遗传群体偏分离研究进展

偏分离是指观察到的基因型比例偏离预期的孟德尔分离频率方式,无法用传统的遗传理论和方法加以分析。偏分离被认为是一种重要的进化动力,并对遗传连锁图谱的构建造成影响。本文针对偏分离的现象、偏分离的影响因素和形成原因,以及对QTL定位的影响等方面进行综合分析,系统阐述了植物分离群体偏分离的研究进展,为后续研究提供有益的参考。     

Genetic Dissection of Segregation Distortion. I. Suicide Combinations of SD Genes

Two major loci in the Tft–cn region of an SD chromosome have been separated by recombination and identified. The allele at the left-hand locus on an SD chromosome is called Sd; the allele at the right-hand locus is called Rsp. Both Sd and Rsp are necessary to bring about a distortion of the segregation ratio in heterozygous SD males, although the particular degree of distortion exhibited by an SD chromosome is influenced by the constellation of polygenic modifiers of SD in the genome. The coupling phase of the alleles, Sd Rsp/Sd⁺Rsp⁺, produces about 89-90% of Sd Resp-bearing progeny. The repulsion phase, Sd Rsp⁺/Sd⁺ Rsp, produces 10-20% of Sd Rsp⁺-bearing progeny. No coupling-repulsion effects between Sd and Rsp are apparent.     

两个大麦新矮秆基因的SSR标记

采用SSR技术对沪95-2639和91冬27携带的两个新的矮秆基因进行了分子标记.在大麦4H染色体的长臂上,发现SSR标记位点HVM67同时与这两个新的矮秆基因连锁,距91冬27的较近,约10.0cM,离沪95-2639的较远,为23.3cM.初步绘制出大麦4H染色体上矮秆基因与SSR标记位点的遗传连锁图谱.     

Defects in nuclear transport enhance Segregation Distortion

The Segregation Distorter (SD) system in Drosophila melanogaster causes the transmission of the SD chromosome at the expense of the SD⁺ chromosome. This occurs through a defect in sperm-specific chromatin condensation of the SD⁺-bearing spermatids of the SD/SD⁺ male. The Sd gene encodes a truncated form of RanGAP that is missing a nuclear export signal and is therefore trapped in the nucleus; normally RanGAP is found at the periphery of the nuclear membrane and is required for normal Ran-mediated nuclear transport. The presence of active RanGAP in the nucleus interferes with nuclear export and causes distortion. We show that mutations that affect nuclear import and export can enhance distortion in an SD background, thus verifying that the defect in nuclear transport is responsible for the unequal transmission of chromosomes. In addition, we identify several genes involved in chromatin condensation which also cause distortion in an SD background, opening the way to the dissection of the mechanism of segregation distortion.     

RAPD-Based Analysis of Introgression of Barley Genetic Material into the Genome of Alloplasmic Wheat Lines (Hordeum geniculatumAll./Triticum aestivum L.)

Genomes of three alloplasmic wheat lines obtained on the basis of barley–wheat hybrid Hordeum geniculatumAll. (2n = 28) ×Triticum aestivumL. (2n = 42)(Pyrotrix 28) were examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Line L-29 was obtained after first backcross of the initial hybrid with the wheat variety Pyrotrix 28 and ten subsequent self-pollinating generations. This line was represented by euploid plants with typical to the common wheat chromosome number (2n = 42), as well as by aneuploids, which contained an additional telocentric chromosome in the main karyotype (2n = 42 + t). Lines L-26 and L-27 were obtained by two backcrosses of one BC₁ plant with the wheat variety Novosibirskaya 67 and one subsequent self-polination of one BC₃ plant. Chromosome number in all these plants corresponded to 2n = 40 + 4t. RAPD analysis was carried out using seven primers, which were previously proved to be effective for identification of the barley genome fragments within hybrid genomes of alloplasmic lines. The presence of barley genome fragments in line L-29 was revealed by use of five primers, while in lines L-26 and L-27 these fragments were detected by use of one primer. The significant difference in the number of barley RAPD fragments in the genomes of alloplasmic lines obtained at different backcrossing stages suggests more intense displacement of barley genome during backcrossing compared to self-pollination in BC₁ plants.     

叶绿体遗传转化研究中的选择标记

叶绿体遗传转化研究需要有合适的选择标记作为辅助手段,多种选择标记已经在叶绿体转化中得到应用。本文综述了国内外叶绿体转化研究中主要使用的选择标记,并着重介绍了非抗生素选择标记－甜菜碱醛脱氢酶和选择标记的删除体系。     

Segregation and Recombination of Non-Mendelian Genes in Chlamydomonas

Non-Mendelian genes in Chamydomonas reinhardtii are inherited in a uniparental (UP) fashion. Most zygotes and their progeny receive UP genes only from the mt(+) or maternal parent. However, a few exceptional zygotes are also found in which the mt(-) or paternal UP genome is transmitted. Most of the exceptional zygotes are biparental in that their progeny segregate UP genes transmitted by both parents. As a result, biparental zygotes have been extensively used to study the rules governing UP inheritance.The frequency of biparental zygotes can be greatly increased if the maternal parent is irradiated with ultraviolet light prior to mating. Based principally on studies with ultraviolet-induced biparental zygotes, Sager has argued that a vegetative cell contains two copies of the UP genome and that the progeny of a biparental zygote receive a copy derived from each parent. Results reported in this paper with spontaneous and ultraviolet-induced biparental zygotes do not support the two copy model, but argue for a mulitple copy model with most of the copies normally being transmitted by the maternal parent. A multiple copy model which accounts for both Sager's results and ours is presented.     

Temperature Sensitivity of Negative Segregation Distortion in Drosophila Melanogaster

Previous work has shown that the direction of segregation distortion in the SD (Segregation Distorter) system in Drosophila melanogaster can sometimes be reversed, but this was found only with rather weak distorters and the effect was not large. The present study reports large negative segregation distortion in a strong distorter, SD-72 chromosome. In the presence of a specific X chromosome, supp-X(SD), the proportion, k, of SD-72 chromosomes recovered from the SD-72/cn bw males ranges from 0.99 at 20° to 0.11 at 28.5°, whereas with a standard-X chromosome, k ranges from 0.99 to 0.95 for the same temperature range. The temperature-sensitive period is during spermiogenesis. Using a mating system in which the sperm supply is nearly exhausted, it was shown that the negative distortion at high temperatures is due to an absolute reduction in the number of SD-72 chromosomes and an absolute increase in the number of cn bw chromosomes recovered. After adjusting for non-SD-related temperature effects, the amount of decrease in the number of SD-72 progeny is nearly the same as the amount of increase in the number of cn bw progeny, suggesting that the dysfunction switches from a spermatid carrying one homolog to one carrying the other. Negative distortion requires a radical revision of current hypotheses for the mechanism of segregation distortion and a possible modification of the current model is suggested, based on differential recovery of dysfunction in the two homologs during spermiogenesis.     

On the Components of Segregation Distortion in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The segregation distorter (SD) complex is a naturally occurring meiotic drive system with the property that males heterozygous for an SD-bearing chromosome 2 and an SD⁺-bearing homolog transmit the SD-bearing chromosome almost exclusively. This distorted segregation is the consequence of an induced dysfunction of those sperm that receive the SD⁺ homolog. From previous studies, two loci have been implicated in this phenomenon: the Sd locus which is required to produce distortion, and the Responder (Rsp) locus that is the site at which Sd acts. There are two allelic alternatives of Rsp—sensitive (Rsp^sens) and insensitive (Rsp^ins); a chromosome carrying Rsp^ins is not distorted by SD. In the present study, the function and location of each of these elements was examined by a genetic and cytological characterization of X-ray-induced mutations at each locus. The results indicate the following: (1) the Rsp locus is located in the proximal heterochromatin of 2R; (2) a deletion for the Rsp locus renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion; (3) the Sd locus is located to the left of pr (2-54.5), in the region from 37D2-D7 to 38A6-B2 of the salivary chromosome map; (4) an SD chromosome deleted for Sd loses its ability to distort; (5) there is another important component of the SD system, E(SD), in or near the proximal heterochromatin of 2L, that behaves as a strong enhancer of distortion. The results of these studies allow a reinterpretation of results from earlier analyses of the SD system and serve to limit the possible mechanisms to account for segregation distortion.     

On the Models of Segregation Distortion in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The Segregation Distorter system of Drosophila melanogaster consists of two major elements, Sd and Rsp. There are two allelic alternatives of Rsp-sensitive (Rsp(s)) and insensitive (Rsp(i)); a chromosome carrying Rsp(i) is not distorted. According to the model proposed by Hartl (1973), these two elements interact to cause segregation distortion. For a sperm to complete the maturation process, it is assumed that the Rsp locus has to be complexed with the product of the Sd locus. This product is assumed to be a multimetric regulatory protein. Three kinds of regulatory multimers may be distinguished: Sd(+)/Sd(+), which is assumed to complex with both Rsp(s) and Rsp(i); Sd(+)/Sd heteromultimers, which complex preferentially with Rsp(i); and Sd/Sd homomultimers, which complex with neither Rsp(s) nor Rsp(i). Most of the regulatory protein in the Sd(+)/Sd heterozygous male is assumed to be the Sd(+)/Sd heteromultimer.--Some modifications of Hartl's model were made by Ganetzky (1977). Rather than the binding of a product of Sd at the Rsp locus being a necessary condition for normal spermigenesis, this binding causes sperm dysfunction. It is assumed that the product of Sd complexes more readily with Rsp(s) than with Rsp(i) and that the amount of Sd product is limited with respect to the number of binding sites available. No function is ascribed to the Sd(+) locus. In order to explain reduced male fertility of some genotypes, Ganetzky further assumes that the Sd product, when not competed for by an Rsp(s) locus, can bind to an Rsp(i) locus.--Two consequences of these models were critically examined: according to these models (1) an Sd Rsp(s)/Sd(+)Rsp(s) male should not show any segregation distortion, and (2) an Sd Rsp(s)/Sd Rsp(s) male should show much reduced fertility, if not complete sterility.--The results of the present study bear on these two points. (1) Rsp(s) locus seems to consist of multiple alleles, each having a different degree of ability to interact with the product of the Sd locus. An Sd Rsp(s)/Sd(+)Rsp(s) male shows a certain degree of segregation distortion when the two Rsp(s) alleles are different, but it shows a normal Mendelian segregation ratio when the Rsp(s) alleles are homozygous. The first prediction of the models is supported by actual observation when the two Rsp(s) alleles are the same. (2) There is a suggestion of slight reduction in fertility, but generally Sd Rsp(s)/Sd Rsp(s) males are quite fertile. Thus, the second prediction is not supported by actual observation. The mechanism of segregation distortion is still open for future studies.     

Exceptional Segregation of a Selectable Marker (Kan(r)) in Arabidopsis Identifies Genes Important for Gametophytic Growth and Development

Genes transformed into plants are usually inherited in a regular Mendelian manner. There are, however, transformants in which the selectable trait fails to segregate as expected. Genetic analysis of the kanamycin-resistance (Kan(R)) trait in >900 independent transformants of Arabidopsis revealed that 9% produced progeny families with an enormous deficiency of Kan(R) individuals. Self-pollination of individual Kan(R) plants from these families revealed lines that continued to segregate for a deficiency of Kan(R) seedlings. In subsequent generations, the segregation ratio in these families stabilized at ~1 Kan(R): 3 Kan(S). Molecular analyses showed that the deficiency of Kan(R) individuals reflected the complete absence of the introduced DNA. Reciprocal backcrosses to untransformed plants showed unequal transmission of the Kan(R) trait through the gametes in these exceptional lines. In five cases, this was primarily a failure of transmission through the microgametophyte (pollen) and in the other two cases, primarily a failure of transmission through the megagametophyte (embryo sac or egg). The number of seeds per silique was reduced by 50% in the latter two lines. We conclude that our exceptional transformants contain T-DNA insertions that delete or disrupt genes essential for gametophytic growth and development.     

转基因植物中标记基因研究概况

标记基因在植物基因工程中具有重要的作用。它在遗传转化中的关键作用是区分转化和非转化的细胞,以筛选并鉴定出转化的细胞、组织和转基因植株。目前,已报道的标记基因种类很多,划分标准也各不相同。出于对生态环境和转基因食品的生物安全性考虑,从传统的选择标记基因、与激素代谢相关的基因、与氨基酸代谢相关的基因、与糖类代谢相关的基因、能解除化合物毒性（或胁迫）的基因、编码能产生特定荧光物质的蛋白酶类的基因、利用颜色差异性筛选转化体的相关基因及抗性标记基因的敲除技术八个不同的方面,综述了标记基因的种类、作用原理、应用价值及存在的问题。在标记基因的综合应用方面,详细总结了标记基因与组织（或器官）特异性启动子和MAT载体系统的结合应用,以及P．葡萄糖苷酸酶作为多功能标记基因的综合应用。最后,对标记基因的发展前景进行了探讨分析。     

转基因植物中标记基因研究概况

标记基因在植物基因工程中具有重要的作用。它在遗传转化中的关键作用是区分转化和非转化的细胞, 以筛选并鉴定出转化的细胞、组织和转基因植株。目前, 已报道的标记基因种类很多, 划分标准也各不相同。出于对生态环境和转基因食品的生物安全性考虑, 从传统的选择标记基因、与激素代谢相关的基因、与氨基酸代谢相关的基因、与糖类代谢相关的基因、能解除化合物毒性(或胁迫)的基因、编码能产生特定荧光物质的蛋白酶类的基因、利用颜色差异性筛选转化体的相关基因及抗性标记基因的敲除技术八个不同的方面, 综述了标记基因的种类、作用原理、应用价值及存在的问题。在标记基因的综合应用方面, 详细总结了标记基因与组织(或器官)特异性启动子和MAT载体系统的结合应用, 以及b-葡萄糖苷酸酶作为多功能标记基因的综合应用。最后, 对标记基因的发展前景进行了探讨分析。     

大麦雄核发育的基因型效应及相关的RAPD标记

以具有不同花粉胚胎发生能力的两个大麦（Ｈｏｒｄｅｕｍ ｖｕｌｇａｒｅ Ｌ．）基因型为材料,对离体培养花药中不同类型小孢子频率的边续统计表明,两基因型的早期雄核发育过程无明显区别,最终出愈率（平均每个花药产生的愈伤组织块数）的显著差异是在小孢子形成多核花粉以后产生的。推测基因型之间胚胎发生能力的差异不受小孢子脱分化启动能力控制,而是由其多核花粉发育成愈伤组织的能力决定的,可能与细胞壁的形成有关。利用     

Segregation Distortion in Drosophila Melanogaster: Genomic Organization of Responder Sequences

The heterochromatic Responder (Rsp) locus of Drosophila melanogaster is the target of the two distorter loci Sd and E(SD). Rsp is located in a specific heterochromatic region of the second chromosome and is made up of AT-rich satellite sequences whose abundance is related to its sensitivity to the distorter chromosomes. Here we report that a cluster of Rsp sequences is also located in the third chromosome. The third-chromosome cluster has the same flanking sequences as the clone originally used to identify the Rsp elements, and one of the flanking sequences is a rearranged 412 retrotrsansposon. The presence of a second, unlinked Rsp-sequence cluster makes re-interpretation necessary for some earlier experiments in which segregation of the third chromosome had not been followed and raises interesing possibilities for the origin of the Rsp locus.     

几类异质小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性的细胞遗传学研究

系统调查了4类异质(粘果、易变、偏凸、二角山羊草细胞质)1BL/lRS、非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系与其恢复系杂种F减数分裂中期Ⅰ出现单价体细胞频率,以及后期Ⅰ出现落后染色体和染色体桥细胞频率,并对中、后期染色体变异率与杂种F自交结实率进行了相关分析.结果表明(1)1BL/1RS型杂种在中期Ⅰ、后期Ⅰ染色体变异率要明显高于非1BL/1RS杂种;(2)4类异源细胞质在非1BL/1RS杂种中有着明显提高单价体细胞频率的作用;(3)在1BL/1RS杂种中,1B@1BL/1RS杂合核型染色体联会松弛,对单价体频率的影响远大于异源细胞质的影响;(4)1BL/1RS型杂种自交结实率与中期出现单价体细胞频率不直接相关,而与后期出现落后染色体和染色体桥细胞的频率呈高度负相关;(5)非1BL/1RS型杂种在减数分裂中、后期染色体行为相对稳定,易恢复且恢复度高,很有实际利用价值.     

Genetic Dissection of Segregation Distortion II. Mechanism of Suppression of Distortion by Certain Inversions

In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm² are inversion-bearing chromosomes, the former carrying a paracentric inversion in each arm and the latter carrying a long pericentric. Both chromosomes produce normal segregation ratios when present in heterozygous males with certain segregation distorter chromosomes. The apparent suppression of distortion by these chromosomes was long attributed to a failure of synapsis, but this hypothesis has fallen out of favor recently because a large number of chromosome aberrations, particularly translocations and inversions, suppress distortion even though their breakpoints fall into no recognizable pattern. Although failure of synapsis does not appear to be the mechanism of suppression of distortion, what is responsible for the suppression remains unknown. In this paper it is shown that In(2L+2R)Cy and In(2LR)Pm² suppress segregation distortion because they carry Rsp, a component of the segregation distorter system that renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion. Both chromosomes induce "suicide" of chromosomes carrying Sd Rsp⁺.