RNA干扰技术治疗疾病

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)现象最早发现于秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans),随后发现该现象普遍存在于真菌、植物和哺乳动物等真核生物,并行使基因调控和抵御外源基因片段侵袭的作用。目前,RNAi分子机制和RNAi在基因功能方面的研究已经取得了突破性的进展。鉴于RNAi在基因沉默中的特异性、高效性和易操作,其在药物筛选和疾病治疗等方面有着广泛的应用前景。然而,RNAi技术用于治疗疾病的安全性尚待确定,分子传递途径也有待进一步的研究。     

RNA干涉分子机制研究进展

RNA干涉（RNA interference,RNAi）是生物体内的一种通过双链RNA(dsRNA)来抵抗病毒入侵和抑制转座子活动的自然机制.双链RNA与同源mRNA互补结合而使特定基因失活,这一过程已经在包括拟南芥、线虫和真菌等多种模式生物中得到揭示.近来研究表明,21～25 nt的小干涉RNA（small interference RNA, siRNA）可介导哺乳动物细胞特异性基因沉默.RNAi具有高效性和高度特异性,可能成为关闭基因的新技术而在基因功能研究和疾病基因治疗中发挥重要作用.     

光皮桦群落邻体干扰指数的研究

影响植物个体生长的因素很多 ,这其中不仅有其自身的遗传特性在起作用 ,而且与其所处的生境立地质量以及它对环境资源的利用状况也有着密切地内在联系。生境在影响植物生长的同时 ,植物的生命活动及生长过程也在不断地影响和改变着环境条件 ,使其朝着有利于或不利于邻体生长的方向发展。生物与环境之间这种相互作用、相互影响 ,就是生态学领域里的邻体干扰。本文通过对福建卫闽光皮桦 (Ｂｅｔｕｌａｌｕｍｉｎｉｆｅｒａ)群落邻体干扰指数的研究 ,分析了邻体干扰指数与光皮桦生长速度间的相互联系 ,揭示了光皮桦个体大小与邻体干扰指数和生…     

RNA干扰在植物中的作用机理及其应用研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)是广泛存在于生物中的一种现象,它是小干扰RNA诱导的转录后基因沉默,是生物抵抗异常DNA的一种保护机制,同时在生物生长发育过程中调控基因的表达.本文综述了近年来有关RNA干扰的发现、作用过程及其机理,分析了它与反义寡核苷酸、核酶、脱氧核酶的小同,并介绍了RNA干扰在植物基因功能、植物抗病毒、作物品种改良等方面的应用,为siRNA干扰的进一步利用提供参考资料.     

RNA干扰在动物研究中的应用

RNA干扰(RNAi)是指具有同源性的双链RNA分子导入细胞后,使促进与之同源的mRNA发生特异性降解的现象。随着对RNAi分子机制研究深入,它将成为研究动物基因功能、蛋白质功能、基因治疗、基因药物的强有力的工具。     

丝状真菌中的RNA干扰及其应用技术

RNA干扰是真核生物中相对保守的一种基因特录后表达调控机制,它通过双链RNA介导细胞内mRNA发生特异性降解或翻译抑制,从而调控靶基因的表达.对丝状真菌中RNA压制和减数分裂沉默等现象的研究表明,与动、植物一样,丝状真菌中也存在RNA干扰现象.通过对RNA压制缺失突变株和减教分裂沉默缺失突变株的一系列分子生物学研究,获得了与之密切相关的一系列蛋白,而这些蛋白在结构和功能上与动、植物RNA干扰途径的蛋白高度相似,这些结果证明了丝状真菌中的RNA存在干扰现象.RNA干扰技术作为丝状真菌分子生物学研究或遗传改造的工具具有特殊的意义,因为丝状真菌具有多核和发生非同源重组频率高的特点,难以用基因敲除手段进行改造.系统地介绍丝状真菌中的RNA干扰途径以及使用RNA干扰对真菌进行遗传改造的方法.     

RNA干扰用于基因治疗的研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)是20世纪末才被人们认识和重视的一种通过双链RNA抵御病毒入侵或抑制转座子活动的生物防御机制。随着RNA干扰分子机制研究的深入及其应用研究的发展,人们发现RNA干扰技术在基因功能研究及人类疾病的基因治疗上具有广阔的应用前景。本文在简述RNAi分子机制的基础上,综述了RNAi在抗病毒治疗及抗肿瘤治疗方面的研究和应用概况。     

各种RNA干扰库的构建及比较

不同种类的RNA干扰库已经被用于基因功能的研究之中,根据其构建方式和分子形式的不同,可将RNA干扰库分为4种类型,即化学合成的小干扰RNA（siRNA）库、化学合成的小发夹RNA（shRNA）表达库、酶切法构建的siRNA库和酶切法构建的shRNA表达库。简要介绍上述RNA干扰库的构建方法及其特点和局限。     

Satyrization and satyrization‐resistance in competitive displacements of invasive mosquito species

Competitive displacements or reductions of resident populations of insects, often effected by a related species, may be caused by a variety of mechanisms. Satyrization is a form of mating interference in which males of one species mate with females of another species, significantly decreasing their fitness and not generating hybrids. Satyrization has been established to be the probable cause of competitive displacements of resident mosquitoes by invasive species, especially of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus, two important vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Mathematical models predict that even low levels of asymmetric mating interference are capable of producing competitive displacements or reductions. Couplings of virgin Ae. aegypti females with Ae. albopictus males effectively sterilize these females through the monogamizing actions of male accessory gland products, but the converse interspecific mating does not impact the future reproduction of Ae. albopictus females. Populations of Ae. aegypti exposed to satyrization quickly evolve resistance to interspecific mating, which is believed to ameliorate reproductive interference from, and promote co‐existence with, Ae. albopictus. The evolution of satyrization resistance among Ae. aegypti in laboratory cages is accompanied by fitness costs, such as reduced fecundity and slower receptivity to conspecific males. Cage experiments and field observations indicate that Ae. albopictus males are capable of satyrizing females of other species of the Stegomyia subgenus, potentially leading to competitive displacements, and possible extinctions, especially of endemic species on islands. Examination of other examples of reproductive interference in insects reveals few parallels to the mechanism and outcomes of satyrization by Ae. albopictus. We conclude by posing the hypothesis that satyrization may favor the ecological success of Ae. albopictus, and suggest many lines for future research on this phenomenon.     

基于小波变换的心电信号去噪算法

目的:去除在心电信号采集过程中混入的肌电干扰、工频干扰、基线漂移等噪声信号,避免噪声对心电信号特征点的识别和提取造成误判和漏判。方法:首先利用coif4小波对心电信号按Mallat算法进行分解,然后采用软、硬阈值折衷与小波重构的算法进行去噪。结果:采用MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database中的心电信号进行仿真、验证,有效去除了三种常见的噪声信号。结论:本方法实时性好,为临床分析与诊断奠定了基础。     

Cause of the “power-on reset” phenomenon other than electric magnetic interference in a patient with a pacemaker

A 67-year old male with a dual-chamber pacemaker visited for a regular check-up. An unfamiliar message emerged on the display just after placing the programmer wand. We could recognize that the pacemaker had already been in the safe back-up mode of DDI, and the programmer prompted a re-initialization request. We are so surprised because there was no indication of device malfunction the day before in daily monitoring and a 12-lead electrocardiogram revealed normally working in the DDD mode just before checking the device. The pacemaker was immediately re-programmed to the former setting. This phenomenon has not recurred for 12 months.     

miRNA研究进展

近年来,在许多真核生物中发现了一类内源性的、长度约22个核苷酸的单链非编码RNA-微RNA,研究发现它与基因表达、细胞周期及个体发育过程都有关系,因此,微RNA的研究可能对基因功能研究、人类疾病防治及生物进化探索具有重要意义。就近几年来对微RNA的研究作简要概述。     

Reproductive interference via display signals: the challenge of multiple receivers

Sexually selected traits important in both mate and competitor recognition provide an opportunity to understand the tradeoffs associated with reproductive and competitive interference. When co-occurring species compete over similar resources, selection may promote signal similarity to facilitate competitive interactions in opposition to selection for signal divergence to maintain assortative mating. Bird song provides a classic example of contrasting selection on signal design, because songs function both in mate discrimination and in territorial advertisement. Similarity in songs aids competitor recognition both within and across species, and song convergence or mixing is widespread in the songbirds. Two related mechanisms can maintain mate recognition in the face of song convergence. First, multiple recognition signals, both across and within signaling modalities, provide a basis for mate and competitor discrimination using different sets of cues. Second, stricter female song preferences may allow interspecific male–male competitive communication without compromising female mate discrimination. I suggest that increased understanding of the neurobiology underlying song recognition will provide insight into the relative importance and prevalence of these different mechanisms along a continuum of species divergence.     

H1启动子siRNA载体的构建及应用

利用双链RNA(dsRNA)调控基因表达已经成为研究基因功能的有力工具。用人H1启动子构建了pBS／H1PS小干扰RNA(siRNA)表达载体,用于在哺乳动物细胞中产生特异性dsRNA转录产物。通过对293细胞中的PSMA7分子进行表达抑制,证明该siRNA载体能够有效产生针对靶基因的RNA干扰(RNAi)效应。     

Beyond temperature coupling: Effects of temperature on ectotherm signaling and mate choice and the implications for communication in multispecies assemblages

Many organisms share communication channels, generating complex signaling environments that increase the risk of signal interference. Variation in abiotic conditions, such as temperature, may further exacerbate signal interference, particularly in ectotherms. We tested the effects of temperature on the pulse rate of male signals in a community of Oecanthus tree crickets, and for one focal species we also assessed its effect on female pulse rate preferences and motivation to seek mates. We confirm prior findings of temperature‐dependent signals that result in increasing signal similarity at lower temperatures. Temperature also affected several aspects of female preferences: The preferred pulse rate value was temperature dependent, and nearly perfectly coupled with signal pulse rate; the range of pulse rate values that females found attractive also increased with temperature. By contrast, the motivation of females to perform phonotaxis was unaffected by temperature. Thus, at lower temperatures the signals of closely related species were more similar and females more discriminating. However, because signal similarity increased more strongly than female discrimination, signal interference and the likelihood of mismating may increase as temperatures drop. We suggest that a community approach will be useful for understanding the role of environmental variability in the evolution of communication systems.     

慢病毒载体介导的RNA干扰

RNA干扰(RNAinterference)是指由双链RNA分子抑制同源基因的表达。慢病毒载体(lentivirusvector)则是高效的基因转导工具,能将外源序列稳定导入分裂相和非分裂相细胞。将慢病毒载体和RNA干扰结合,能在哺乳动物各类细胞中,特异性抑制同源基因的表达;也是基因功能研究和基因治疗的有力手段。     

The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems

Evidence regarding the interaction of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-320 nm) radiation and plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems is examined. The competitive interactions of some species pairs were affected even by ambient solar UV-B radiation (as exists without ozone depletion), when compared to control pairs grown without UV-B. Also, the total shoot biomass of these species pairs was depressed under ambient UV-B. Relatively large increases in UV-B radiation (approximating a 40% ozone layer reduction when weighted with the generalized plant action spectrum) altered the competitive interactions of some species pairs grown in pots under field conditions, but did not affect the total shoot biomass production of those pairs. Recent field experiments have examined the competitive interactions of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bannock) and wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) under a simulated increased UV-B regime resulting from a 16% ozone layer reduction when weighted with the generalized plant action spectrum. This increase in UV-B altered the competitive interactions of these two species without affecting the total shoot biomass production of the species pair. The manner in which increased UV-B affected the relative competitive abilities of the two species was highly dependent upon the environmental conditions during the early life stages of the plants. The implications of these results for both agricultural and natural plant communities are discussed.     

Bicaudal-C plays a vital role in oogenesis in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Bicaudal-C (Bic-C) was originally identified in a Drosophila melanogaster mutagenesis screen and plays vital roles in embryogenesis. In this study, we characterized the Bic-C gene in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), an insect pest that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. Our result showed that N. lugens Bic-C (NlBic-C) is a female-specific gene in this species. It is specifically expressed in developing oocytes and is not expressed in laid eggs. Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) of NlBic-C arrested the uptake of vitelline by oocytes, and resulted in undeveloped ovaries and the complete inhibition of oocyte growth in the ovarioles, suggesting that NlBic-C is required for oogenesis and oocyte maturation. NlBic-C is extremely highly sensitive to RNAi, suggesting that it may be a potential target in RNAi-based insect pest management.     

靶向shRNA表达载体构建方式的比较研究

目的:探讨两种构建shRNA表达载体方法的不同,寻找更加稳定方便的靶向shRNA表达载体的构建方式。方法:比较构建shRNA表达载体传统方法双链退火法和新方法双链PCR法的设计原则、构建方法和鉴定结果的不同。结果:两种方法均能得到重组质粒,但是双链PCR法构建效率高且不易引起碱基的缺失和突变。结论:双链PCR法构建shRNA表达载体比传统双链退火法更加稳定,构建成功率较双链退火法高。