浙江安吉上马坎遗址石制品研究

上马坎旧石器遗址发现的石制品依其总性质可归中国南方旧石器时代主工业（下简称南方主工业）。依试掘结果看,可能存在一个相对集中的活动面,在阶地顶面下311—315cm处,发现石制品13件,占试掘石标本的35.13%,占石制品的44.83%;从平面分布看,上述13件中有8件发现于513—581cm之间,由此看来活动面中心区可能偏西。该地点的时代,与宣州陈山地点对比,最早的可能不晚于距今40万年前,最晚的进入更新世晚期。     

辽宁桓仁南山地点的石制品

辽宁桓仁南山旧石器地点发现于2011年4月,共获得石制品60件。石制品原料多为角岩和石英砂岩,采用锤击法剥片。石制品类型包括石核、石片、工具和断块。工具以片状毛坯为主,主要采用硬锤修理。南山地点发现的个别石叶和桂叶形尖状器在辽宁地区较为罕见。推测此地点的年代为旧石器晚期。     

关于小长梁石制品的进步性

小长梁遗址发现于1978年。尤玉柱等研究后认为其时代属于早更新世。石制品被一些学者认为相当进步 ,甚至怀疑已经达到了黄土时期的式样。于是出现了年代古老和石制品进步的矛盾。笔者检查和分析了小长梁发现的石制品 ,认为细小的不规范的石制品并不说明技术的进步 ;小长梁石制品的原料利用率并不高 ;几件不规则的石叶状的石片也不足以说明打片技术的进步 ;所谓修理台面的石片亦难于肯定 ;至于所谓极精细的加工痕迹似乎用使用痕迹来解释更为合理。总之 ,小长梁发现的石制品从打片和第二步加工的技术水平看来 ,加工简单粗糙 ,并未显示出任何明显的进步性质。小长梁的石器类型并不复杂。比较起来 ,小长梁的石制品没有北京人的石制品进步 ,也没有达到晚更新世的石制品的技术类型水平。就目前已经发表的材料看来 ,小长梁的石制品所表现出来的特点与生物地层学及古地磁测年提供的论断是大致协调的。     

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴石制品

泥河湾盆地上沙嘴出土石制品34件,包括石核、石片、石器和断块,并伴随纳玛象头骨与马和犀等的牙齿化石。上沙嘴石制品最初发现于1972年,报道后在国内外引起强烈反响。1980年该地点的时代被修改为晚更新世。近年来的考察再次表明,上沙嘴地点就位于下更新统泥河湾组,且得到了古地磁测年为距今160~170万年的确认。     

天津蓟县东营坊遗址出土的石制品

东营坊遗址位于天津蓟县境内。2007年,对该遗址进行抢救性发掘,发掘面积200m2,出土石制品90件。石制品原料系就地取材于遗址附近的河床或基岩;石制品类型包括石核、石片、石器和断块;剥片采用锤击法;石器以小型为主,包括刮削器和雕刻器,由硬锤直接加工而成,方向以正向居多。根据文化层底部哺乳动物化石的测年结果,遗址年代为旧石器时代中晚期过渡阶段或旧石器时代晚期早段。     

石制品研究中的定量分析方法:组合间对比

石制品组合间对比是石制品研究的关键一环,定量分析凭借其在复杂变量对比研究中具有的客观优势拓宽了石制品组合间对比的视野,与考古学思想、石制品组合内涵解读的深化具有相辅相成的关系。一般而言,定量分析方法分为图表法和统计法两类,主要包括三个基本步骤:选择对比组合,确定研究目标;根据研究目标提取变量;选择合适的定量分析方法。值得注意的是,考古学解释仍为石制品研究的重点,定量分析方法更多作为一种辅助手段,应用时需检验其有效性。     

匼河石制品的时代和原始性问题

匼河地点的时代有可能比北京人者古老;由动物群反映的气候环境看来,匼河地点较接近公王岭。匼河发现的石制品和北京人者有共同点,也有明显区别;但其原始性却不明显。     

百色盆地高岭坡遗址的石制品

高岭坡旧石器遗址位于百色市田东县境内的林逢镇檀河村,文化层为右江南岸第4级阶地的砖红壤层。本文材料为1986~1995年发掘和采集的、由中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所收藏的834件石制品。石制品类型有石核、石片、工具、备料和断块;石片和断块占较大比例;工具既有手斧、手镐和砍砸器等重型工具,也有刮削器、凹缺器、石锥和鸟喙状器等轻型工具。两个类群在原料和毛坯选择上有明显差异。工具均采用锤击法,主要从较平的一面向较凸的另一面进行单向加工,辅以交互和错向加工。拼合石片以及大量细小石片、断块等的存在显示,该遗址为一处石器制造场所。     

关于北京人遗址第13层发现的石制品

关于北京人遗址第13层发现的两件石制品的性质,在中国学术界存在不同意见。本文作者认为:人工打制的石片和石器形式多种多样,有典型的,也有不典型的;自然营力能使石块破碎,甚至“加工”出具有一定形状的“石器”,但同样也是形式多种多样,有典型的和不典型的。对待这类问题,要从多方面去考虑,认识才较为客观,较为全面。     

三峡库区池坝岭遗址石制品拼合研究

池坝岭遗址位于重庆市丰都县境内, 是三峡库区一处重要的旧石器时代考古遗址。2007年对该遗址进行首次抢救性发掘, 分A、B两区, 揭露面积514m2, 共出土石制品213件。其中A区面积500 m2, 出土石制品200件, 有9件可以拼合为4个拼合组, 拼合率为4.5%。对拼合标本的研究显示, 古人类以就地取材于河漫滩上丰富的河卵石为原料, 采用硬锤锤击法进行剥片, 碰砧法也被使用; 拼合组为石核+石核和石核+石片类型, 剥片程度较低。拼合组标本的出现表明A区标本虽然制作后被快速埋藏, 但在后期受到外界营力作用的作用下脱离原生层位, 改造或者扰动作用不大, 为近距离搬运。     

The Oldowan industry of Peninj and its bearing on the reconstruction of the technological skills of Lower Pleistocene hominids

The Oldowan technology has traditionally been assumed to reflect technical simplicity and limited planning by Plio-Pleistocene hominids. The analysis of the Oldowan technology from a set of 1.6-1.4 Ma sites (ST Site Complex) in Peninj adds new information regarding the curated behavior of early hominids. The present work introduces new data to the few published monographic works on East African Oldowan technology. Its relevance lies in its conclusions, since the Peninj Oldowan assemblages show complex technological skills for Lower Pleistocene hominids, which are more complex than has been previously inferred for the Oldowan stone tool industry. Reduced variability of tool types and complex use of cores for flaking are some of the most remarkable features that identify the Oldowan assemblages from Peninj. Hominids during this period seem to have already been experimenting with pre-determination of the flaked products from cores, a feature presently assumed to appear later in time. Planning and template structuring of flaked products are integral parts of the Oldowan at Peninj.     

对金缕梅科现代分类系统的评述

为了进一步研究金缕梅科的系统与进化,作者详细介绍了该科的分类历史及各个分类系统;根据现代植物系统学研究的原理和方法,着重对金缕梅科的５个现代主要分类系统,Ｈａｒｍｓ（１９３０）,张宏达（１９７３,１９７９）,Ｂｏｇｌｅｅｔａｌ．（１９８０）,Ｅｎｄｒｅｓｓ（１９８９）和李建华（Ｌｉ,１９９７）进行了详细的分析、比较和评述,在此基础上提出自己的观点,认为李建华的分类系统有一定合理性,但他对个别属的处理和族的划分仍有不妥之处     

The Early Stone Age lithic assemblages of Gadeb (Ethiopia) and the Developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa

The Early Stone Age sites of Gadeb (Ethiopian South-East Plateau) were excavated under the direction of Desmond Clark in the 1970s. Dated to between 1.45 and 0.7 Ma, Gadeb proved that humans had already occupied high altitude areas in the Lower Pleistocene. Despite the importance of the Gadeb sites, their lithic assemblages were never published in detail, and no review of the stone tools has ever been reported since the original 1970s study. This paper updates the information available on Gadeb by presenting a systematic review of the lithic technology of several assemblages. The objectives are to evaluate the technological skills of Gadeb knappers and to contextualize them into the current discussion of the origins of the Acheulean and its possible coexistence with the so-called Developed Oldowan in East Africa.     

Early Humans at the eastern gate of Europe: The discovery and investigation of Oldowan sites in northern Caucasus

This article presents the results of excavations and multidisciplinary investigations of the extraordinary Oldowan site of Muhkai II in the northern Caucasus (Republic of Dagestan, Russia) from 2008 to 2012. Archaeological and palaeontological materials are summarized together with data from palaeomagnetic and palynological analyses, obtained from 34 cultural layers at the site. This gives an opportunity for a new approach to the question of the timing and route of the first human settlement of the middle latitudes of western Eurasian, including south-eastern Europe. Judging by the data obtained, this occurred around 2 million years BP and a route of migration was located along the western shore of the Caspian Sea.     

The Lower Palaeolithic assemblage of Layers 15–18 (Unit G) at Hummal. An exemplary case addressing the problems placing undated,archaic-looking stone tool assemblages in the Early and Lower Palaeolithic record by techno-typological classification

The site of Hummal is situated in the region of El Kowm in central Syria. The site comprises an archaeological sequence covering the entire Pleistocene epoch, and encompasses all major Palaeolithic complexes currently known in the Middle East. At the base of the site, 14 m below today's ground level, several layers with a lithic assemblage attributed to the Lower Palaeolithic have been excavated over the past years. At present, the collection recovered from this lowest succession at Hummal contains more than 700 stone artefacts and more than 3000 bone fragments. The lithic assemblage is characterized by a simple flaking technique and the presence of different pebble tools, such as choppers, hammerstones and sphaeroids. Additionally four handaxes were recovered, which have a symmetric shape, are clearly bifacial and rather flat. The lithic assemblage from the lowermost layers of the Hummal excavation largely resembles an Archaic, Lower Palaeolithic assemblage, belonging to the so-called Oldowan or Mode 1 stage. However, the presence of well-shaped and symmetric handaxes sheds doubt on the validity of this attribution to a Mode 1, Oldowan or the Early Acheulean Stage. It can, therefore, be debated, whether the common classifications of lithic industries are adequate for describing the archaeological record from the period in question in the Middle East.     

天南星科分类系统的沿革

天南星科 Araceae是一个世界性的大科 ,计1 0 5属约 3 5 0 0余种 [1]。单子叶植物 ,与浮萍科组成 1个目。在中国植物志排在第 1 3卷 ,第 2分册 [2 ]。其分布区跨越从赤道带到寒温带的各个生态地带 ,散布于新旧世界的各大陆块 ,仅在一些海岛地区和南美大陆有较多空白点 [3 ] 。中国有 2 6属 2 0 0余种[4 ] ,种属数量都不多 ,但不少属如 Pinellia、Arisaema、Remasatia和 Colocasia等都是以中国为分化中心的。中国最早有关天南星科植物的记载 ,始于本草书籍。西汉时期的“神农本草经”就记载了菖蒲(Acorus calamus) ,虎掌 (Pinellia pedati…     

法国旧石器技术研究概述

作为史前学和人类学的一个分支,史前石器技术研究从20世纪40年代开始在法国奠基,迄今形成以操作链为基础的比较完善的理论体系和研究方法。纵观60多年来法国代表性学者的理论与实践,以操作链概念为基础,到用剥坯和修型概念对前者加以完善,再到"操作型板"概念与技术-功能研究方法,法国旧石器技术研究经历了从初创、发展到深入三个研究阶段。结合中国旧石器时代考古学研究的历史与现状,本文对如何运用旧石器技术研究理论和方法也给予了简要探讨。     

The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm,Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert

At present, the oldest traces of human cultures are found in Eastern Africa. New discoveries set anew the questions about human and animal dispersal into Eurasia. For over 1.8 million years, humans have been present in the Levant. An extensive program of surveys and excavations in the Syrian Desert showed that this part of the world was a very ancient land of settlement. In Central Syria, the oldest site, Aïn al Fil in the region of El Kowm, was excavated in 2008 and 2010. The lithic industry in the lowest layer can be characterized by numerous unretouched flakes, pebble-tools and core-like artefacts. This assemblage is typical in a broad sense of archaic Palaeolithic the debitage of which corresponds to mode 1. From a techno-typological point of view, this industry tallies quite well with the so-called Oldowan stage. It shows remarkable similarities with the oldest African assemblages. From a chronologic point of view, these levels occur before three positive events in the Matuyama paleomagnetic sequence. It seems consistent to place the Oldowan sequence around 1.8 Ma BP within the Olduvai subchron or just before Olduvai/Matuyama reversal limit. Together with those of the neighbouring site Hummal, these levels would be the oldest traces of human presence ever found in Syria. In the Levant, the first humans not only occupied favourable zones but regularly ventured deep into less welcoming environments suggesting an astonishing flexibility in their behavioural and survival skills.