⁻¹ NO₃-N, while nitrate load had no significant effect on specific growth rate (SGR). Both abalone species grew better on P. mollis supplied with 0.75f+Zn (day⁻¹) metal solution [Gran. Can. J. Microbiol. 8 (1962) 229] compared to those without trace metal additions, with H. discus hannai showing a further improvement in food conversion efficiencies (FCE).The present work shows that understanding and manipulating the culture environment of P. mollis can significantly affect growth, FCE, and daily food consumption (DFC) of H. discus hannai and H. rufescens.     

Molecular Cytogenetic and Morphological Identification of a Wheat–<Emphasis Type="Italic">L. mollis</Emphasis> 1Ns(1D) Substitution Line,DM45

Leymus mollis (Trin.) Pilger (NsNsXmXm, 2n = 28), a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many potentially valuable traits for wheat breeding, i.e., strong and short stems, long spikes with numerous spikelets, tolerance to drought and cold, and resistance to many fungal and bacterial diseases. In this study, we hybridized a wheat–L. mollis triple substitution line 05DM6 × Triticum aestivum L. cv. 7182 to obtain DM45, a single chromosome substitution line. Cytological studies demonstrated that DM45 had a chromosome karyotype of 2n = 42 = 21II. Genomic in situ hybridization analysis indicated that DM45 had a pair of Ns chromosomes from L. mollis. Analysis with DNA markers, i.e., two simple sequence repeats (Xgdm111 and Xgdm126) and two expressed sequence tag-sequence tagged sites (CD453004 and BE443796), showed that the wheat 1Ds chromosome were substituted with a pair of 1Ns chromosomes from L. mollis in DM45. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that DM45 possessed Ns genome-specific bands in the low and high molecular weight glutenin subunit regions, whereas it lacked one glutenin subunit translated from genes on chromosome 1D, thereby confirming that DM45 was a wheat–L. mollis 1Ns#1 (1D) disomic substitution line. Agronomic trait evaluations showed that DM45 was much improved in terms of the 1000-grain weight and the protein and glutenin contents of its seeds, as well as having more florets and spikelets compared with its relative, common wheat variety 7182. The substitution line DM45 could be used as a novel germplasm in wheat genetic and breeding programs.     

Germacranolides in Helianthus mollis

Desacetyleupaserrin, eupaserrin and two new germacranolides, mollisorin-A and mollisorin-B, were isolated from H. mollis. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data and chemical interconversions of the four germacranolides are described.     

Tillandsia mollis (Bromeliaceae) — eine neue Art aus Südbolivien

Tillandsia mollis sp. n. is related toT. usneoides (L.) L. but differs mainly in the densely lepidote sepals and the soft and thick round leaves.     

Lupin alkaloids from Sophora mollis

The major alkaloids of Sophora mollis are (+)-sparteine and (?)-cytisine, and the minor ones are also of the sparteine-type (lupanine and 5,6-deh     

Identification of ergoline alkaloids in the genus Argyreia and related genera and their chemotaxonomic implications in the convolvulaceae

The results of the identification of 21 ergoline alkaloids of 14 species of Argyreia; viz.: A. barnesii, A. capitata, A. cuneata, A. luzoninsis, A. mollis, A. maingayi, A. nervosa, A. obtusifolia, A. philippinensis, A. reticulata. A. ridleyi, A. rubicunda, A. splendens and A. sp. and 2 closely related genera; Stictocardia tiliafolia and Rivea corymbosa, by using 2-D TLC procedures are given. A brief discussion of the implications of the ergoline alkaloids and the chemotaxonomy of the Convolvulaceae is also presented.     

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of a Wheat - Leymus mollis 3D（3Ns） Substitution Line with Resistance to Leaf Rust

Leymus mollis （Trin.） Pilger （NsNsXmXm, 2n = 28）, a wild relative of common wheat, possesses many potentially valuable traits that could be transferred to common wheat during breeding programs. In this study, the karyotypic constitution of a wheat - L. mollis 3D（3Ns#1） disomic substitution line isolated from the F5 progeny of octoploid Tritileymus M842-16 x Triticum durum cv. D4286, which was designated as 10DM57, was determined using genomic in situ hybridization （GISH）, fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH）, SSR markers, and EST- STS markers. Screening of mitosis and meiosis showed that 10DM57 had a chromosome karyotype of 2n = 42 =21Ⅱ. GISH indicated that 10DM57 was a line with 40 chromosomes from wheat and two of the Ns chromosomes from L. mollis, which formed a ring bivalent in pollen mother cells at metaphase I. FISH analysis showed that the chromosome 3D may be replaced by 3Ns#1 in 10DM57. DNA markers, including SSR and EST-STS primers, showed that the pair of wheat chromosome 3D in 10DM57 was substituted by the pair of chromosome 3Ns#t from L. mollis. Evaluation of the agronomic traits showed that, compared with its common wheat relative 7182, 10DM57 was resistant to leaf rust while the spike length and number of spikes per plant were improved significantly, which correlated with a higher wheat yield. The new germplasm, 10DM57, could be exploited as an intermediate material in wheat genetic and breeding programs.     

Chromosome numbers of goldenrods,Euthamia and Solidago (Compositae: Astereae). II. Additional counts with comments on cytogeography

Chromosome number determinations were made from 407 wild or transplanted individuals and seedlings representing 65 taxa and hybrids inEuthamia andSolidago. The following are first reports:Euthamia remota, 2n=9II;Solidago leavenworthii, 2n=54;S. mollis, 2n=36;S. mollis var.angustata, 2n=36;S. rigida var.glabrata, 2n=9II;S. sempervirens var.azorica, 2n=9II; andS. sparsiflora, 2n=54. Most species have been sampled only a few times or are consistently of one cytotype. Sufficient counts have been made to indicate some general patterns of cytotype distribution in the following species complexes:S. gigantea, S. canadensis, S. flexicaulis, S. rugosa, andS. uliginosa.     

ThePulmonaria dacica group: Its affinities with central and south-east European allies and with the genusParaskevia (Boraginaceae)

Comparative morphological, karyological and chorological studies prove the distinctness of the SE European and Asiatic populations ofPulmonaria mollis s.l., to be treated asP. dacica (Figs. 4, 5).P. mollis s.str. is interpreted as a relatively young taxon, which probably has evolved from an older stock ofP. dacica ancestors during the Pleistocene (Figs. 6, 8) and might have migrated, perhaps with oak woodland communities, from SE to C. Europe. A similar evolution can be postulated for S—SE European dysploidP. rubra-carnica-stiriaca-vallarsae group; this may have involved still unknown tetraploids (P. carnica?, Fig. 7). This group is linked via the hypertriploid speciesP. vallarsae with theP. saccharata group and at least the eastern species of theP. australis group. The monotypic genusParaskevia apparently marks the earliest divergence from the common Tertiary ancestral stock (Fig. 8). It exhibits a tetraploid chromosome number (2n = 28) but has preserved the most primitive characters. — Some comments on the systematics and nomenclature ofP. australis andParaskevia are added.     

Three germacranolides and other constituents from Eremanthus species

The re-investigation of Eremanthus glomerulatus afforded three new germacranolides and a guaianolide, while from E. mollis two known furanoheliangolides and a new phenylpropanol derivative were isolated. The germacranolides most probably are precursors of the widespread glaucolides. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The chemotaxonomic situation is discussed briefly.     

Changes in composition of essential oils and volatile emissions of Minthostachys mollis, induced by leaf punctures of Liriomyza huidobrensis

Plant defensive mechanisms against herbivores include chemical changes following damage. Effects of feeding punctures produced by Liriomyza huidobrensis (pea leafminers) adult females on the plant's dominant monoterpenes, pulegone and menthone were assessed by monitoring essential oil composition at 24, 48, and 120 h; emission of volatiles was also measured 24 and 48 h after wounding. We studied such changes in Minthostachys mollis, a Lamiaceae species native to Central Argentina with medicinal and aromatic uses. Leaf puncturing resulted in reduced menthone throughout the experiment and increased pulegone concentration in M. mollis essential oil during the first 48 h. The adjacent undamaged leaves showed similar changes, suggesting a systemic response. Composition of volatiles released from damaged leaves was also altered, most noticeably by increasing pulegone and diminishing menthone emissions. Such herbivore-induced chemical changes in aromatic plants are economically relevant, since the quality of essential oils and volatile emissions are altered.     

海岸不同坡向滨麦光合特性与风速异质环境的关系

在自然条件下,测定分析了夏季和秋季静风天及秋季大风天,海岸沙丘不同坡向环境因子及滨麦株高、叶片叶绿素含量、土壤含水量和光合日变化特性,以期明晰滨麦响应不同风速环境的生理调控机理。结果表明,不同坡向环境异质性明显,滨麦形态可塑性强。海岸迎风坡风大、温度低、湿度大,滨麦植株低矮、叶绿素含量较高;背风坡温度高、土壤干旱、空气流动差,滨麦植株高大,叶绿素含量低。在夏秋季静风天,迎风坡和背风坡滨麦叶片Pn出现光合"午休"现象,但迎风坡滨麦日均Gs、Tr、Pn均显著高于背风坡;而在秋季大风天,迎风坡和背风坡滨麦叶片Pn"午休"现象消失,并且背风坡滨麦日均Pn、Tr、Gs均显著高于迎风坡滨麦。同坡向相比,秋季大风天迎风坡滨麦日均Pn、Tr、Gs明显较秋季静风天低,而背风坡滨麦日均叶片Pn、Tr、Gs却较静风天分别增高126%、66.3%、134%。强海风吹袭引发迎风坡温度降低、滨麦叶片摇摆、气孔导度降低导致Pn下降,而强海风使背风坡空气流动加快、温度降低、气孔导度增大、"午休"消失使Pn增高。不同坡向滨麦对不同海风风速的适应表现出明显的光合生理可塑性,它在滨麦适应不同风力、提高其光合速率和增加物质积累上具有重要作用。而滨麦的形态和光合生理可塑性可能是其在不同海风强度下生存、生长、实现种群扩张的重要生理调控机理,这一特性在未来作物、牧草和树木抗风、抗盐育种中具有重要应用价值。