生物表面活性剂及其应用

生物表面活性剂主要是由微生物产生的一种生物在分子物质,具有或优于化学合成表面活性剂的理化特性,作为一种绿色天然产物。极有可能取代化学合成表面活性剂,其应用前景十分广阔。本文阔述了生物表面活性剂的特点,种类,着重介绍它的潜在应用。     

生物表面活性剂及其应用

生物表面活性剂 (biosurfactant)是表面活性剂家族中的后起之秀 ,它是由微生物所产生的一类具有表面活性作用的物质。它具有减小表面张力、稳定乳化作用、增加泡沫等作用。它的表面活性作用以及对热、p H的稳定性均与化学合成的表面活性剂相当。但它具有一般的化学合成表面活性剂所无法篦美的优点——与环境的兼容性 ,即它没有毒性 ,并可被生物降解 ,因此它们不会对环境造成不利的影响。随着环保意识的不断增强 ,生物表面活性剂正愈来愈受到人们的关注。1　生物表面活性剂的结构特点生物表面活性剂通常是由微生物产生的 ,且多数是由细菌和…     

生物表面活性剂的合成与提取研究进展*

生物表面活性剂（Biosurfactant）是由微生物产生的具有高表面活性的生物分子。相对于化学合成的表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂对生态系统的毒性较低,且可生物降解。因此,生物表面活性剂开始应用于环境污染治理的各个方面。中从生物表面活性剂生产菌的筛选、培养基的优化及生物表面活性剂的提取等方面对近年来生物表面活性剂的研究进展进行了总结,并对未来的发展方向作了展望。     

生物表面活性剂在提高原油采收率方面的应用

生物表面活性剂和一般的化学表面活性剂一样,都拥有亲水和疏水基因,是微生物生长在水不溶的有机物中并以营养物而产生的代谢产物。在油田应用中,生物表面活性剂的作用是微生物提高采收率的重要机理之一,具有水溶性好、反应产物均一、安全无毒、驱油效果好等特点。本文从产生生物表面活性剂的菌种及生物表面活性剂的类型、生物表面活性剂的特性、实验研究、矿场实验及展望等五个方面综述了生物表面活性剂在提高原油采收率方面的应     

生物表面活性剂

引言表面活性分子是细胞膜的基本组分,以这个意义讲,“生物表面活性剂”是普遍存在的。较为实用的是将此专门名词用来表示得自特定微生物的可用的和可分离到的表面活性剂,即使就这一点来说,也不是那么容易地区分出专门释放出的表面活性剂和由受损细胞所放出的膜碎片的表面活性剂。众所周知的化学合成表面活性剂,在民用和工业上具有广泛的用途,这导致发展出用途不同、性能各异的种类繁多的表面活性剂,但对这些表面活性的性能并非都了解得很透彻。这也产生了这样一种想法,即生物来源的表面活性剂会扩大现有表面活性剂的范围,在某些情     

生物表面活性剂生产及应用研究进展

生物表面活性剂主要是由微生物代谢产生的,具有疏水基团和亲水基团的两亲性物质,它们能显著降低表面与界面张力。与化学表面活性剂相比,生物表面活性剂具有毒性低、生物兼容性好、可降解等优点,在众多领域具有良好的应用前景,但生物表面活性剂的高生产成本限制了商业化发展。本文旨在分析微生物表面活性剂的生产,重点是生产过程和代谢途径的优化,以探索产量与成本的关键因素,为生物表面活性剂商业化发展提供解决方案。     

诱变技术及其在获取生物表面活性剂高产菌中的应用

生物表面活性剂具有许多优越性,其在环境工程领域得到越来越广泛的应用。诱变作为一种从本质上提高生物表面活性剂产量的方法,简便易行,具有较好的应用前景。介绍了目前已经开发和应用的诱变技术,并对该技术近年来在获取生物表面活性剂高产菌方面的应用进行了总结。指出了该技术在应用中存在的问题,以及对其今后与其他技术相结合应用于获取生物表面活性剂高产菌进行了展望。     

石蜡酪杆菌B126产生糖脂的适宜条件

<正> 生物表面活性剂的研制是从本世纪70年代发展起来的。由于可产生表面活性剂的微生物种类、生物表面活性剂的类型及可作为其底物的原料较多,一些产品的性能与化学合成的相当,可降解性较大、比较安全,而日益受到注意。乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)RAG-1产生的生物乳化剂Emulsan的商品化和生物表面活性剂在各种工业、尤其是石油工业中的可用性,也促进了该领域的发展。 糖脂是一类重要的生物表面活性剂。我们分离筛选到一株糖脂产生菌,鉴定为一新种:石蜡酪杆菌(caseobacter paraffinicnm)B126。本文报道该菌产生糖脂的适宜条件。     

微生物产生的生物表面活性剂及其应用研究

对生物表面活性剂的类型及其产生微生物,生物表面活性剂的生产和生物表面活性剂在石油开采、食品工业、农业、药品和化妆品以及环境保护等领域的潜在应用价值作了介绍,展现出了生物表面活性剂的广阔应用前景。     

表面活性剂调控瘤胃营养功能研究进展

表面活性剂分为化学表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂两大类,非离子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂作为新型反刍动物饲料添加剂,可通过改变瘤胃液乳化特性、瘤胃微生物种群数量、分泌酶活性、酶吸附能力和瘤胃发酵模式,来增强瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。综述提出了表面活性剂在反刍动物瘤胃营养调控领域的研究重点。     

Recent applications of biosurfactants as biological and immunological molecules

The interest in microbial biosurfactants has steadily increased during the past decade. In addition to the classical application as emulsifiers of hydrocarbons, they can be used in environmental protection, crude-oil recovery, food-processing industries and in various fields of biomedicine. Biosurfactants have several advantages over chemical surfactants including lower toxicity and higher biodegradability, and are likely to become molecules of the future in areas such as biomedicine and therapeutics. Here, we discuss the role and applications of biosurfactants (mainly glycolipids and lipopeptides) focusing on medicinal and therapeutic perspectives.     

Potential applications of microbial surfactants in biomedical sciences

The main commercial use of biosurfactants is in pollution remediation because of their ability to stabilize emulsions. This enhances the solubility and availability of hydrophobic pollutants, thus increasing their potential for biodegradation. One useful property of many biosurfactants that has not been reviewed extensively is their antimicrobial activity. Several biosurfactants have strong antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Other medically relevant uses of biosurfactants include their role as anti-adhesive agents to pathogens, making them useful for treating many diseases and as therapeutic and probiotic agents. Here, we discuss some of the new and exciting applications and related developments of various microbial surfactants in the field of biomedical sciences.     

Bio-surfactants

Interest in microbially produced biosurfactants has increased recently, due mainly to their potential as agents in enhanced oil recovery. A variety of microbes and their products have been assessed for their surface-active properties, and it has been suggested that biosurfactants may prove useful in a broad spectrum of potential applications which presently utilise synthetic surfactants. The most commonly produced biosurfactants tend to be glycolipids, usually a mono- or di-saccharide attached to a fatty acid, but more complex molecules such as lipopeptides, lipoproteins, and lipo-heteropoly-saccharides have been isolated and studied. Biosurfactant production by microbes is often but not invariably enhanced by the addition of hydrocarbon to the growth medium, and needs to be optimised by controlling such factors as carbon source, nitrogen source and concentrations, aeration and metal ions. Biosurfactants have been shown to be as effective, if not more so, than many conventional synthetic surfactants and their future utilisation may depend utilimately upon the prevailing economics for their production.     

Basis for formulating biosurfactant mixtures to achieve ultra low interfacial tension values against hydrocarbons

Biosurfactants could potentially replace or be used in conjunction with synthetic surfactants to provide for more cost-effective subsurface remediation. The design of surfactant formulations that are effective in lowering interfacial tension (IFT), which is necessary to mobilize entrapped hydrocarbons, requires information about the surface-active agent (surfactant) and the targeted non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). We hypothesized that biosurfactant and synthetic surfactant mixtures can be formulated to provide the appropriate hydrophobic/hydrophilic conditions necessary to produce low IFT against NAPLs, and that such mixtures will produce synergism that make them more effective than individual biosurfactants or synthetic surfactants. Our work tested the interfacial activity of biosurfactants from individual strains and mixtures of biosurfactants from different strains with and without a synthetic surfactant. Multiple regression analysis showed that, for lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by various Bacillus species, the interfacial activity against toluene depended on the relative proportions of 3-OH-C₁₄, C₁₅, C₁₆, and C₁₈ in the fatty acid tail. As the fatty acid composition became more heterogeneous the system produced lower IFT against toluene. In mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophilic, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, the IFT against toluene decreased as the percentage of the 3-OH C₁₄ fatty acid increased in the lipopeptide. Mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with the more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant, C12, C13-8PO SO₄Na, were able to produce low IFT against hexane and decane. In general, we found that lipopeptide biosurfactants with a heterogeneous fatty acid composition or mixtures of lipopeptide and rhamnolipid biosurfactants lowered the IFT against hydrophilic NAPLs. Conversely, mixtures of lipopeptide biosurfactants with a more hydrophobic synthetic surfactant lowered the IFT against hydrophobic NAPLs.     

Isolation of Surfactant-Resistant Bacteria from Natural, Surfactant-Rich Marine Habitats

Environmental remediation efforts often utilize either biodegradative microbes or surfactants, but not in combination. Coupling both strategies holds the potential to dramatically increase the rate and extent of remediation because surfactants can enhance the bioavailability of contaminants to microbes. However, many surfactants permeabilize bacterial cell membranes and are effective disinfectants. An important goal then is to find or genetically modify microorganisms that possess both desirable degradative capabilities and the ability to thrive in the presence of surfactants. The guts of some marine invertebrates, particularly deposit feeders, have previously been shown to contain high levels of biosurfactants. Our primary aim was to mine these natural, surfactant-rich habitats for surfactant-resistant bacteria. Relative to sediment porewaters, the gut contents of two polychaete deposit feeders, Nereis succinea and Amphitrite ornata, exhibited a significantly higher ratio of bacteria resistant to both cationic and anionic surfactants. In contrast, bacteria in the gut fluids of a holothuroid, Leptosynapta tenuis, showed surfactant susceptibility similar to that of bacteria from sediments. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the majority of surfactant-resistant isolates were previously undescribed species of the genus Vibrio or were of a group most closely related to Spongiobacter spp. We also tested a subset of resistant bacteria for the production of biosurfactants. The majority did produce biosurfactants, as demonstrated via the oil-spreading method, but in all cases, production was relatively weak under the culture conditions employed. Novel surfactant-resistant, biosurfactant-producing bacteria, and the habitats from which they were isolated, provide a new source pool for potential microorganisms to be exploited in the in situ bioremediation of marine sediments.     

Foam mitigation and exploitation in biosurfactant production

Biosurfactants could potentially outperform traditional surfactants in many applications whilst being more sustainable to source, manufacture, use and dispose of. However, currently available fermentation production methods are too inefficient to manufacture biosurfactants for these high volume markets. Foaming in an inherent issue with biosurfactant production and adds significantly to the cost of production using traditional unit operations. This review illustrates how the application of process engineering has enabled nuisance foaming to be transformed into a cost saving feature of the production system. The scope of biosurfactants and their application is discussed and the fundamentals of foam generation and control are reviewed. The range of specific phenomena associated with the interaction of foams with bioproducts is assessed. Finally, recent work which has aimed at taking advantage of some of these phenomena in order to intensify the biosurfactant production process is discussed in detail.     

Microbial biosurfactants: current trends and applications in agricultural and biomedical industries

Synthetic surfactants are becoming increasingly unpopular in many applications due to previously disregarded effects on biological systems and this has led to a new focus on replacing such products with biosurfactants that are biodegradable and produced from renewal resources. Microbially derived biosurfactants have been investigated in numerous studies in areas including: increasing feed digestibility in an agricultural context, improving seed protection and fertility, plant pathogen control, antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm activity, wound healing and dermatological care, improved oral cavity care, drug delivery systems and anticancer treatments. The development of the potential of biosurfactants has been hindered somewhat by the myriad of approaches taken in their investigations, the focus on pathogens as source species and the costs associated with large-scale production. Here, we focus on various microbial sources of biosurfactants and the current trends in terms of agricultural and biomedical applications.     

Surface-active lipids in rhodococci

Like other hydrocarbon-oxidising bacteria, rhodococci respond to the presence of alkanes by producing biosurfactant molecules to improve their ability to utilise these hydrophobic compounds as growth substrates. In the rhodococci these surfactants are predominantly glycolipids, the majority of which remain cell-bound during unrestricted growth. Most work has been done on the trehalose mycolates formed by Rhodococcus erythropolis, but nitrogen- limited conditions lead to the production of anionic trehalose tetraesters also.As surfactants, these compounds, whether purified or in crude form, are able to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 mN m-1 to a low of 26, thus making them among the most potent biosurfactants known. They are also able to reduce the interfacial tension between water and a hydrophobic phase (e.g. n- hexadecane) from 43 mN m-1 to values less than one (Table 1). Biosurfactants have about a ten- to 40-fold lower critical micelle concentration than synthetic surfactants. Such properties suggest a range of industrial applications, where a variety of surface-active characteristics are appropriate. Interest in biosurfactants as industrial chemicals results from the toxicity of many petrochemical-derived surfactants. Currently world-wide surfactant production is on a very large scale, and the demand for them is increasing. However, the drive towards less environmentally damaging chemicals makes biosurfactants attractive as they have lower toxicity.The reason they have not achieved a significant market share is the cost of production, which is considerably higher than for synthetic surfactants. This problem is being addressed using several strategies. An approach where there is great scope for improvement with the rhodococci is an understanding of the genetic basis of glycolipid production, which is largely unknown. They may find applications in the near future in the environmental remediation industries, where the requirement for purified molecules is of less importance.This review summarises knowledge of the chemistry, biochemistry and production of Rhodococcus surface-active lipids. Where they have been used, or there is potential for use, in industrial applications is discussed.