天山北麓典型地段植被对景观格局和动态的指示意义

景观是由气候、地貌、水文、土壤、植被等组分构成的综合体。这些组分之间相互影响、相互作用,其中植被对其它组分的反映最为敏感。研究了天山中段北坡从中山开始,向下经准噶尔盆地南缘壤质和黏土荒漠,到古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的范围内,以典型温带荒漠植被为主的天然植被格局及其与环境梯度的关系,并以此为基础探讨了干旱区荒漠植被对于景观格局及相应的景观过程的指示意义。结果表明,土壤质地对研究区植被类型有显著的影响,白梭梭-梭梭群落、梭梭群落、琵琶柴群落对细粒物质的偏好依次增大,对粗粒物质含量则有相反的规律;研究区壤质和黏土荒漠中的白梭梭-梭梭群落可以作为景观中土壤沙化过程的指示体。在对土壤含盐量的适应性方面,琵琶柴群落高于梭梭群落,分布在总盐含量更高的生境中,柽柳群落则对土壤盐分没有明显的偏好;盐生矮半灌木群落可以作为土壤盐渍化过程的指示体。在对土壤水分与地下水位的适应性方面,柽柳群落表现出较明显的对高的土壤含水率的偏好,可以指示景观中具有优良生境的斑块。荒漠化过程是干旱区重要的景观生态过程,主要表现为土壤沙化和土壤盐渍化,而这两个过程都有非常明显的植被表征,因此,在以荒漠化动态为目标的干旱区景观动态分析中,可以通过植被的演化来推断景观格局的动态变化,进而推断荒漠化动态。     

鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的判定及生物群区特征

本文用Holdridge生命地带方法对鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区进行了分类研究,研制了用于生态过渡带判定的计算机模型,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合。鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区可分为草原、荒漠灌丛和荒漠3大类,草原群区以本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)群落为主,荒漠灌丛群区以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida),狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)群落为主,荒漠群区以红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落为主。鄂尔多斯高原的地带性植被在传统上分为典型草原、荒漠草原和草原化荒漠3部分,在典型草原的边界划分上,传统划分与本文结果一致。而在荒漠草原和草原化荒漠的边界方面,模拟结果与传统划分有一定的差异。荒漠灌丛和荒漠草原以及荒漠和草原化荒漠在生物群落特征上具有一定的相似性,荒漠灌丛和荒漠在生态特征上较荒漠草原和草原化荒漠更为旱化,在地理位置上更为靠西部。该计算机模型结合了地理空间分析,能准确地确定生态过渡带的位置和宽度,为研究鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的特征提供了较可靠的技术手段。     

鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的判定及生物群区特征

 本文用Holdridge生命地带方法对鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区进行了分类研究,研制了用于生态过渡带判定的计算机模型,模拟结果与实际情况基本吻合。鄂尔多斯高原的生物群区可分为草原、荒漠灌丛和荒漠3大类,草原群区以本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)群落为主,荒漠灌丛群区以冷蒿(Artemisia frigida),狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)群落为主,荒漠群区以红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落为主。鄂尔多斯高原的地带性植被在传统上分为典型草原、荒漠草原和草原化荒漠3部分,在典型草原的边界划分上,传统划分与本文结果一致。而在荒漠草原和草原化荒漠的边界方面,模拟结果与传统划分有一定的差异。荒漠灌丛和荒漠草原以及荒漠和草原化荒漠在生物群落特征上具有一定的相似性,荒漠灌丛和荒漠在生态特征上较荒漠草原和草原化荒漠更为旱化,在地理位置上更为靠西部。该计算机模型结合了地理空间分析,能准确地确定生态过渡带的位置和宽度,为研究鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带的特征提供了较可靠的技术手段。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区土壤碳分布及其稳定同位素变化

以亚洲中部干旱区准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区为研究区,根据荒漠距离绿洲的距离,分别在荒漠边缘、中部和腹地设置3条样带,并采集2 m深的土壤剖面样品,研究土壤有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)含量及其稳定碳同位素的分布,探讨土壤碳变化与距绿洲距离的关系.结果表明: SOC含量随剖面土层深度增加而减少.受距绿洲距离的影响,SOC含量表现为荒漠边缘>荒漠中部>荒漠腹地.荒漠边缘SOC的δ¹³C值范围为-21.92‰～-17.41‰,且随深度增加而递减;荒漠中部和荒漠腹地的δ¹³C值范围为-25.20‰～-19.30‰,且随深度增加先增后减,由此推断准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠中部和腹地地表植被以C3植物为主,而绿洲边缘经历了从C3植物为主到C4植物为主的演替过程.荒漠边缘SIC平均含量为38.98 g·kg^-1,是荒漠腹地的6.01倍,表明0～2 m深度内大量SIC在荒漠边缘呈聚集趋势.SIC的δ¹³C值随深度增加先减后增,底层富集,主要受原生碳酸盐含量和剖面土壤CO₂的影响.     

Characteristics of desert flora and vegetation in lower reach of Shiyang River论Basin

石羊河下游位于干草原向荒漠过渡区域,有天然种子植物23个科,73个属,123个种,不仅有典型的戈壁荒漠成分,也渗入一些草原化荒漠植物种类.其荒漠植被特征更明显,群落层片结构简单,群丛建群种的74.4%是灌木和半灌木,构成了灌木、半灌木旱生群落;1年生草本植物随季节性降雨可形成＂灌草丛＂,成为荒漠植被的重要组成部分.在植物地理区系成分上,温带成分属占优势,其中地中海至中亚分布型及其变型最多,其次为北温带分布及其变型.整个区域内植物的分布集中在生境较适宜的区域,空间结构的成群性高,但在小区域内植物种的分布则较单一.植被可划分为4个植被型,5个植被亚型,13个群系组,23个群系,38个群丛.地域性植被以绿洲为中心,成环状分布,可分为3个带.     

珍珠植物群落的研究

珍珠(Salcola passerina)植物群落广泛分布于■尔多斯西部、阿拉善东部和河西走廊等地区。同红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)群落、泡泡(?) ia sphaerocarpa)群落和合头草(Sympegma reglii)群落组成该地区荒漠植被的主要部分。在生产上珍珠群落是较好的荒漠草场之一。前人对本区珍珠荒漠群落有一些研究,如《治沙研究》和《中国植被》等(中国植被编辑委员会,1980;中国科学院治沙队,1958;李博,1962;黄银晓等,1962)。但还未见到较详细的群落学研究报道。因此,在这里报道我们的研究,为荒漠植被的研究和放牧利用提供参考。     

准噶尔盆地梭梭植物群落的聚类分析

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)是准噶尔盆地沙漠植被中最重要的优势植物。根据对准噶尔盆地典型梭梭植物群落样地的物种及群落状况的调查,采用数量分类的方法对该地区梭梭植物群落的相似性进行了聚类分析。聚类分析的结果表明, 37个梭梭群落被划分为11个群丛,根据聚类过程阶梯图的结果, 11个群丛进一步划归为5个群系。研究结果与传统的植物群落分类结果基本相一致,对于更好地保护和恢复梭梭植被具有一定的实践指导意义。     

工业运输活动对周边荒漠草原植物多样性与土壤性状的影响

研究工业运输活动释放出的重金属元素对周边荒漠草原植被群落特征和土壤性状的关系,为工业活动影响下的荒漠草原植被恢复和重建提供科学依据。以宁夏盐池县高沙窝工业集中区邻近的荒漠草原为研究对象,结合前期土壤和降尘的重金属含量,根据内梅罗污染指数划分了五个污染梯度(梯度Ⅰ、梯度Ⅱ、梯度Ⅲ、梯度Ⅳ和梯度Ⅴ),采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对比分析了不同污染梯度下的植被群落特征与土壤性状的关系。结果显示：在前三个污染梯度下物种组成相对较多,禾本科(Gramineae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)和菊科(Compositae)为优势科。其中,牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)和短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)的重要值分别为59.41和44.26,是研究区工业生产和交通运输影响下的主要物种。随着污染梯度的升高,植物群落均匀度指数显著下降(P<0.05),工业交通运输活动造成研究区荒漠草原植被组成单一,群落结构不稳定。表层土壤养分受重金属影响波动较大,土壤全氮和有机质是影响物种多样性指数的主要土壤因子,随着污染梯度的升高显著降低(P...     

新疆吉木萨尔县四厂湖剖面孢粉分析及其意义

根据位于古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘沙漠内部四厂湖剖面沉积物中的孢粉分析,结合剖面岩性特征分析和历史资料记录,揭示了该处近1000多年以来的环境变化。该地近1000多年以来,植被经历了由荒漠植被演替为浅湖和沼泽植被,又回到荒漠植被的3个阶段。而在广域上,一直是荒漠植被,与现代古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘的荒漠植被相当。该地在唐朝以前已经有沙漠发育,在唐朝中期—元朝,这里有发源于东天山河流的尾闾湖存在,唐朝—元朝将近400～500年间,可能是气候相对比较湿润的阶段。在清朝,尾闾湖主要出现在现沙漠南缘。在近50年,由于下新湖水库等水利工程的修建,使古尔班通古特沙漠东南缘的小湖完全干涸。四厂湖剖面反映了沙漠南缘相对稳定,虽有向南移动趋势,但移动速度较缓,说明气候变化不大,后期水系的明显变化是由于人为影响的结果。     

安徽荒漠植被的多元分析

应用数量分类和排序方法分析了安西砾石戈壁荒漠植被、并应用逐步回归分析方法确定了群落和环境因素的关系方程。结果表明,该区砾石戈壁荒漠植被可分为６个主要群落类型。这些群落类型与土壤总含盐量、氯化物含量、硫酸盐含量及年降水量有密切的关系。     

A phytogeographical characterization of the vine flora of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts

Aim This study presents a phytogeographical characterization of the vine flora of two lower North American desert regions as a biogeographical framework for further ecological inquiry into desert vines. Location The phytogeography of the vine flora of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts was c haracterized based on 263 known species. Methods Checklists of the vines of each desert were developed. Represented genera were then grouped into 10 phytogeographical elements based on worldwide distribution patterns. To compare the floristic composition of the desert floras, an index of species similarity was calculated. Results About a third more species of vines occur in the Sonoran Desert than in the Chihuahuan Desert. Based on the analysis, cosmopolitan genera are the only group more numerous in absolute terms in the Chihuahuan Desert than in the Sonoran Desert. Tropical elements are represented in about the same proportion in each desert as the number of species, however, nearly twice as many pantropical and neotropical genera are represented in the Sonoran Desert as in the Chihuahuan Desert. Proportionately, more genera of temperate elements occur in the Chihuahuan Desert than in the Sonoran desert, although the absolute number of genera is slightly higher in the latter. Main conclusions As these deserts are relatively recent ecological formations and as vines evolved in forest ecosystems, the composition of the desert vine floras is the result of the interaction between historical vegetation types, their constituent taxa and climatic and geological history. The main differences in the vining floras of the present‐day Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts appear to be the result of greater historical influence in the Sonoran Desert of (1) tropical vegetation types and (2) the emergence of the Gulf of California. The Chihuahuan Desert vine flora seems to be the result of (1) a more pronounced historical temperate vegetation, (2) the lack of an important isolating event, such as the creation of the Baja California peninsula, and (3) a cooler climate with shorter growing seasons.     

Comparison of Southern Appalachian high-elevation outcrop plant communities with their Northern Appalachian counterparts

Abstract. Southern Appalachian high-elevation outcrops harbour six regionally rare Northern Appalachian taxa usually considered relicts of a Pleistocene alpine flora. For five of the six taxa, minimum elevation in the south was 367–1113 m higher than in the north. While habitats compared between the two regions share only 9% of their total flora, individual plots had up to 70% of their species occurring in the opposite region. The northern affinity of southern outcrops increased with elevation, slope steepness, soil Cu, B and SO₄ and decreased with potential solar radiation and soil Na. As a result, communities above 1600 m on felsic bedrock, and above 1350 m on mafic bedrock, were most northern in composition. Northern affinity of southern outcrops also increased with latitude, which may partly result from closer geographic proximity to past communities that provided progenitors for the current northern flora. Northern treeless habitats increased in southern affinity with increased slope steepness, perennial seepage, vegetation height, shade, soil pH, Al, Mn, Na and decreased elevation and organic matter. As a result, northern outcrop communities below treeline were most similar to those on southern outcrops. This suggests that southern outcrop vegetation may be more similar to Pleistocene outcrop vegetation than to Pleistocene alpine vegetation. Partial constrained ordination showed that while compositional differences between the Northern and Southern Appalachian habitats were largely explained by environmental differences, there was a significant component of residual variation explained by north or south position that was unrelated to environment. These residual compositional differences may result from historical influences on community structure involving stochastic extinction and colonization processes.     

甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世植物群地质时代及植物区系探讨

本文对甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世植物群地质时代及植物区系进行了探讨,共统计植物大化石18属53种,主要包括银杏纲10属24种,真蕨纲5属22种,苏铁纲1属3种,松柏纲1属2种,楔叶纲1属2种。该植物群在组成特征上表现为银杏类、真蕨类植物繁盛,其他植物类群相对贫乏。基于该植物群特征与国内其他植物群的对比,提出其地质时代为中侏罗世Aalenian期–Bajocian期。通过哈曼、欧式距离、罗杰斯–塔尼莫特和索卡尔–施尼斯4种方法对宝积山盆地及中国北方其余11个中侏罗世植物群进行系统聚类分析,在此基础上进一步划分了中国北方植物区系。通过计算属、种相似性系数,探讨宝积山邻近植物区系间的亲缘关系,结果表明宝积山植物区系与同属西北地区的华亭植物区系关系较为亲近。     

湘南地区晚奥陶世的江西笔石(Jiangxigraptus)*

本文对甘肃宝积山盆地中侏罗世植物群地质时代及植物区系进行了探讨, 共统计植物大化石 18 属 53 种, 主要包括银杏纲 10 属 24 种, 真蕨纲 5 属 22 种, 苏铁纲 1 属 3 种, 松柏纲 1 属 2 种, 楔叶纲 1 属 2 种。该植物群在组成特征上表现为银杏类、真蕨类植物繁盛, 其他植物类群相对贫乏。基于该植物群特征与国内其他植物群的对比, 提出其地质时代为中侏罗世 Aalenian 期–Bajocian 期。通过哈曼、欧式距离、罗杰斯–塔尼莫特和索卡尔–施尼斯 4 种方法对宝积山盆地及中国北方其余 11 个中侏罗世植物群进行系统聚类分析, 在此基础上进一步划分了中国北方植物区系。通过计算属、种相似性系数,探讨宝积山邻近植物区系间的亲缘关系, 结果表明宝积山植物区系与同属西北地区的华亭植物区系关系较为亲近。     

Anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams in eastern France: a critical review

The focus of palaeoenvironmental sciences on past human activities and their impact on the environment necessitates a precise understanding of the history and functioning of past and present anthropogenic ecosystems. A process is outlined which uses palaeoenvironmental and historical documentation as well as present-day observations of vegetational changes from two different plant communities, which are characterised by a very specific anthropogenic flora: arable weeds and ruderals. This study is coupled with modern pollen deposition data to deduce a set of pollen types characteristic of the range of human activities practised in eastern France, a region rich in pollen data. First, phytogeographical analysis of the evolution of these plant communities since the Neolithic enables the comparison to be validated. By distinguishing between native plants and aliens introduced long ago (archaeophytes), or more recently (neophytes), and by refining their ecological characteristics, the method also enables identification of species that are strong indicators of human activities. Next, local pollen deposition in these vegetation types is examined with a number of statistical analyses (PCIA, Davis indices), confirming the relationships between a given vegetation community, its theoretical pollen rain and its actual pollen rain, thus distinguishing local and regional pollen indicators. Lastly, comparison of the results obtained by these two approaches leads to a critical synthesis of the traditional anthropogenic pollen indicators (Behre’s “indicator species”) in the study area and to the establishment of more specific local pollen indicators.     

The phytogeography of Denmark revisited

Patterns of vascular plant diversity in Denmark are examined, based on the most recently published Danish Flora. The highest diversity is found on the major isles of Sjælland, Møn, Falster and Bornholm, but many rare taxa occur in Jylland. Two different cluster analyses suggest a division of Denmark into six phytogeographical regions, which only partly supports earlier, more subjective divisions of Denmark. Our results suggest that north- and northwestern Jylland and the isles of Læsø and Anholt belong to the boreo-nemoral phytogeographical region, due to their high number of northern taxa, which clearly differentiate them from the rest of Denmark, despite the lack of typical boreo-nemoral tree species, such as Pinus sylvestris.Because the tree component of vegetation often has been changed by man, the classical division of Scandinavia based on a few woody species is inappropriate. We conclude that tree-species oriented approaches are invalid for phytogeographical classifications.Classification, based on the whole flora, and if possible also involving environmental information, is likely to be more successful and should be addressed in future phytogeographical studies.     

Phytogeography of Italian deciduous oak woods based on numerical classification of plant distribution ranges

Abstract. 358 vascular plant species occurring in the deciduous oak woods of Italy were subdivided into 18 phytogeographical groups (chorotypes) through a numerical classification of their total ranges. The distribution patterns of the chorotypes are illustrated by chorograms, i.e. isopleth maps showing the joint distribution of species in Europe and surroundings regions. Except for Mediterranean species, which occur only occasionally in deciduous forests, the oak-wood flora of Italy consists of four main phytogeographical elements, which have a similar incidence (ca. 25 % each): (a) narrow-ranging, southern European species, (b) southeastern European species of submediterranean woodlands, (c) central-European species, (d) widely distributed European species. The oak woods of Italy differ from their central-European counterparts as to the relatively high floristic diversity, and in the presence of several narrow-ranging taxa, centred in different refugial areas for forest vegetation during the glacial period. There is a relation between the distribution patterns of the chorotypes and their relative frequencies in different communities; the latitudinal and longitudinal extensions of the ranges reflect the thermic and hygric conditions of the communities. The oak woods of northern and southern Italy are phytogeographically well-characterized; the former have a maximum of wide-ranging, central European species, the latter host several narrow-ranging taxa. The woodlands of central Italy have intermediate phytogeographical features, which is one of the main reasons for the difficulties in their syntaxonomical arrangement.     

Pre-adaptation of Arctic Plants to Climate Change*

Re-appraisal of high latitude ice cover during the Weichselian and the recent discovery of pre-Holocene plant communities in Novaya Zemlya and Northern Norway suggests that the contemporary Arctic flora may have had a longer time span in its occupation of high latitude sites than has hitherto been recognised. The present-day Arctic flora in some regions may therefore have derived at least some of its genetic inheritance from populations that survived in ice-free refugia in the high Arctic polar deserts during the latter stages of the Weichselian glaciation. Increasing evidence for sudden changes in climate at high latitudes in the past, suggests that Arctic vegetation would have been subjected to rapid climatic warming if it had maintained a presence in these regions during the late Weichselian. A review of what is known about plant survival in the high Arctic since pre-Holocene times, coupled with an examination of some of the physiological properties of modern populations in these regions is presented in an attempt to ascertain if high Arctic plants possess mechanisms which facilitate their capacity to respond either phenotypically or physiologically to climatic change.     

A transect study of the Eucalyptus forests and woodlands of a dissected sandstone and laterite plateau near Darwin,Northern Territory

Tabletop Mountain in the Northern Territory is a sandstone plateau topped in part by a residual laterite soil. The vegetation of the plateau was mapped and transects placed to cover the mapping units in which eucalypts were dominant or shared dominance. A polythetic divisive classification of the transect floristic data was largely congruent with the mapping units, which also differentiated the dominants. Topography and soils have an apparently strong influence on the nature of the vegetation through their influence on the periodicity and intensity of drought and Waterlogging. However, differences in soil fertility and understorey flammability are postulated to be important in discriminating several of the mapped vegetation types. The flora of Tabletop more closely resembles that of the Alligator Rivers region than that of the Mitchell Plateau or Weipa. Some of the communities differentiated at Tabletop are related floristically to some of the communities differentiated in the Alligator Rivers region and at Gove.     

Flora and vegetation of rocky outcrops/cliffs near the Hyrcanian forest timberline in the Mazandaran mountains,northern Iran

Due to their numerous endemic/sub‐endemic and rare plant species, rocky outcrops and cliffs, particularly those occurring at the timberline and forest/steppe ecotones of the Hyrcanian area, are considered as among the most important and fragile ecosystems in Iran. As a representative of such ecosystems, one of the last remnants of relatively undisturbed timberline and ecotone areas of the central Hyrcanian region was selected for phytogeographical, floristic and vegetation analyses. The flora and vegetation of rocky outcrops and crevices at altitudes of 2500–3000 m a.s.l. was surveyed by 40 relevés of 25 m² surface area. A total of 215 vascular plants belonging to 55 families and 150 genera were identified in the different vegetation types. Hemicrytophytes (55.8%) were the dominant life form and Euro–Siberian/Irano–Turanian biregional plants (28.2%) were the most common chorotype at the study sites. A phytogeographical analysis indicated that Euro–Siberian elements (including Hyrcanian endemics) precede other uniregional chorotypes in the timberline and upper‐mountain parts of the central Hyrcanian area. The Caucasus, an important biodiversity hotspot close to Iran, has a considerable number of taxa in common with the Irano–Turanian floristic regions. Five vegetation types were identified using a modified TWINSPAN procedure and subsequently analysed by indirect gradient analysis applying both species‐related (species richness, life form and phytogeographical elements) and topographic/bedrocks features of the studied relevés. The analysis revealed that the vegetation of the area is mainly affected by altitude, heat index, northness, slope inclination and bedrock features.